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Water transparency to UV radiation in montane lakes:
 consequences of climate-driven changes in terrestrial inputs.




      Craig Williamson, Carrie Kissman, Kevin Rose
      Miami University Global Change Limnology Lab

                      Jasmine Saros
       University of Maine Climate Change Institute

           Janet Fischer & Jennifer Everhart
               Franklin & Marshall College
Responses to Climate Change:
     Where to sample?
Lakes as Sentinels & Integrators
       of Climate Change




     Williamson et al. 2009 Limnol. Oceanogr. 54:2273
Water transparency to UV radiation in montane lakes: consequences of climate-driven changes in terrestrial inputs [Craig Williamson]
Water transparency to UV radiation in montane lakes: consequences of climate-driven changes in terrestrial inputs [Craig Williamson]
Treeline is advancing to higher elevations (black dots)
      in 52% of 166 systems sampled worldwide.
 Receding treelines observed in only 1% of systems.




         Harsch et al. 2009. Ecology Letters 12:1040.
DOM Source is Largely Terrestrial

               Terrestrial
               Vegetation


                    Low – Medium - High



           DOM in
            water
DOM as an Ecosystem Regulator

    Low DOM                                  High DOM
High transparency                         Low transparency

                     DOM Regulates
                     UV transparency
                    Compensation depth
                       Mixing depth
                      Nutrient cycling
                          Anoxia
                       Metal toxicity
                     Pesticide toxicity
                          Other …
DOM Has Doubled in 15-20 yr in Many Lakes & Rivers




             Evans et al. 2006. Global Change Biology 12:2044
(See also Findlay 2005. FEE 3:133; Monteith et al. 2007. Nature 450:537)
Beartooth Mountains, MT-WY, USA
  Saros et al. 2005
  CJFAS 62:1681
Ganguly et al. 2009. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 106:15555
Central Rocky Mountains, Western USA:
  Changing Snowfall in Red Lodge, MT




Rose et al. 2009 Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 8:1244
Changes in Diatoms in the Central Rocky
Mtns. Associated with Climate Change




                       Saros et al. 2003. AAAR 35:18
Central Question:

 How will climate-driven increases in DOM
influence consumer:producer relationships
             in mountain lakes?
Climate Change in Montane Ecosystems
temperature, precipitation, treeline --> more DOM



                           ?
        Heterotrophic Consumers
            Zooplankton (H)


                                   HB:AB = 3
                Autotrophic
                Phyto. (A)
Epilimnion       (H)
Warm, High Light
                   (A)   ?

 Hypolimnion       (H)
   Cold, Dark
                   (A)   ?
Epilimnion       (H)
Warm, High Light
                   (A)   ?

 Hypolimnion       (H)
   Cold, Dark
                   (A)   ?

                             ?
                                   Epilimnion       (H)
                                 Warm, High Light
                                                    (A)   ?

                                  Hypolimnion       (H)
                                   Cold, Dark
                                     Anoxic         (A)   ?
Experimental Design
  With DOM              No DOM
Resource Subsidy     Resource Subsidy


      (H)                 (H)
                 1.5 m
      (A)    ?            (A)    ?
            +/- Zooplankton
      (H)                  (H)
                 8.0 m
      (A)    ?            (A)    ?
Experimental Design
• 3 week field microcosms
• 3.8 L transparent bags
• Natural phytoplankton

• Treatments (3 replicates):
      +/- Zooplankton grazers
      +/- DOM
      2 depths to give different light & temperature:
        – 1.5 m (epilimnion)
        – 8 m (hypolimnion)
Phytoplankton Biomass
                  300
                        Initial                Epilimnion                               Hypolimnion

                  250
Biomass (µg L )




                  200
             -1




                                                                                                             DOM p < 0.001
                                                                                                             ZP p < 0.001
                  150                                                                                        Depth p = 0.090
                                                                                                             DOM*ZP p = 0.187
                  100                                                                                        DOM*Depth p = 0.077
                                                                                                             ZP*Depth p = 0.009
                                                                                                             DOM*ZP*Depth = 0.65
                   50



                    0
                              l
                           tia        M         M       M          M       M         M        M          M
                        Ini       -D
                                     O        DO      DO         DO       O        DO        O         DO
                                          +         -        +         -D      +          -D       +
                                                    + Zoop                                       + Zoop
                                                            Treatment
Phytoplankton Biomass
                  300
                        Initial                Epilimnion                                 Hypolimnion

