Near field communication and RFID - opening for new business

Near field communication and RFID
– opening for new business

Josef Noll1, Juan Carlos Lopez Calvet,
Telenor R&D, , N-1331 Fornebu
josef@unik.no, juan.calvet@telenor.com

1 from1.6.2005 Prof. stip.
University Graduate Studies (UniK)
N-2027 Kjeller

Josef Noll, 26.4.2005 RFID - NFC tutorial 1

Agenda
0900 Welcome – interests – The upcoming digital world – need
for seamless authentication
0920 RFID – the means for
– RFID basics, frequencies, …
authentication
– Applications: Sports, etc.
0950 Q & A
1010 RFID & NFC:
– NFC technology
technology and scenarios
– Scenarios (travel scenario, DRM,
1045 Q & A Information retrieval)
– State of the art
1100 deep breath – break
1110 demonstrations
– Authentication – your own phone
1200 end of tutorial
– Infokiosk – imagine the world
– Payment and ticketing (Giesecke
& Devrient)
– NFC and mobile Commerce
(Nokia/Telenor)

Telenor R&D
Tromsø (17)

Important contributor to innovation and
value creation in Telenor
Demonstrating: “Ideas that simplify

Norway – what happened?

Trondheim (23)

Fornebu (170)

International: NO, SE, DK, Hungary,
Austria, Montenegro, Malaysia, Ukraina,
Bangladesh, Thailand, Russland

Agenda
0900 Welcome – interests
authentication
0950 Q & A
1010 RFID & NFC: –The upcoming digital world – need for
seamless authentication
1045 Q & A
1110 demonstrations


Service development

Personalised broadband
B3G:
wireless services

3G: Multimedia communication

Mobile telephony, SMS, FAX,
2G:
Data

1G:
Mobile telephony

1970 1980 1990 2010
2000


Service Network Open Services Access Ubiquitous Services
Network Cyberworld
2G/GPRS Packet and Packet switched Community Personal
Services circuit switched only
Core Network
IP Backbone Programmable
UMTS R5 Networks
UMTS QoS Modular
Mobility
Protocols
Access Network
WLAN ++
Ubiquitous
IP Access New Cellular access
WLAN
PAN Ad Hoc
GERAN
MSS HAS
Radio
Technology
MIMO
UWB SW Radio
CDMA
WRC’03 OFDM WRC’06
TDMA

Terminal
reconfigurability
Technology SW
Multi-
Radio
mode
Single- PAN…wearables,
mode open architecture(s)

2001 26.4.2005 2005 2008/2010
Josef Noll, RFID - NFC tutorial 6
Source: Eurescom P1145

Keep customers:
Enable the Open Access Network

Open access network

GSM/GPRS

+ Subscribers’
fixed lines
fixed

UMTS Millions of fixed lines function as
feeder lines for open pico-base
stations

Personalised and broadband services
Supported by seamless authentication
based on the Mobile Phone

Future Service composition
(transparent for the end customer) Interface
My
Next Generation Applications: Company
App App App
– Customized services Support
1 2 3
– Complex to manage Comp.
WEB SAP
– High flexibility
Interface
– Short time to market Interface
platform
– Complex Telecom-IT integration
Telecom
Alternative
Telecom challenges Operator
Roaming Location
Security Personal
Home Work
– Support the customer: Profile
Friend Train
security, personalisation Telecom access
Hotel Car
– Join forces with others
– Adaptive & composed services


Need for an identifier
Virtual world: email,
web
Real world: see
Username, passwd
and/or talk
SIM
Voice
PKI
Face

Service world
(between
providers)
Identity management
Service level
agreement (SLA)
Trust relation


Local interactions are a natural step
toward multi-radio access of
complementing radio technologies
GPRS
Cellular Access Hot Spot Access
EDGE
WCDMA WLAN
quot;personal, quot;richest available
HSDPA
trustworthy, content, browsing
Cdma2000 1x
seamless global just for the fun of itquot;
roamingquot;
CDMA 1x EV_DV

Proximity world:
Broadcasting world:
local services
mass media BT personal area
DVB-H
TV
RFID “local interactions, service
“CNN news, Sugar Bowl FM radio
discovery & access,
on the roadquot;
ticketing quot;
Visual radio
Source: Andreas Lundin, Nokia

