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JAPAN
             Cultural Introduction
                      and
          Scope of Human Trafficking

◆ Polaris Project Japan     www.PolarisProject.jp
    Outreach website for teens: www.Pol214.com
                   www.facebook.com/PolarisJapan
    Phone:050-3496-7615 FAX:020-4669-6933
Presentation Overview
I. Japanese Historical and Cultural
     Background
II. The Current Trafficking Situation
III. International Criticism and Response
IV.About Polaris Project Japan
V. Final Thoughts and Conclusions
The Japanese Sex Industry

  Historical and Cultural Roots
Japanese Cultural Concepts
•   Strong hierarchical cultural traditions
•   Strong patriarchal cultural traditions
•   Honne (本音) vs. Tatemae (建前)
•   Relatively weak civic participation
•   Personal affairs stay very private
Historical Background
•   Long history of institutionalized prostitution
•   Legal and social acceptance (despite criticism)
•   The Recreation and Amusement Association (Aug. ‘45)
•   Replaced by red light districts (Jan. ‘46)
•   Prostitution banned in 1956, but the ban’s language is weak
•   De facto prostitution con-
    tinues to this day




       A scene from Kenji Mizoguchi’s 1956 film
       “The Red Light District”
Definition-The AMP Model




                      2012/7/26
Human Trafficking in Japan

      The Situation Today
Global Human Trafficking Market

               Number of Victims:
              21 million (ILO, 2012)
80% are female/ 50% are children (US State Dept)
      Profit: 3 trillion yen each year (ILO)
Human Trafficking in Japan
• Sexual exploitation: East, Southeast Asia, Eastern Europe, Russia, and Latin
  America
• Labor exploitation: male and female migrant workers from China,
  Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, and other Asian countries.
• The majority of officially identified victims are foreign women migrating
  willingly to Japan seeking work, but who are later subjected to debts of up
  to $50,000.
• A significant number of Japanese women and girls have also been reported
  as sex trafficking victims.
• Traffickers are increasingly targeting Japanese women and girls for coerced
  exploitation in pornography and the sex industry.
• Organized crime syndicates (the Yakuza) play a significant role in trafficking.
• Japanese men continue to be a significant source of demand for child sex
  tourism in Southeast Asia.
Where Human Trafficking Take Places




                            2012/7/26
The Official* Human Trafficking Numbers:
 539 human trafficking cases (2001-2011)
     613 Victims         483 Persons Arrested

                   Nationality of the Victims
   Thai: 214   Filipino: 162 Indonesian: 76     Colombian: 58




                                                         *For reasons explained
                                                         later, these official figures
                                                         represent just glimpse of
                                                         the real problem
Japan‟s Sex Industry
                   The market is worth 4 - 10 trillion yen
                                (about 50   – 125 billion U.S. dollars)
                        Or 1      – 2% of Japan‟s total GDP.

                                   Delivery Health
    =                                        each client pays  23,000 per visit
 One woman has on average 4 clients a day, 6 days a week = 552,000/week


The trafficker earns 2,760,000 for                                        per week.

         = 132,480,000/year × 20,000 establishments(2004)
         The industry is worth approximately 300 billion yen per year
   Source: Asia Wall Street Journal
Delivery Health “dates” can be arranged
  online via computer or smartphone.
International Criticism

    Japan’s Response
Commercial Sexual Exploitation of
                               Minors
                     Child prostitution:5 000 cases or more
                     of persons detained as a result of child prostitution (2011)


                     Child pornography 1,455 cases *
                     (number of persons arrested=1,016)
                     Charges of supplying, manufacturing, distribution (2009)
                     105 of the 638(16%) cases were younger than elementary
                     School age. The youngest victim is 3 y.o.




Japan, along with Russia are among the two G8 countries that does not outlaw "simple possession" for collecting images for personal use.
Global Criticism

    Japan criticized in reports by:

         Human Rights Watch
International Labor Organization (ILO)
      U.S. Department of State
            United Nations
U.S. Department of State TIP Report
                          Country rankings
                 Tier 1             Tier 2                   Tier 3    “The Government of Japan does
                                 Does not                               not fully comply with the
             Fully complies                               Does not
             with minimum
                               comply with
                                                        comply with     minimum standards for the
Definition




                                 minimum
              standards to                                minimum
                 protect
                               standards to
                                                       standards and
                                                                        elimination of trafficking …
                              protect victims,
               trafficking
                                but making
                                                         not making     corruption remains a serious
                 victims                                   effort
                               some efforts                             concern in the large
             •S Korea         •Japan                  •Iran             entertainment industry in
             •Taiwan          •Portugal               •Zimbabwe
             •USA             •South Africa           •Sudan            Japan…[it] has no dedicated
Countries




