Alternative Feed Ingredients: Real Options or Just a Nice Idea? - Dr. Brian Richert, Associate Professor of Animal Sciences, Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, from the 2012 Minnesota Pork Congress, January 18-19, Minneapolis, MN, USA.

1. Alternative feed ingredients – real
options or just a nice idea?
Dr. Brian Richert
Department of Animal Sciences
Background
• Biofuels: Is it the savior?
• Reduce Dependency on Foreign Oil
• Improve the Environment
• Reinvest in rural America
• Decrease Government subsidies to
Farmers due to higher grain prices
1

2. U.S. Corn Utilization
2010 – 12.5 Bil. Bu
2010 – 13%
2010 – 34%
2010 – 37%
2010 – 13%
Source: Nicolle Rager Fuller, National Science Foundation, 2005
Energy and Amino Acid
Sources
2

3. Ingredient Substitutions
• Pigs don’t require corn & SBM
• Corn-SBM diets typically provide the “best”
nutrition at the lowest cost
• In times of high corn and SBM prices,
producers can make $ using alternate feed
ingredients
Is the nutrient composition suited
to swine feeding?
• Check composition tables & lab analyses
• Are the nutrients available to the pig? If not,
why bother feeding it?
• Is there a palatability issue?
• Potential for nutrient imbalances
– Ca-P or Amino Acids?
• Mycotoxins or other anti-nutritional factors
3

4. Are there added costs of
utilizing the by-product?
• Added transportation • Reduced facility &
equipment life
• Storage
• More mgnt time
• Processing equipment
• Manure problems
• Facility modifications
• Increased health risk
• Additional labor
• Reduced
performance due to
• Feed wastage product variability
Energy Replacement Options for Corn
Ingredient $/ton ME / lb Cost/1000 ME
Corn 240-250 1550 0.0790
Sorghum 228-233 1515 0.0759
Wheat-feed grade 300-325 1455 0.1074
Wheat Midds 166-174 1370 0.0620
Barley 196 1322 0.0741
Oats 256 1230 0.1041
Pulverized Oats 140-145 1230 0.0578
Soybean hulls 145-190 1064 0.0775
DDGS 195-210 1560 0.0657
Corn Gluten feed 142-160 1180 0.0636
Hominy Feed 180-190 1455 0.0636
Bakery By-product 260-280 1680 0.0804
Choice White Grease 880-920 3608 0.1247
Prices from USDA and Feedstuffs March, 2011
4

5. Energy Replacement Options for Corn
Ingredient $/ton ME / lb Cost/1000 ME
Corn 206-216 1550 0.0671
Sorghum 204-218 1515 0.0696
Wheat-feed grade 202-215 1455 0.0716
Wheat Midds 145-175 1370 0.0584
Barley 219 1322 0.0741
Oats 212 1230 0.0862
Pulverized Oats 138-145 1230 0.0575
Soybean hulls 150-205 1064 0.0705
DDGS 175-190 1560 0.0593
Corn Gluten feed 145-190 1180 0.0742
Hominy Feed 195-205 1455 0.0687
Bakery By-product 260-280 1680 0.0804
Choice White Grease 800-860 3608 0.1109
Prices from USDA and Feedstuffs Jan.2-Jan.13, 2012
Digestible Lysine Replacement Options for Corn
Ingredient $/ton dLys , % Cost / lb Lys
Corn 206-216 .203 51.72
Sorghum 204-218 .178 59.27
Wheat-feed grade 202-215 .275 37.57
Wheat Midds 145-175 .507 15.78
Barley 219 .324 33.80
Oats 212 .304 34.87
Pulverized Oats 138-145 .304 23.19
Soybean hulls 150-205 .419 20.80
DDGS 175-190 .484 19.11
Corn Gluten feed 145-190 .416 21.03
Hominy Feed 195-205 .247 40.49
Bakery By-product 260-280 .208 64.90
SBM, 48% 295-315 2.718 5.61
Prices from USDA and Feedstuffs Nov. 30-Dec. 2, 2011
5