Agenda
authentication
0950 Q & A
1045 Q & A
1110 demonstrations


What is RFID?
Stands for Radio Frequency
Identification
Mostly used for Access Control and
Vehicle Immobilizer
The data carrier is generally called a
“Tag” and attached to an item or
location
Tags are passive (battery-less), in
sticker or disc format
Radio frequency 13.56 Mhz globally
the most widely used for RFID
The data gatherer is termed a
“Reader”, e.g. integrated to Nokia
5140 phone

RFID Tag (Transponder)

Consist of microchip that stores
data and antenna
Active transponders have on-tag
battery
Passive transponders obtain all
power from the interrogation
signal of reader
Active and passive only
communicate when interrogate
by transceiver
Available in all forms


3
Some technology
RFID – available on tape

Induction
coile

The chip

Price per. RFID tag: down to 0.04 €
Source: Tor Hjalmar Johannessen, Telenor

RFID Reader (Transceiver)

Consist of a RF module, a
control unit, and a coupling
element to interrogate tags via
RF communication
Also have secondary interface
to communicate with backend
systems
Reads tags located in hostile
environment and are obscured
from view


Example RFID Readers


RFID Tag Average Selling Price
0,60

0,50
USD per tag

0,40

0,30

0,20

0,10

0,00
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

RFID – communication modes
RFID tag:
- microchip attached to an antenna
- sends signals to a reader.
- contains a unique serial number, but may have other information, such as a
customers' account number.

Reader (passiv RFID):
- Inductor to create electromagnetic Propagation
Inductive
field in tag Coupling
Coupling
- Receiver for radio response from
tag
(ROM-value: up to 600 bytes,
typical 64-128 bits

Aktive (own power) Range: ad lib (no limit)
Passive (inductive) Range: from mm to some metres

Security:
Magnetic Field Power drop off

Source: Auracomm.com

Tag principles
- own processor
-w/ EEPROM /
flash
-ROM & RAM

RFID-tag


Principle function – passive RFID

1. RFID comes close to RFID-tag
a contact point

3. Coil generates
power for the chip
2. Contact point induces
(which starts
magnetic field
immediately)
(to the magnetic coil)

To backend 4. Chip generates RF
system response (RFID)

Reader


Frequency area - applications

Frequency Band Characteristics Typical Applications

Low Short to medium read range Access control
100-500 kHz Inexpensive Animal identification
low reading speed Inventory control
Car immobiliser

Intermediate Short to medium read range Access control
10-15 MHz Smart cards
potentially inexpensive
medium reading speed

High Long read range Railroad car monitoring
Toll collection systems
850-950 MHz High reading speed
2.4-5.8 GHz (*) Line of sight required
Expensive

(*) 2 megabits per second data rates may be achieved,
with added noise immunity provided by the spread spectrum modulation approach.

Agenda
authentication
0950 Q & A
1045 Q & A
– Potential Risks
1110 demonstrations


Applications
- steadily increasing…

Reality:
Brand Protection
- Identification of animals: cats, horses (value,
Logistics
Anti counterfeiting identity), …, salmon (origin), farms (feeding)
Positioning
- Logistic: Transport, parcels (DHL), bagage (airports),
Locating
stocks
Talking medicines for the blind
Auto rejecting wrong parts - Purchase: Wal-Mart, Gillette, Bennetton (automatic
Transactions
cashier)
Merchandising
- Loan: library
Entertainment
- Traffic: rush hour charging, traffic light priority, bus
Secure Access
eCommerce fulfilment information in Edingburgh
Controlling grey markets
- Border control (USA-Canada)
Real time theft detection
- Credit card: alternative to magnetic stripe, AMEX &
Real time tampering detection
The Internet of Things MasterCard WWW.PAYPASS.COM
Fast Track
- Sports: Boston Marathon, Birkebeiner
Behaviour monitoring
- Theft alarm: clothes, cars,.., car key/start control
Market research
- Security: Admission control
Virtual queuing
Automated diagnostics
Automated performance record
And more...