             •UK              •Cambodia               •Burma
             •Canada          •Burkina Faso           •Congo (DRC)
                                                                        shelters for trafficking victims
             •France          •Mexico                 •Cuba             or clear sheltering resources for
             •Germany         •Paraguay               •Eritrea
             •Australia       •Hong Kong              •N Korea          male victims…”
             •…               •…                      •…               Trafficking in Persons Report 2012 on Japan
                                                                                         - U.S. Department of State
Source: US State Department “Trafficking in Persons Report 2010”
The Japanese Government’s
                Response
• After the Japanese were designated a Tier 2 country for the first
  time in 2001, the government was embarrassed and tried to
  address the criticism.
• They enacted an “Action Plan” in 2004 designed to increase
  awareness among law enforcement and customs officers, and
  treat victims as victims rather than violators of immigration law
• The government response has been characterized as insufficient
  to address the scale of the problem.
• No comprehensive anti-trafficking law has been passed to this
  day, and Japan remains a Tier 2 country even now, eleven years
  later.
Polaris Project Japan

Our Work Protecting Victims
A Brief History of PPJ
• Polaris Project was founded in the U.S. in 2002
• Polaris Project Japan was founded in September 2004 by
  Shihoko Fujiwara, a former fellow with Polaris Project
• In 2005, we established the first national trafficking
  consultation hotline in Japan
• The hotline receives hundreds of calls every year, and PPJ has
  provided consultations and support for hundreds of victims
• We have also trained many law enforcement officers, customs
  officials, and social workers, and continue to provide
  educational lectures to all kinds of audiences across the
  country and abroad
Victim
       Support



                  Raise
 Victim        awareness
Outreach      among police
            and social workers
The State of Trafficking in Japan
      The Numbers (Polaris Project’s 2011 Data)
- Since its inception in 2005, our hotline has
  provided over 2,500 consultations
- We have provided over 130 people with
  direct support or connected them with the
  appropriate organization
- In 2011, we offered 381 consultations,
  including 33 cases involving victims of sex
  trafficking




                                                 (Number of Consultations by Prefecture)
Trafficking in Japan – A Victim’s Voice



→ A Korean woman in her early 20’s                   Case 1:
                                                 Korean Female
→ This case came to Polaris via a
call from an acquaintance rather
than from the victim herself

→She was resold by a “broker” and
forced into prostitution, unaware that
she was the victim of a crime                   “My friend is being
                                         abused by her ‘employer,’
→She used to be a social worker            and it’s my fault. I want
helping battered women in Korea,
then she decided to go to Japan            to speak with a lawyer.“
hoping eventually to get into
Japanese university…
Cases in which Polaris Project has been
                     involved
                                              Victim


                                                                    Case2:
                                                               14 year-old
                                                             Japanese girl
“I was able to get out of the situation but
don„t have anywhere to go, and I never                    Fourteen year old
feel good about things. When I get
propositioned or when I have sex I feel                   Japanese girl got
that my body is worthless and start crying
without reason.” She is emotionally                      into a confrontation
restless. We meet periodically and act as
a confidant and give her the necessary                 with playmates when she
support she needs
                                                         was told she had a

                                                          "bad attitude" and

                                                           was coerced into

                                                             prostitution.
Trafficking in Japan – A Victim’s Voice



→ This case was reported by an                 Case 3:
American soldier in Yamaguchi-ken            Filipino Female
→She was invited to come to Japan
by her friend in Nagano, but then
was transferred to Yamaguchi and
charged with a 400,000 yen                      “I entered
“transfer fine”.                             Japan on an
                                          Entertainer Visa
→She temporarily returned to the
Phillippines, but then was forced into       and I should
another six month contract in Japan.     have reached out
She didn’t know what to do.                    to an NGO
                                                   sooner.“
Case 4:
Korean Female forced to         韓国のNGOからの緊急支
work in a sex club.             援依頼
                                → By way of a broker, she entered
                                Japan on a tourist visa and was
“My condition was so            forced into work.

bad I could barely stand,       → Due to fear of her abusers and
                                insufficient resources for victims,
let alone go to the hospital.   she was unable to get help from
I thought I might end up        the police.

dead, so I called an            → Before her departure, Polaris
                                provided medical care, access to
organization that protects      an emergency shelter, and helped
Korean women                    her return home.

and I was connected
with Polaris Japan.”
How victims are lured into
             Japan‟s sex trade