6. How much Alternative Feed
Ingredients to Use?
• It depends!
• Stage of Production / Age of Pig
– Carcass implications
• What is your ingredient costs
– $4-4.50 or $6-7 corn
• What is your environmental status?
– Can you use more manure N and P?
Effect of Processing Method on DDGS Quality
Low Quality, High Quality,
Less Digestible Highly Digestible
DDGS DDGS
6

7. DDGS Nutrition Options
• Energy
• Amino Acids (Protein)
• Phosphorus
Variations in Distillers Dried Grains
w/solubles from 36 New Generation Plants
Swine Digestibility
• Protein 63.5 – 84.3% - 72.8 Avg.
• Lysine 43.9 – 77.9% - 62.3 Avg.
• Threonine 61.9 – 82.5% - 70.7 Avg.
• Tryptophan 54.2 – 80.1% - 69.9 Avg.
• Methionine 73.7 – 89.2% - 81.9 Avg.
• Phosphorus
– .77 - .90% Tot.P vs Corn at .28% Tot.P (15% Dig.)
– 35-85% Digestible; Avg. 59%
• Stein, 2007
7

8. Quick Check on AA Availability
• Use the ratio of total lysine to CP of 2.80
• Example: DDGS has 0.83% Lys and 30% CP
– 0.83 / 0.30 = 2.76
– 0.83 / 0.28 = 2.96
– 0.78 / 0.30 = 2.60
• As CP goes up so should analyzable lysine
Nursery: Performance 12-20 lbs
Exp. 2 (Phase 2)
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
DDGS DDGS DDGS DDGS DDGS DDGS
ADG 0.57 0.58 0.49 0.50 0.45 0.47
ADFI 0.72 0.83 0.67 0.64 0.67 0.62
G:F 0.65 0.62 0.65 0.59 0.62 0.62
20 or 25% DDGS Gain P = 0.57
Gain = 1.5 lb lighter after 2 weeks Feed Intake P = 0.05
Consumed 2 lb less Feed G:F P = 0.70 Whitney and Shurson, 2004
8

9. Nursery: Performance 25-50 lbs
Exp. 5
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
10% 20% 30% 40%
Control
DDGS DDGS DDGS DDGS
ADG 1.32 a 1.32 a 1.28 ab 1.22 b 1.23 b
a a ab b b
ADFI 1.79 1.76 1.72 1.65 1.65
F:G 1.35 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.34
30 or 40% DDGS Gain P < 0.01
Gain = 1.5 lb lighter after 2 weeks Feed Intake P < 0.01
Consumed 2 lb less Feed F:G P = 0.79 Gaines et al. 2006
Feeding DDGS to Finisher Pigs
9

10. Increasing levels of DDGS on Grower
pig ADG
lb/d
DDGS, P < 0.06
2.3
SE=0.033
2.06 2.04 2.07 0
2.1 2.03
1.97 5
10
1.9
15
20
1.7
1.5
0 5 10 15 20
Percent Distillers
Linneen et al., 2007; KSU
Increasing levels of DDGS on Grow-
Finish pig ADG
lb/d lb/d
2.4
DDGS linear, P < 0.10 DDGS linear, P < 0.01
2.1 2.27
2.23
2.18 2.16
1.89 0 2.2 0
1.9 1.87
1.83 1.84 10 10
20 20
30 2 30
1.7
1.5 1.8
0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30
Percent Distillers
Diets balanced on an Avail. AA Basis
Linneen et al., 2005, KSU Fu et al., 2004, Univ. of Missouri
10

11. Effect on Carcass Weight
220
Carcass weight, lbs
210 - 6.0 lbs
- 6.5 lbs
- 9.5 lbs
200
a ab ab b
190
180
0% DDGS 10% DDGS 20% DDGS 30% DDGS
DDGS treatment
Diet, P = 0.04 Fu et al. 2003
Increasing levels of DDGS on
Finishing pig Variability
CV, %
12
DDGS, P < 0.02 10.4
10 SE=0.74
8.3
0
8 6.92 7.15
10
20
6
30
4
2
0 10 20 30
Percent Distillers
Whitney et al., 2006
11

