1. PRACTICUM REPORT
BASIC PHYSICS II
"CIRCULAR PARAREL SERIES"
COLLECTION DATE : 6th
of March 2018 M
PRACTICUM DATE : 28st
of March 2018 M
NAME : UTUT MUHAMMAD
NIM : 11170163000059
"CIRCUIT SERIES PARALLEL"
FINAL PRACTICUM
A. OBJECTIVES PRACTICUM
1. Learning series and parallel to the resistor.
2. Can assemble resistors in series and parallel.
3. Can use an analog multimeter.
4. Measure the current and voltage in a series and parallel circuit.
5. Knowing the current flowing and the voltage in the parallel series series
B. BASIC THEORY The
the resistor is a two-channel electronic component that is designed
to hold electric current by producing a voltage drop between the two
channels in accordance with the current flowing in accordance with Ohm's
law. Resistors are used as part of electronic networks. Electronic circuits
and are the most commonly used components. The resistor unit is ohms.
The ability of resistors to inhibit is also called resistance or electrical
resistance.
In many uses, there is a voltage source and some resistors are
connected in a certain way. Series is a circuit where resistors are arranged
in a row so that the current through each component is the same. Parallel
circuits are circuits where resistors are arranged in parallel so that the
voltage or potential difference of each component is the same. (Sutrisno,
2009: 70)
2. OF THE UTUTPARAREL SERIES MUHAMMAD
To produce an electric current in a circuit, a
potential difference is needed. The way to produce a
potential difference is with the battery. Georg Simon
Ohm (1787-1854) determined by experiment that the
current at the end of a metal wire is proportional to
the potential difference V given to its edges: I ∞ V. The
greater electrical potential, or voltage, causes the
electric current to become larger. (Sutrisno. 2009: 146)
ΔV = Equivalent = I (R1 + R2) Equivalent = R1 + R2
The equivalent resistance is equivalent to a series combination of R1
+ R2, with circuit current conditions that do not change when Equivalent
replaces R1 + R2. The equivalent resistance of three or more resistors in a
series is:
Equivalent = R1 + R2 + R3 + ...amount
The current in the wire depends not only on the voltage but also on
the resistance given by the wire to the flow of electrons. The electrons are
slowed because of interactions with wire atoms. The higher the resistance,
the smaller the current for a V voltage. We then define the resistance so that
the current is inversely proportional to the resistance. When we combine
these and similarities above, we get:
𝐼 = 𝑉/𝑅
where R is the resistance of the wire, V is the potential difference
that crosses the device, and I is the current flowing to it (Sutrisno, 2009:
147).
For a series of two resistors, the current is equal to the two resistors
because the amount of charge passing through the R1 also passes R2 at the
same time interval. The potential difference that applies to the series resistor
circuit will branch off between existing resistors. This relationship shows
that the equivalent resistance of a series of resistors connected to a series is
3. OF THE UTUTPARAREL SERIES MUHAMMAD
the sum of each resistor and is always greater than each resistor (Serway,
2010: 402-403).
When two or more are connected from end to end. It is said they are
connected in series. The charge through R1 will also go through R2 and so
on. Thus the same current (I) passes through each resistor. (if not, this means
that the load accumulates at several points in the circuit, which does not
occur in a stable state). We specify V1, V2, V3, are successive potential
differences. With Ohm's law, 𝑉 = 𝐼1 𝑥 𝑅1, 𝑉2 = 𝐼2 𝑥 𝑅2, 𝑣 𝑉3 =
𝐼3 𝑥 𝑅3. Because resistors are connected end to end, conservation of energy
states that the total voltage V is equal to the sum of all the voltages of each
resistor. (Giancoli, 2001: 95)
George Simon Ohm formulates the relationship between strong
electric current (I). barriers R, and difference potential (V) which are then
known as Ohm's Law whose decrease is as follows: now look at a conductor
wire with Length (l) and cross-sectional area (A). Wire conductor with
volume element length dv. The current is defined as the number of electrons
going through a conductor every time (or one second). We calculate the
current that flows in the cross section with the volume dv. Because the
cylindrical volume of dv is dv = A.dl because (dl) is the distance traveled
by the electron with its velocity Vd with time is the distance traveled by the
electron with the speed vd with one second, then dl = Vd.I = Vd. So that dV
= A.vd. so the amount of charge flowing on dv is I = A.Va.n.qe. if we
substitute the equation for Vd, we obtain I = (qe.τn / me) AE in parentheses
is the nature of the material and is often called conductivity σ, so I = σ AE
because E = V / l then I = σ AV / l because conductivity σ is the opposite of
resistivity p (σ = I / l), the equation becomes I = AV / Pl or I = V / (pl / A))
because it is known that R = pl / A then I = V / R or V = I R. The relationship
between formula V = IR and V = IpL / A has been analogous to physicist
Ohm and is called Ohm's Law. (Suyamto, 2009: 162)
Besides that, electronic circuits in parallel also have a characteristic
if there is a breakdown in one of the branches of the resistance, the
4. OF THE UTUTPARAREL SERIES MUHAMMAD
interrupted current will only occur in the change circuit and the circuit in
the other branches will still work and will not disturb or affected by the
branch of the disconnected circuit. the voltage in each electric load has the
same voltage as the source (Andi. 2014: 203).