Foreign Women recruited in their own country /Domestic victims
in Japan
- Debt bondage by loan sharks
-Tricked by deceptive advertisements in papers
-Once you are in the industry, it is hard to get out
    - Stigma and resignation
    - “Support structure” also exploits women: Clothing store,
      pharmacy, clinics, that traffickers work with

Women recruited once they are in Japan:
- Peer pressure and persistent recruitment at language school,
etc.
•    Traffickers use isolation and cultural barriers to force women
     to follow the “rules”
Conclusions

Final Thoughts and Lessons
Final Thoughts and
Additional Reference:The State of Japanese
     Trafficking Since 2005
• The U.S. State Department designated Japan a “Watch List” country in 2004.
  In December, the Japanese government unveiled its “Plan of Action”:
   – Alter the penal code to make trafficking a crime, enforce more stringent
     requirements for Entertainer visas, use DV shelters for trafficking victims
• The Results
   – Continued Lack of a Comprehensive Trafficking Law and Insufficient Victim
     Support
       • Without a real protection system in place, victims are hesitant to raise their voices, seeing
         little choice but to bide their time and hope to make it back home someday
       • The penal code, the Anti-Prostitution Law, the Employment Security Act, the Child
         Welfare Law, and immigration law are ostensibly aimed at these problems, but they are
         not often used to prosecute human trafficking cases
   – Effective prosecution of cases is difficult
       • Evidence of forced prostitution, debt, and abuse is often destroyed by the perpetrator
   – Discrimination, misunderstanding, and a lack of public awareness makes it
     harder to locate victims
       • The state of foreign women working in the sex industry is often poorly understood (by
         police and citizens alike)
       • There is a general misconception about people involved in the sex industry
Some reasons why human trafficking
          still persists
                      Human trafficking
 Trafficking is an        often goes
  underground,         unidentified and
 hidden industry        involves many
                       complex issues


   There are few
                        There is little
 victims who take
                      public awareness
    legal action
                      about the problem
against traffickers


     There are
inadequate human           A lack of
   resources to          information
tackle the problem
Polaris has trained over 5,000 law enforcement
             officers and social workers.

   This number includes members of: the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs, the Ministry of Justice, Cabinet Offices, Tokyo Metropolitan
Office of Education, the Bureau of Immigration, Tokyo Metropolitan
      Office for Youth Affairs, child welfare centers and others.
Suggestion from PPJ

Create Comprehensive Anti-trafficking policy
  Train all police officers, immigration officers as well
   as social service providers on how to identify
   trafficking
  Start National Human Trafficking hotline
  Comprehensive Victim Protection
     Medical, Legal support, shelter, counseling as well as
      providing legal status for the survivors of trafficking for
      work




     Polaris Project Japan and Solidarity Network With Migrants Japan, 20th June 2012
AKARI
       Project

             Because of the lack of policy,
   PPJ’s work is solely supported by your support.
Join Polaris AKARI Project to support our hotline and
           services for victims of trafficking.

       See more info from our HP /brochure

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Public Lecture PPT (7.12.2012)