12. 40% DDGS and 5% Fat
• 40% DDGS decreased ADG 11% (2.27 vs 2.04
lb/d), ADFI 6.3%, FE 4.3% in Exp. 1
– 40% DDGS decreased Carcass Wt 19.2 lb over
a 69 day feeding period.
• Decreased ADG 6.2% (1.80 vs 1.69 lb/d), ADFI 4%,
FE 2.3% and 10 lb carcass wt. in Exp. 2 over 70
days.
• Added Beef Tallow , Palm oil, coconut, or stearic
fat could not restore growth
Feoli, et al., 2008
60% DDGS in GF
20% DDGS 60% DDGS P<
B G B G DDGS
D 0-78
ADG 1.96 1.91 1.85 1.83 0.001
ADFI 5.22 4.89 5.17 4.84 NS
FG 2.67 2.56 2.79 2.64 0.001
BW, lb 233.4 226.8 223.4 221.2 0.001
Jowl IV 69.9 72.5 80.7 83.8 0.001
Switch 60% to 20% d 78-99
ADG 2.40 2.30 2.54 2.47 0.01
Final BW 281.7 273.5 275.9 271.3 0.02
Carcass 210.3 203.1 204.7 199.6 0.01
Wt
Jowl IV 71.1 74.4 80.2 82.2 0.05
Bergstrom et al., 2010
12

13. Sow Research
• Hill et al., 2005 (Lactation)
– 15% DDGS vs 5% BP
– No effect on Lactation performance
– Slight reduction in fecal P
• Urinary P?
• Univ. of Kentucky (1995)
– Can go as high as 40% DDGS in Gestation
• 80% DDGS decreased litter size by about 1 pig
– Can go as high as 80% CGF in Gestation
Sow Research
• Univ. of Minn.
– Can go as high as 50% in Gestation
• Sows eat slowly at 50%, but will consume allotment
– 20% in Lactation
– Warning – need to start Gestation DDGS
before Lactation or Lactation FI will be
Decreased
– Up to 30% DDGS or HP DDGS, No prefeeding
DDGS in Gestation - 2010
– High DDGS feeding can lead to discounts on
cull sows due to poor fat quality
13

14. DDGS and Pork Quality
• Processing/Handling issues
– Fat firmness (IV values increase to 75-80)
– Shelf-life
– Export marketing- decrease in marbling score and
increase in fat separation from the lean
– Increased problems with processed products
• Potential human health issues
– n-6:n-3
• n-6 increases drastically (doubles)
– Fatty acid composition – high linoleic (18:2)
Impact of DDGS on Iodine Value
• Increase in IV for each 10% DDGS
– Backfat - 2.4 units
– Jowl - 1.6 units
– Belly - 3.0 units
KSU Summary, 11/2007
14

15. Different Levels of DDGS on Belly
Quality
0%, no Added Fat
10% DDGS
20% DDGS
30% DDGS
0% DDGS + ~ 3% Added Fat (CWG)
15

16. Iodine Value
85
P < 0.0001 79.64a ± 0.600
80
71.15b ± 0.600
75
70
62.54c ± 0.607
65
60
55
50
45
Corn-SBM Control 25% DDGS 25% DDGS + 5.3% RG
Bacon Slice Yield
Percent relative
change from dietary
Dietary treatment treatment1,2 SE
Corn-SBM Control 0.0a ----
25% DDGS -2.95a 2.64
25% DDGS + 5.3% RG -18.46b 2.64
1 n=40 per dietary treatment
2 Means followed by different superscripts differ, P<0.01
16

17. Consumer Purchase Intent
Corn-SBM 25% 25% DDGS
Control DDGS + 5.3% RG
Uncooked bacon
Would purchase 70.68 72.18 47.32
Might or might not purchase 21.05 20.30 29.46
Would not purchase 8.27 7.52 23.21
Cooked bacon
Would purchase 68.65 67.67 50.45
Might or might not purchase 24.63 24.81 28.83
Would not purchase 6.72 7.52 20.72
Increasing levels of DDGS on Pork Quality
Cont. Cont. + 10% 20% 30%
NF ~ 3% CWG
Belly
bending,
%
Barrows 100ax 96ax 91ax 59bx 49bx
Gilts 80ax 82ax 67aby 44bcy 27cy
%BF – loin 25.0 16.7 66.7 75.0 91.7
Separation
abcMeans within a row are significantly different (P< 0.05).
xyMeans within a column are significantly different (P< 0.05). Weimer et al., 2007
17