Sports & Money
The Boston Marathon
RFID-tag
Real-time Tracking of Runners
-every 5 km
-introduced in 1999

http://www.ti.com/tiris/docs/solutions/sports.shtml &
http://www.championchip.com/chips/

Money identification:

Euro bank notes to embed RFID chips by 2005
http://www.eetimes.com/story/OEG20011219S0016


Credit card
-developments towards RFID

Source: Mastercard

Mastercard PayPass
www.paypass.com


Agenda
authentication
0950 Q & A
1045 Q & A
– Potential Risks
1110 demonstrations


Potential Security Problems

1. Authentication: Cloning – theft of RFID
2. Confidentiallity – Uncontrolled surveillance
Security problem 1: RFID is easy to clone
WARNING
- hide a reader in a lift door, a chair, or other places you come close
Read respons and programme a separate tag with same RFID id.
The user can’t know where reading took place. Difficult to trace later on

Security problem 2: Uncontrolled Surveillance
WARNING
-With hidden tags in clothes, money, credit card the user has no longer control
when/where/how he can be detected.

Organisations are active to stop RFID. Ref: www.stop-rfid.org
Potential restrictions on the way in the USA.


Vulnerability
Security in RFID is weak if not enhanced by an extra layer,
e.g. PKI
(encryption is not resistant against replay, if content is not shifted)

Remember:
JQLOSXR& HYLWFXGQ, JQLOSXR& QRLWDJDSRU3

Controlled case

Reader
Uncontrolled reader
Reading up to
several cm

This is also recognised by the public: www.stoprfid.org

Enhancement

RFID security can be enhanced:
- ”on/off” switch if the circuit is activated
- under user’s control

Suggestion: Combination with SIM/PKI (two factor authentication)
a) RFID = trigger
b) RFID signal routes to SIM for explicit verification


Boycott Gillette Products!
Click for details.

Others:
- Wal-Mart
-Benetton: http://boycottbenetton.or
Benetton was considering putting RFID tracking chip
in their clothing that can be read from a distance and
used to monitor the people wearing them.

Annet: http://www.epic.org/privacy/rfid/

Source: www.stop-rfid.org

Agenda
– Speed?
0900 Welcome – interests – Understanding?
0920 RFID – the means for …
–
authentication - I want to hear more of…
0950 Q & A
1010 RFID & NFC:
1045 Q & A
1110 demonstrations


Agenda
authentication
0950 Q & A
1010 RFID & NFC:
– NFC technology
1110 demonstrations


Future scenario: „My services at home“

1.
5. eGovernment, el. signature

2.

3.
4.Status of my family


Security in the virtual world

Examples:

Security Requirement
mHandel,
Have VPN
to know

Need Intranet, email,
to know Admittance

Network access
Nice to know


Security infrastructure
Security depends on application
– Nice to know: WLAN network access
– Need to know: email, Intranett
– Have to know: VPN, (eCommerce)
Higher level require more than just username & password
http://www.openauthentication.org/ suggests 3 methods
– SIM authentication (GSM, EAP-SIM,…)
– Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)
– One-Time-Password (OTP)
In-line with requirements from Norwegian government for
eSignature
Depending on application: username & password or PKI
The Mobile phone has all three: SIM, PKI, and OTP
Challenge: Usability and exchange of credentials to “my
working devices”

The only thing you need:
Your Mobile Phone

SIM with
RFID & PKI


Four-in-one:
Your mobile integrates them all
RFID,
*
SIM & PKI
Examples:
&
Security Requirement

mHandel,
Have VPN
to know

* RFID &
Need Intranet, email,
SIM
to know Admittance
passwd
&

*& RFID
Network access
Nice to know (& SIM)

*Patent pending

Seamless
authentication

Service Home access,
Physical
VPN
access .mp3, .jpg
access


Timeline: Phone with RFID & PKI

Near Field Communication
SIM card with integrated RFID
(NFC)
Prototypes available from:
Standardisation of Philips,
– Giesecke & Devrient:
Nokia, Sony, …
demonstrated on Siemens
Phones with RFID chip
phones
– Gemplus: both on one chip, Phone status:
(terminated) NFC Nokia: on stock,
Siemens: prototypes


Near Field Communication (NFC) is a touch-
based RFID technology
• NFC works in the globally available 13.56 MHz band
Technology • The effective working distance is up to a few centimeters
• Based on ISO 18092 including ISO14443A MiFare and FeliCa
standards, ie compatible with the most broadly established
smart card infrastructure covering >80% of the market
• Tags in smart objects are powered by the radio signal of the
reader, and do not require any battery or other source of
Tags
power
• The tags contain some memory that can store URLs, SMS
and similar information
• Costs currently a few ten EUR cents and decreasing rapidly
• Devices do not contain tags, but can communicate using the
Devices
same interface
• Devices can not only read tags, but also write to enabled tags