  • 1. JAPAN Cultural Introduction and Scope of Human Trafficking ◆ Polaris Project Japan www.PolarisProject.jp Outreach website for teens: www.Pol214.com www.facebook.com/PolarisJapan Phone:050-3496-7615 FAX:020-4669-6933
  • 2. Presentation Overview I. Japanese Historical and Cultural Background II. The Current Trafficking Situation III. International Criticism and Response IV.About Polaris Project Japan V. Final Thoughts and Conclusions
  • 3. The Japanese Sex Industry Historical and Cultural Roots
  • 4. Japanese Cultural Concepts • Strong hierarchical cultural traditions • Strong patriarchal cultural traditions • Honne (本音) vs. Tatemae (建前) • Relatively weak civic participation • Personal affairs stay very private
  • 5. Historical Background • Long history of institutionalized prostitution • Legal and social acceptance (despite criticism) • The Recreation and Amusement Association (Aug. ‘45) • Replaced by red light districts (Jan. ‘46) • Prostitution banned in 1956, but the ban’s language is weak • De facto prostitution con- tinues to this day A scene from Kenji Mizoguchi’s 1956 film “The Red Light District”
  • 7. Human Trafficking in Japan The Situation Today
  • 8. Global Human Trafficking Market Number of Victims: 21 million (ILO, 2012) 80% are female/ 50% are children (US State Dept) Profit: 3 trillion yen each year (ILO)
  • 9. Human Trafficking in Japan • Sexual exploitation: East, Southeast Asia, Eastern Europe, Russia, and Latin America • Labor exploitation: male and female migrant workers from China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, and other Asian countries. • The majority of officially identified victims are foreign women migrating willingly to Japan seeking work, but who are later subjected to debts of up to $50,000. • A significant number of Japanese women and girls have also been reported as sex trafficking victims. • Traffickers are increasingly targeting Japanese women and girls for coerced exploitation in pornography and the sex industry. • Organized crime syndicates (the Yakuza) play a significant role in trafficking. • Japanese men continue to be a significant source of demand for child sex tourism in Southeast Asia.
  • 10. Where Human Trafficking Take Places 2012/7/26
  • 11. The Official* Human Trafficking Numbers: 539 human trafficking cases (2001-2011) 613 Victims 483 Persons Arrested Nationality of the Victims Thai: 214 Filipino: 162 Indonesian: 76 Colombian: 58 *For reasons explained later, these official figures represent just glimpse of the real problem
  • 12. Japan‟s Sex Industry The market is worth 4 - 10 trillion yen (about 50 – 125 billion U.S. dollars) Or 1 – 2% of Japan‟s total GDP.  Delivery Health = each client pays 23,000 per visit One woman has on average 4 clients a day, 6 days a week = 552,000/week The trafficker earns 2,760,000 for  per week. = 132,480,000/year × 20,000 establishments(2004) The industry is worth approximately 300 billion yen per year Source: Asia Wall Street Journal
  • 13. Delivery Health “dates” can be arranged online via computer or smartphone.
  • 14. International Criticism Japan’s Response
  • 15. Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Minors Child prostitution:5 000 cases or more of persons detained as a result of child prostitution (2011) Child pornography 1,455 cases * (number of persons arrested=1,016) Charges of supplying, manufacturing, distribution (2009) 105 of the 638(16%) cases were younger than elementary School age. The youngest victim is 3 y.o. Japan, along with Russia are among the two G8 countries that does not outlaw "simple possession" for collecting images for personal use.
  • 16. Global Criticism Japan criticized in reports by: Human Rights Watch International Labor Organization (ILO) U.S. Department of State United Nations
  • 17. U.S. Department of State TIP Report Country rankings Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3 “The Government of Japan does Does not not fully comply with the Fully complies Does not with minimum comply with comply with minimum standards for the Definition minimum standards to minimum protect standards to standards and elimination of trafficking … protect victims, trafficking but making not making corruption remains a serious victims effort some efforts concern in the large •S Korea •Japan •Iran entertainment industry in •Taiwan •Portugal •Zimbabwe •USA •South Africa •Sudan Japan…[it] has no dedicated Countries •UK •Cambodia •Burma •Canada •Burkina Faso •Congo (DRC) shelters for trafficking victims •France •Mexico •Cuba or clear sheltering resources for •Germany •Paraguay •Eritrea •Australia •Hong Kong •N Korea male victims…” •… •… •… Trafficking in Persons Report 2012 on Japan - U.S. Department of State Source: US State Department “Trafficking in Persons Report 2010”
  • 18. The Japanese Government’s Response • After the Japanese were designated a Tier 2 country for the first time in 2001, the government was embarrassed and tried to address the criticism. • They enacted an “Action Plan” in 2004 designed to increase awareness among law enforcement and customs officers, and treat victims as victims rather than violators of immigration law • The government response has been characterized as insufficient to address the scale of the problem. • No comprehensive anti-trafficking law has been passed to this day, and Japan remains a Tier 2 country even now, eleven years later.
  • 19. Polaris Project Japan Our Work Protecting Victims
  • 20. A Brief History of PPJ • Polaris Project was founded in the U.S. in 2002 • Polaris Project Japan was founded in September 2004 by Shihoko Fujiwara, a former fellow with Polaris Project • In 2005, we established the first national trafficking consultation hotline in Japan • The hotline receives hundreds of calls every year, and PPJ has provided consultations and support for hundreds of victims • We have also trained many law enforcement officers, customs officials, and social workers, and continue to provide educational lectures to all kinds of audiences across the country and abroad