                  250
Biomass (µg L )




                  200
             -1




                                                                                                               DOM p < 0.001
                                                                                                               ZP p < 0.001
                  150                                                                                          Depth p = 0.090
                                                                                                               DOM*ZP p = 0.187
                  100
                                                   +                                                           DOM*Depth p = 0.077
                                                                                                               ZP*Depth p = 0.009
                                                                                                               DOM*ZP*Depth = 0.65
                   50
                                          -
                    0
                              l
                           tia       O
                                      M         M        O
                                                          M          M       M         M        M          M
                        Ini       -D          DO       -D          DO       O        DO        O         DO
                                          +                    +         -D      +          -D       +
                                                       + Zoop                                      + Zoop
                                                              Treatment
Total Zooplankton Biomass
                  800
                        Initial                   Epilimnion                 Hypolimnion



                  600
Biomass (µg L )
             -1




                                                                                           DOM p = 0.010
                  400                                                                      Depth p = 0.003
                                                                                           DOM*Depth = 0.21


                  200




                    0
                                al            M                M         M            M
                          n iti          DO               DO           DO           DO
                         I           -                +            -            +

                                                     Treatment
Zooplankton:Phytoplankton (H:A) Ratio
Zooplankton Biomass:Phytoplankton Biomass



                                            30
                                                 Initial              Epilimnion               Hypolimnion

                                            25
                                                                                                             DOM p = 0.002
                                                                                                             Depth p =0.216
                                            20                                                               DOM*Depth = 0.585


                                            15



                                            10



                                             5



                                             0
                                                       al         -             +          -            +
                                                    iti       M             M          M            M
                                                  In        DO            DO         DO           DO

                                                                         Treatment
No Terrestrial               With Terrestrial
Resource Subsidy              Resource Subsidy
     (-DOM)                       (+DOM)


        (H)                         (H)


                                    (A)

                    Initial
                      (H)


                      (A)



              (H)
                                   (H)



                                   (A)
DOM & Transparency: Vertical overlap of
   Consumers and their Resources


• Do we see variations in DOM and transparency in alpine
  lakes among years?

• What are the implications of these transparency
  changes for vertical overlap of consumers and their
  resources?
Lake Oesa, Canadian Rocky Mountains
UV Transparency July 28, 2008-2009

                                        380 nm UV (% of subsurface)
                                   10                          100
                               0
                               2
                               4


                  Depth (m)
                               6
                               8
                              10
                              12                           2008
                              14                           2009
                              16
380 nm UV (% of subsurface)                          CDOM fluorescence
                  10                           100                      0     10     20       30
              0                                                     0

              5                                                     5

             10                                                    10
 Depth (m)




                                                       Depth (m)
             15                                                    15

             20                                                    20

             25                                                    25
                                          2008                               2008
             30                                                    30
                                          2009                               2009
             35                                                    35


                        Chlorophyll Fluorescence                                    Turbidity

                  0              200             400                    0   10   20   30   40    50    60
              0                                                     0
                                                                                                2008
                                           2008                     5
              5                                                                                 2009
                                           2009
             10                                                    10
                                                       Depth (m)
Depth (m)




             15                                                    15

             20                                                    20

             25                                                    25

             30                                                    30
             35                                                    35
Lake Oesa Hesperodiaptomus July 28

                     Copepods per Liter
              0.00     1.00     2.00      3.00
             0

             5

            10
Depth (m)




            15

            20

            25
                                       2008
            30
                                       2009
            35
Oesa Zooplankton & Chlorophyll July 28

                     Copepods per Liter
                                                                      Chlorophyll Fluorescence
              0.00     1.00     2.00      3.00
                                                                  0            200           400
             0
                                                             0
             5                                                                           2008
                                                             5
                                                                                         2009
            10                                               10
Depth (m)




                                                 Depth (m)
            15                                               15
            20                                               20
            25                  2008                         25
            30                  2009                         30

            35                  10% UV380                    35
Lake Oesa Transparency vs. Precipitation
         (PRELIMINARY: N= 4 only!!!)
Indirect Effects on Terrestrial DOM?


                Terrestrial
                Vegetation


                     Low – Medium - High



            DOM in
             water
Indirect Effects of Climate Change: Wildfire
Bark Beetle Damage
Lakes are Good Sentinels & Integrators of
Climate Change: Direct & Indirect Effects




         Williamson et al. 2009 Limnol. Oceanogr. 54:2273
Specific Conclusions
 Higher DOM will stimulate producer biomass more than
  consumer biomass, reducing consumer regulation of
  autotrophic production and fate of fixed carbon.