18. Can the Belly and Loin problems
be fixed?
• Withdrawal Programs?
• 3-4 or 6-8 week DDGS withdrawal
• Interaction with Ractopamine
feeding?
• Increased Tallow feeding 4 or 8
weeks?
• Combinations of withdrawal, Fats,
CLA?
Effect of 30% DDGS withdrawal time
on dressing percent
80.0
78.0
77.1 77.1
76.5
Yeild, %
75.9
76.0
74.0
72.0
Control none 3 wk 6 wk
30% DDGS
JBS United 2007
18

19. Impact of 25% DDGS Withdrawal and
Ractopamine
DDGS 0 0 25 25 25-4 25-4
RAC - + - + - +
Mkt Wt. 267.4 285.4 260.4 274.6 270.5 280.9
Yield, % 74.7 75.5 74.4 75.3 74.3 75.9
Carcass Wt. 199.7 215.4 193.5 206.8 200.2 213.2
Purdue University 2007
Sows and Brat Quality
19

20. Taste Panel Evaluation
Consumer Preference on Fresh Bratwurst Purchase
Gestation Lactation Would not
Purchase Undecided
DDGS DDGS purchase
0 80.49 12.20 7.32
0 15 71.43 23.81 4.76
30 68.29 24.39 7.32
0 73.17 21.95 4.88
15 15 65.00 30.00 5.00
30 65.85 29.27 4.88
0 52.50 27.50 20.00
30 15 53.84 20.51 25.64
30 42.50 45.00 12.50
P<0.016
Possible Sow Body Fat Changes
• Assume sows are 65 IV points, sold two
weeks after farrowing.
– Fed 20% DDGS, now 71.4
– Fed 30% DDGS, now 74.6
– Fed 40% DDGS, now 77.8
– Fed 50% DDGS, now 81.0
• Long Term use of DGGS may create a
change in CWG FA profiles – reflective of
the DDGS fed to slaughter animals!
20

21. 21

22. Other Economic concerns
• IF PERFORMANCE IS REDUCED
• What is time worth?
– Need time to put on more weight
– 3 lbs in nursery, 10-25 lb GF
– 1-2 more weeks – extra $0.70-$1.50
– Another 6.5 lb/d feed = 40-100 lb more
feed (at 0.11/lb = $4.40-11 more feed)
– OR 4-15 lb less carcass X $0.75 = $3.00 -
$11.25 less Income / pig
– How much feed cost did you save?
How much DDGS to Use?
• It depends!
• Stage of Production / Age of Pig
– Carcass implications
• What is your ingredient costs
– $4-4.50 or $6-7 corn
• What is your environmental status?
– Can you use more manure N and P?
22

23. Recommended Use of DDGS in Swine Diets
My Optimal Use Recommendations
Nursery – 0, 0, 7.5, 15%
Grow-finish – 20, 25, 25, 0%
Lactation – 10%
Gestation – 30%
My Maximum Use Recommendations
Nursery – 0, 5, 10, 20%
Grow-finish – 30, 40, 40, 10% Increased Lysine use
Lactation – 25%
Gestation – 50% Decreased
Threonine,
Methionine
Dical or Monocal
Increasing Wheat Midds in
Nursery pig diets
Corn Soy 5% WM 10% WM 20% WM Linear P<
–Control
0% WM
26-52 lb
ADG, lb 1.27 1.25 1.25 1.21 0.05
ADFI, lb 2.08 2.08 1.99 1.97 0.004
F/G 1.64 1.66 1.60 1.63 0.36
D 21 wt, lb 52.90 52.43 52.25 51.53 0.01
Bulk 53.09 50.69 47.80 43.18
Density
lb/bu
Wheat midds replaced about 1.2% SBM and 3.8% Corn for every 5% inclusion
De Jong et al., 2011
23