  • 21. Victim Support Raise Victim awareness Outreach among police and social workers
  • 22. The State of Trafficking in Japan The Numbers (Polaris Project’s 2011 Data) - Since its inception in 2005, our hotline has provided over 2,500 consultations - We have provided over 130 people with direct support or connected them with the appropriate organization - In 2011, we offered 381 consultations, including 33 cases involving victims of sex trafficking (Number of Consultations by Prefecture)
  • 23. Trafficking in Japan – A Victim’s Voice → A Korean woman in her early 20’s Case 1: Korean Female → This case came to Polaris via a call from an acquaintance rather than from the victim herself →She was resold by a “broker” and forced into prostitution, unaware that she was the victim of a crime “My friend is being abused by her ‘employer,’ →She used to be a social worker and it’s my fault. I want helping battered women in Korea, then she decided to go to Japan to speak with a lawyer.“ hoping eventually to get into Japanese university…
  • 24. Cases in which Polaris Project has been involved Victim Case2: 14 year-old Japanese girl “I was able to get out of the situation but don„t have anywhere to go, and I never Fourteen year old feel good about things. When I get propositioned or when I have sex I feel Japanese girl got that my body is worthless and start crying without reason.” She is emotionally into a confrontation restless. We meet periodically and act as a confidant and give her the necessary with playmates when she support she needs was told she had a "bad attitude" and was coerced into prostitution.
  • 25. Trafficking in Japan – A Victim’s Voice → This case was reported by an Case 3: American soldier in Yamaguchi-ken Filipino Female →She was invited to come to Japan by her friend in Nagano, but then was transferred to Yamaguchi and charged with a 400,000 yen “I entered “transfer fine”. Japan on an Entertainer Visa →She temporarily returned to the Phillippines, but then was forced into and I should another six month contract in Japan. have reached out She didn’t know what to do. to an NGO sooner.“
  • 26. Case 4: Korean Female forced to 韓国のNGOからの緊急支 work in a sex club. 援依頼 → By way of a broker, she entered Japan on a tourist visa and was “My condition was so forced into work. bad I could barely stand, → Due to fear of her abusers and insufficient resources for victims, let alone go to the hospital. she was unable to get help from I thought I might end up the police. dead, so I called an → Before her departure, Polaris provided medical care, access to organization that protects an emergency shelter, and helped Korean women her return home. and I was connected with Polaris Japan.”
  • 27. How victims are lured into Japan‟s sex trade Foreign Women recruited in their own country /Domestic victims in Japan - Debt bondage by loan sharks -Tricked by deceptive advertisements in papers -Once you are in the industry, it is hard to get out - Stigma and resignation - “Support structure” also exploits women: Clothing store, pharmacy, clinics, that traffickers work with Women recruited once they are in Japan: - Peer pressure and persistent recruitment at language school, etc. • Traffickers use isolation and cultural barriers to force women to follow the “rules”
  • 28. Conclusions Final Thoughts and Lessons Final Thoughts and
  • 29. Additional Reference:The State of Japanese Trafficking Since 2005 • The U.S. State Department designated Japan a “Watch List” country in 2004. In December, the Japanese government unveiled its “Plan of Action”: – Alter the penal code to make trafficking a crime, enforce more stringent requirements for Entertainer visas, use DV shelters for trafficking victims • The Results – Continued Lack of a Comprehensive Trafficking Law and Insufficient Victim Support • Without a real protection system in place, victims are hesitant to raise their voices, seeing little choice but to bide their time and hope to make it back home someday • The penal code, the Anti-Prostitution Law, the Employment Security Act, the Child Welfare Law, and immigration law are ostensibly aimed at these problems, but they are not often used to prosecute human trafficking cases – Effective prosecution of cases is difficult • Evidence of forced prostitution, debt, and abuse is often destroyed by the perpetrator – Discrimination, misunderstanding, and a lack of public awareness makes it harder to locate victims • The state of foreign women working in the sex industry is often poorly understood (by police and citizens alike) • There is a general misconception about people involved in the sex industry
  • 30. Some reasons why human trafficking still persists Human trafficking Trafficking is an often goes underground, unidentified and hidden industry involves many complex issues There are few There is little victims who take public awareness legal action about the problem against traffickers There are inadequate human A lack of resources to information tackle the problem
  • 31. Polaris has trained over 5,000 law enforcement officers and social workers. This number includes members of: the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Justice, Cabinet Offices, Tokyo Metropolitan Office of Education, the Bureau of Immigration, Tokyo Metropolitan Office for Youth Affairs, child welfare centers and others.
  • 32. Suggestion from PPJ Create Comprehensive Anti-trafficking policy Train all police officers, immigration officers as well as social service providers on how to identify trafficking Start National Human Trafficking hotline Comprehensive Victim Protection Medical, Legal support, shelter, counseling as well as providing legal status for the survivors of trafficking for work Polaris Project Japan and Solidarity Network With Migrants Japan, 20th June 2012
  • 33. AKARI Project Because of the lack of policy, PPJ’s work is solely supported by your support. Join Polaris AKARI Project to support our hotline and services for victims of trafficking. See more info from our HP /brochure