 Shorter, interannual climate-induced variations in DOM
  and other variables can alter transparency and
  consumer-resource interactions.
Acknowledgements
Field and Laboratory Assistance:
    – Jeremy Mack, Kevin Rose, E. Overholt, R. Moeller, S. Lee, A. Nurse,
       N. McCulligh, M. Collado, A. Tucker and M. Cohen
Funding:
    – USA National Science Foundation, Miami University
Extra Slides Follow
Net Zooplankton Grazing Effect
Net Grazing Effect (ml cleared/ug zooplankton/week)




                                                      2.0
                                                                Epilimnion                                   Hypolimnion
                                                      1.8

                                                      1.6

                                                      1.4

                                                      1.2                                                                    DOM < 0.001
                                                                                                                             Depth = 0.992
                                                      1.0
                                                                                                                             DOM*Depth = 0.839
                                                      0.8

                                                      0.6

                                                      0.4

                                                      0.2

                                                      0.0
                                                                     -                +                  -               +
                                                            D   OM               OM                 OM              OM
                                                                             D                  D               D

                                                                                          Treatment
Changes in DOC (% yr-1)
(up to 100% in past 15-20 yr in some areas)

         Monteith et al. 2007
         Nature 450:537
Template

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Water transparency to UV radiation in montane lakes: consequences of climate-driven changes in terrestrial inputs [Craig Williamson]