Sources: Nokia, Froster & Sullivan; Forrester

NFC changes the role of the mobile
operator
The mobile operator is the communication provider
– Everybody has a mobile phone
– People know that they can reach me – and not my parents
– Companies have identified the value of personal phones and change their
infrastructure
– The phone carries all my contacts
– Connected 24/7 (all the time, not just 4 h a day)

From access to communication
– Provide communication: voice, SMS, MMS, IM,
email,….
– Seamless login (wap.telenormobil.no) – my
email, last 10 visited
Provide presence and community services
Provide authentication and security

Near field communication (NFC)
Based on RFID technology at 13.56 ECMA-340, ISO/IEC 18092 &
MHz ECMA-352, …standards
Typical operating distance 10 cm Powered and non-self powered
Compatible with RFID devices
Data rate today up to 424 kbit/s
Philips and Sony


NFC applications

Source: ecma, tc32-tg19-205-013.pdf

Near field communication (NFC)
- Applications and Compatibility
Applications
Transmit pictures from Camera to PC or TV
Download applications or games
Configure communication parameters in e.g. home
network

Smart card compatibility (Philip’s MIFARE and Sony’s
Felica)
Secure NFC (NFC + smart card)
Active or passive operation


“How does it work?”
Nokia Field Force Solutions
http://www.nokia.com/nokia/0,,70857,00.html

Better service idea?

Click to start flash

NFC standardisation

ECMA-340
Specifies the RF signal
interface
Initialisation, anti-
collision and protocols
Communication mode
ECMA 352 (v1, Dec 2003)
selection mechanism
Selects communication
modes: NFC, PCD, and
VCD
Enables communication in
that mode


Near Field Communication Interface
Protocol (NFCIP) - finalised


NFCIP-2 Interface and protocol
(ISO/IEC 21481)

Interface
Standards

ISO/IEC 14443 ISO/IEC 15693
ECMA-340 PCD mode VCD mode
(MIFARE, FeliCa) (facility access)

NFC Interface and Protocol
Summary


ECMA: NFC work items & future plans
Work items
ECMA-356: RF interface tests for ECMA-340 devices
ECMA-362: Protocol Test Methods
Future working items
A mapping of NFC to other communication protocols including
the Internet Protocol (IP), GSM and Bluetooth
– Advanced Logical Link Control with addressing and segmentation support
Support for Data Link and end-to-end security and key
management
Air-to-wired interface specification
Application extensions in NFCIP-1
– Power control as an example application extension


Agenda
authentication
0950 Q & A
1010 RFID & NFC:
– NFC technology
1110 demonstrations


Source: GemPlus

RFID payment usage
coffee machines in Telenor R&D
RFID card in 2005

Tests in OSL and
Arlanda

RFID cards

Think

Planned Q4.2005, Univ. Tromsø (N)
Payment on coffee machine
Payment
Entrance to door B6e
Entrance
Electronic access (VPN) - Telenor

NFC – near field communication in praxis
[copyright: www.nfc-forum.org]

- Example: travelling


- Example: streaming DRM


- Example: Poster Information

SIM City Platform Banks

Ticketing Payment ID

Service Providers

Send
Telenor CPA Ticket

Buy
Ticket


Conclusions
“The last time we were
connected by a wire was at
birth!” [Motorola]
No cable, that’s the
challenge
– Various radio systems: GSM,
UMTS; WLAN, Bluetooth,
DVB, …
– Limitations: battery,
integration
All services from your
mobile
Your mobile is the
authentication centre
Telecom as authentication
provider

Agenda
authentication
0950 Q & A
1010 RFID & NFC:
– NFC technology?
– State of the art?
1045 Q & A –…
1110 demonstrations


Agenda
– Authentication – your own phone
authentication
– Infokiosk – imagine the world
0950 Q & A – Payment and ticketing (Giesecke
1010 RFID & NFC: & Devrient)
technology and scenarios – NFC and mobile Commerce
(Nokia/Telenor)
1045 Q & A
1110 demonstrations


Near field communication and RFID - opening for new business

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