24. Increasing wheat midds in Grow-
finish pig diets
Wheat midds (%): 0 10 20 40 60
Light or clean midds
Daily gain, lb 1.81 1.78 1.72 1.70 1.59
Daily feed, lb 5.93 6.12 5.99 5.99 5.85
Feed:gain 3.27 3.42 3.49 3.54 3.70
Heavy or starchy midds
Daily gain, lb 1.83 1.76 1.83 1.72 1.65
Daily feed, lb 5.99 5.81 5.94 5.72 6.17
Feed:gain 3.27 3.29 3.25 3.35 3.74
Light midds – 18-20 lb/cu ft; Heavy midds – 22-24 lb/cu ft Cromwell, 1997
20% DDGS and increasing Wheat
Midds in Grow-finish
Corn Soy DDGS + DDGS + DDGS + Linear P<
-Control 0% WM 10% WM 20% WM
100-295 lb
ADG, lb 2.32 2.29 2.22 2.19 0.01
F/G 3.00 3.06 3.09 3.11 0.01
HCWT 220.7 216.3 210 206.4 0.01
Barnes et al., 2010
24

25. Increasing DDGS and increasing
Wheat Midds in Grow-finish
Corn Soy – 15% DDGS 30% DDGS Linear P<
Control + +6.25% WM +12.5% WM
2.4% CWG +1.2%CWG
106-270 lb
ADG, lb 2.22 2.17 2.12 0.001
F/G 2.86 2.91 3.01 0.001
HCWT 201.3 196.9 192.5 0.001
Yield, % 73.4 73.0 72.4 0.01
Bulk Density -8.2% -16.3%
No effect of 4,000 units xylanase to improve growth performance
Barnes et al., 2011
Hominy Feed in Grow-finish
Hominy 0 12.5% 25% 37.5% Linear P<
D0-84
ADG, lb 2.24 2.13 2.11 2.05 0.01
ADFI, lb 6.32 5.90 5.91 5.72 0.01
F/G 2.82 2.78 2.80 2.78 0.35
D0 Wt., lb 79.4 78.8 79.4 79.6 0.68
D84 Wt., lb 268.2 257.8 258.9 253.3 0.01
Hominy is the corn bran, germ, and some starch from corn grits/flour industry
CP=9.5%, Fat = 4.5%, CF = 2.8%
Potter et al., 2010
25

26. Soyhulls in Finishing pig diets
Soyhulls 0 3 6 9 9 + 4% Signif.
Fat
Wk 0-4
ADG, lb 2.05 2.19 1.85 1.92 2.14 L 0.04
G:F .310 .326 .310 .306 .337 Q.10
Wk 4-8
ADG, lb 2.02 1.98 1.93 1.90 1.97 L 0.10
G:F .279 .274 .271 .252 .275 L 0.03
Wk 0-8
ADG, lb 2.03 2.08 1.89 1.91 2.05 L 0.01
G:F .294 .295 .288 .276 .302 L 0.02
Bowers et al., 2000
Extrusion of Corn, Sorghum,
Wheat or Barley for finishing pigs
Corn Sorghum Wheat Barley
Grd Ext Grd Ext Grd Ext Grd Ext
ADG,lb 2.22 2.22 2.19 2.13 2.12 2.09 1.97 1.95
ADFI, 6.58 6.29 6.83 6.05 6.80 6.34 6.54 6.30
lb
F/G 2.96 2.83 3.12 2.84 3.21 3.03 3.32 3.23
F/G % 4.4 9.0 5.6 2.7
Improv.
DM Dig 86.7 91.4 88.8 90.2 86.0 85.9 75.9 82.4
N Dig 81.8 88.0 79.7 84.4 85.4 85.4 70.5 78.8
Hancock et al., 1992
26

27. Enzyme Use with By-products
• Match enzyme to substrate
• Increase energy and or AA digestibility
• Denature anti-nutritional factors
– Xylanase
– Glucanase
– Mannanase
– Galactosidases
– Amylase
– Proteases
– Cellulase and Hemi-cellulases
Recommend Inclusion rates of
alternative feed stuffs
• Range based on composition
– Energy (lipid and fiber limits)
– Amino acids
– Cost of the nutrients
– Feed Flowability and processing
– Bulk density – deliver only 20 or 21 tons
vs 25 tons?
– Consistency – eg. Low or high fat DDGS
– Lowest in Nursery
27