  • 1. Water transparency to UV radiation in montane lakes: consequences of climate-driven changes in terrestrial inputs. Craig Williamson, Carrie Kissman, Kevin Rose Miami University Global Change Limnology Lab Jasmine Saros University of Maine Climate Change Institute Janet Fischer & Jennifer Everhart Franklin & Marshall College
  • 2. Responses to Climate Change: Where to sample?
  • 3. Lakes as Sentinels & Integrators of Climate Change Williamson et al. 2009 Limnol. Oceanogr. 54:2273
  • 6. Treeline is advancing to higher elevations (black dots) in 52% of 166 systems sampled worldwide. Receding treelines observed in only 1% of systems. Harsch et al. 2009. Ecology Letters 12:1040.
  • 7. DOM Source is Largely Terrestrial Terrestrial Vegetation Low – Medium - High DOM in water
  • 8. DOM as an Ecosystem Regulator Low DOM High DOM High transparency Low transparency DOM Regulates UV transparency Compensation depth Mixing depth Nutrient cycling Anoxia Metal toxicity Pesticide toxicity Other …
  • 9. DOM Has Doubled in 15-20 yr in Many Lakes & Rivers Evans et al. 2006. Global Change Biology 12:2044 (See also Findlay 2005. FEE 3:133; Monteith et al. 2007. Nature 450:537)
  • 10. Beartooth Mountains, MT-WY, USA Saros et al. 2005 CJFAS 62:1681
  • 11. Ganguly et al. 2009. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 106:15555
  • 12. Central Rocky Mountains, Western USA: Changing Snowfall in Red Lodge, MT Rose et al. 2009 Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 8:1244
  • 13. Changes in Diatoms in the Central Rocky Mtns. Associated with Climate Change Saros et al. 2003. AAAR 35:18
  • 14. Central Question: How will climate-driven increases in DOM influence consumer:producer relationships in mountain lakes?
  • 15. Climate Change in Montane Ecosystems temperature, precipitation, treeline --> more DOM ? Heterotrophic Consumers Zooplankton (H) HB:AB = 3 Autotrophic Phyto. (A)
  • 16. Epilimnion (H) Warm, High Light (A) ? Hypolimnion (H) Cold, Dark (A) ?
  • 17. Epilimnion (H) Warm, High Light (A) ? Hypolimnion (H) Cold, Dark (A) ? ? Epilimnion (H) Warm, High Light (A) ? Hypolimnion (H) Cold, Dark Anoxic (A) ?
  • 18. Experimental Design With DOM No DOM Resource Subsidy Resource Subsidy (H) (H) 1.5 m (A) ? (A) ? +/- Zooplankton (H) (H) 8.0 m (A) ? (A) ?
  • 19. Experimental Design • 3 week field microcosms • 3.8 L transparent bags • Natural phytoplankton • Treatments (3 replicates):  +/- Zooplankton grazers  +/- DOM  2 depths to give different light & temperature: – 1.5 m (epilimnion) – 8 m (hypolimnion)
  • 20. Phytoplankton Biomass 300 Initial Epilimnion Hypolimnion 250 Biomass (µg L ) 200 -1 DOM p < 0.001 ZP p < 0.001 150 Depth p = 0.090 DOM*ZP p = 0.187 100 DOM*Depth p = 0.077 ZP*Depth p = 0.009 DOM*ZP*Depth = 0.65 50 0 l tia M M M M M M M M Ini -D O DO DO DO O DO O DO + - + -D + -D + + Zoop + Zoop Treatment
  • 21. Phytoplankton Biomass 300 Initial Epilimnion Hypolimnion 250 Biomass (µg L ) 200 -1 DOM p < 0.001 ZP p < 0.001 150 Depth p = 0.090 DOM*ZP p = 0.187 100 + DOM*Depth p = 0.077 ZP*Depth p = 0.009 DOM*ZP*Depth = 0.65 50 - 0 l tia O M M O M M M M M M Ini -D DO -D DO O DO O DO + + -D + -D + + Zoop + Zoop Treatment
  • 22. Total Zooplankton Biomass 800 Initial Epilimnion Hypolimnion 600 Biomass (µg L ) -1 DOM p = 0.010 400 Depth p = 0.003 DOM*Depth = 0.21 200 0 al M M M M n iti DO DO DO DO I - + - + Treatment
  • 23. Zooplankton:Phytoplankton (H:A) Ratio Zooplankton Biomass:Phytoplankton Biomass 30 Initial Epilimnion Hypolimnion 25 DOM p = 0.002 Depth p =0.216 20 DOM*Depth = 0.585 15 10 5 0 al - + - + iti M M M M In DO DO DO DO Treatment
  • 24. No Terrestrial With Terrestrial Resource Subsidy Resource Subsidy (-DOM) (+DOM) (H) (H) (A) Initial (H) (A) (H) (H) (A)
  • 25. DOM & Transparency: Vertical overlap of Consumers and their Resources • Do we see variations in DOM and transparency in alpine lakes among years? • What are the implications of these transparency changes for vertical overlap of consumers and their resources?
  • 26. Lake Oesa, Canadian Rocky Mountains UV Transparency July 28, 2008-2009 380 nm UV (% of subsurface) 10 100 0 2 4 Depth (m) 6 8 10 12 2008 14 2009 16
  • 27. 380 nm UV (% of subsurface) CDOM fluorescence 10 100 0 10 20 30 0 0 5 5 10 10 Depth (m) Depth (m) 15 15 20 20 25 25 2008 2008 30 30 2009 2009 35 35 Chlorophyll Fluorescence Turbidity 0 200 400 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 0 2008 2008 5 5 2009 2009 10 10 Depth (m) Depth (m) 15 15 20 20 25 25 30 30 35 35
  • 28. Lake Oesa Hesperodiaptomus July 28 Copepods per Liter 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 0 5 10 Depth (m) 15 20 25 2008 30 2009 35
  • 29. Oesa Zooplankton & Chlorophyll July 28 Copepods per Liter Chlorophyll Fluorescence 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 0 200 400 0 0 5 2008 5 2009 10 10 Depth (m) Depth (m) 15 15 20 20 25 2008 25 30 2009 30 35 10% UV380 35
  • 30. Lake Oesa Transparency vs. Precipitation (PRELIMINARY: N= 4 only!!!)
  • 31. Indirect Effects on Terrestrial DOM? Terrestrial Vegetation Low – Medium - High DOM in water
  • 32. Indirect Effects of Climate Change: Wildfire
  • 34. Lakes are Good Sentinels & Integrators of Climate Change: Direct & Indirect Effects Williamson et al. 2009 Limnol. Oceanogr. 54:2273
  • 35. Specific Conclusions  Higher DOM will stimulate producer biomass more than consumer biomass, reducing consumer regulation of autotrophic production and fate of fixed carbon.  Shorter, interannual climate-induced variations in DOM and other variables can alter transparency and consumer-resource interactions.
  • 36. Acknowledgements Field and Laboratory Assistance: – Jeremy Mack, Kevin Rose, E. Overholt, R. Moeller, S. Lee, A. Nurse, N. McCulligh, M. Collado, A. Tucker and M. Cohen Funding: – USA National Science Foundation, Miami University
  • 38. Net Zooplankton Grazing Effect Net Grazing Effect (ml cleared/ug zooplankton/week) 2.0 Epilimnion Hypolimnion 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 DOM < 0.001 Depth = 0.992 1.0 DOM*Depth = 0.839 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 - + - + D OM OM OM OM D D D Treatment
  • 39. Changes in DOC (% yr-1) (up to 100% in past 15-20 yr in some areas) Monteith et al. 2007 Nature 450:537