28. Adding Feed Ingredients to the Mill
• Space / Electrical
• Feed System capabilities
• 35 ton tank - $10,000
• Product availability?
– Sourcing through
marketers or nutritionists
• Product fit?
• Return on investment
28

29. Economics of Swine Nutrition
• Cost per ton of feed
• Cost per unit of lysine
• Cost per unit of digestible lysine
• Cost per unit of digestible energy
• Total feed cost per pig marketed
• Cost per lb of gain
• Cost per lb carcass sold
• For Every 0.01 improvement in F:G will
decrease total feed costs by $0.28-0.30/pig
Boyd, 2008
Thank you!
29

30. Questions?
Swine Nutrient Excretion Issues
with DDGS
• N excretion increases 15-200+%
– Ammonia emissions?
• P can be managed by decreases MCP/DCP
• Increased DM excretion/Increased solids?
Increased Sludge?
• Crust formation? Flies? Ammonia?
• Increased Sulfur – Hydrogen sulfide
Emissions?
30

31. New Fractionation Processes will
change DDGS and it’s nutritional value
• Degerming
– Press the oil to human or Bio-diesel
– Reduces oil and may reduce P
• Dehulling
– Reduces fiber
• Seperation post-fermentation
– Fiber and/or oil removed
• Syrup levels used and fractioning or
recycling
Comparison of Conventional DDGS
and Fractionated Products
Conventional Fractionation
Process
Ethanol 2.8 gal 2.8 gal
DDGS 17 lb 7 lb
Germ --- 4 lb
Fiber/ --- 4 lb
hull
Corn (2 lb) 2 lb
Oil
31

32. Dakota Gold Products
• Distillers wet Grains
• Dakota Gold - DDGS
• Dakota Gold – HP
– Endosperm fraction
• Corn Germ Dehydrated
– Germ fraction
• Dakota Bran
– Fiber plus solubles in a wet cake, dry or pellet
• Modified Distillers Grain
• Corn Condensed Distillers Solubles
• Using BPX™ and BFrac™ Technologies
Dakota Gold Product Profiles
(As Fed)
DDGS DDGS Corn Dakota SBM,
-HP Germ Branb 48%
CP
CP 26.6 41.0 15.6 13.7 47.5
Lys 0.89 1.19 0.82 ? 3.02
M+C 1.25 1.81 0.74 ? 1.41
Thre 1.01 1.63 0.57 ? 1.85
Tryp 0.28 0.36 0.20 ? 0.68
Fat 9.7 3.0 17.8 8.1 0.5
Fiber 6.1 6.9 5.1 ??? 3.4
MEa 1647 1695 1844 ??? 1533
Phos 0.79 0.37 1.40 0.61 0.69 a Corn ME = 1505
b only 52% DM
32

33. 33

34. Rapid Lab Tests for Quality
Stein, Pahm, and Pedersen, 2005
• One-Step pepsin digest – R2 = 0.52
• Two-Step pepsin-pancreatin digest – R2 = 0.79
• Color – R2 = 0.53-0.67
• KOH Solubility – R2 = 0.47
• Furosine – R2 =0.71
• Reactive lysine – R2 = 0.66
• IDEA Value (Novus) vs. True Lys Dig. (Poultry) – R2 =
0.88
• Urriola et al., 2007
• Include Color, ADF, NDF, Hemicell., Starch (tot, insol, and sol.),
Part. Size, Sol CP, CP, Insol CP
– Dig. CP R2=.78-.80
– Dig. Lys R2= .57-.44
SBM vs DDGS
• DDGS contains 57% of the protein of SBM
– (27.3/47.5)
• DDGS contains 28% of the total lysine of
SBM
– (.84/3.02)
• DDGS contains 20% of the available lysine
– (.52/2.57)
• This is why it replaces a greater percentage
of Corn in the diet than SBM in
monogastric diets (65 Corn:22 SBM:11 Fat)
+ Lysine
34

35. Replacement ratio strategies with
DDGS + Lysine
• 65 Corn : 22 SBM : 11 Fat : 1 Dical
– PU
• 57.0 Corn : 42.5 SBM
– Univ. ILL
• 88.5 Corn : 10 SBM : 3 Dical
– Univ. of Missouri
• It comes down to the quality of DDGS and
AA availability!
35