Many circuits contain more than one obstacle (prisoner). The
resistance can be connected by means of anchors are
● series (two connected).
● parallel (parallel) or three prisoners connected in parallel.
● a combination of series,
● and parallel. In series relations, the current through the prisoners has
the same current strength. The amount of voltage between the
amount of resistance of each voltage.
Whereas in parallel relations, the voltage across each detainee is the same
magnitude and the amount of current given by the source of energy equals
the amount of current through each prisoner (Daryanto, 2000: 23-26).
C. TOOLS AND MATERIALS
NO PICTURES
NAME OF TOOLS AND
MATERIALS
1 Power Supply
2 Digital Multimeter
3 Project Board
5. OF THE UTUTPARAREL SERIES MUHAMMAD
4 Capacitors
5 Jumper
6 LED
7 CapitCrocodile
D. WORK STEPS
Experiment I
NO IMAGES WORK STEP
1
Compose the colored resistors
and find out the resistance
values on the project board
and connect them to the
power supply.
2
Set the voltage on the power
supply by rotating the
selector.
6. OF THE UTUTPARAREL SERIES MUHAMMAD
3
Arrange on this analog
multimeter with an
introduction.
NO IMAGES WORK STEP
4
Measure the electric current
on each resistor that has been
arranged in series.
5
Measure the voltage on each
resistor that has been
arranged in parallel.
6
The circuit on the colored
resistor is arranged in parallel
and connected to the power.
7
Measure the voltage arranged
in parallel.
8
Measure the electric current
on each resistor that has been
arranged in parallel.
7. OF THE UTUTPARAREL SERIES MUHAMMAD
9
Measure the resistance on the
resistor in the parallel series
circuit and attach the jumper
at the end of the circuit.
10
Connect to the power and
measure the voltage on each
resistor.
11
Measure the current on each
resistor.
12
Record the data that has been
done.
E. DATA EXPERIMENT
1. Resistors are arranged in parallel.
Value of replacement resistor :
The current value in theory :
Total current value :
R I
Lamp
Condition
V
R1 100 ± 5% 𝛺 8 mA
L1
Bright 2.8 V
R2 1500 ± 5% 𝛺 0.55 mA
L2
Dim 2.8 V
R3 470 ± 5% 𝛺 2.5 mA
L3
Bright 2.8 V
2. Resistors are arranged in series.
8. OF THE UTUTPARAREL SERIES MUHAMMAD
Value of replacement resistor :
The current value in theory :
Total current value :
R I
Lamp
Condition
V
R1 100 ± 5% 𝛺 0.4 mA L1 Dim 1.6 V
R2
1500 ±
5% 𝛺
0.4 mA L2 Dim 2.2 V
R3 470 ± 5% 𝛺 0.4 mA L3 Bright 1.6 V
F. DATA PROCESSING
No
.
SERIES(theory)
N
O
parallel (with theory)
on
e
replacement resistor values
𝑅𝑝
= 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
𝑅𝑝
= 100 + 1500
+ 470
𝑈𝑆𝐷
= 2070 𝑂ℎ𝑚
1
1
𝑈𝑆𝐷
=
1
𝑅1
+
1
𝑅2
+
1
𝑅3
1
𝑅𝑝
=
1
100
+
1
1500
+
1
470
1
𝑅𝑝
=
451
3520
𝑅𝑝 =
3520
451
𝑅𝑝 = 7.80487 ≈ 7.8 Ω
2
Value (I) multi. Analog
A. Value of current
strength (I1)
𝐼 =
𝐵𝑢 𝑥 𝐽𝑝
𝑆𝑚
𝐼 =
2.5 𝑚𝐴 𝑥 40
250
𝐼 = 0.4 𝑚𝐴
A. Current value (I2)
𝐼 =
𝐵𝑢 𝑥 𝐽𝑝
𝑆𝑚
𝐼 =
2.5 𝑚𝐴 𝑥 40
250
𝐼 = 0.4 𝑚𝐴
B. Current value (I3)
𝐼 =
𝐵𝑢 𝑥 𝐽𝑝
𝑆𝑚
2
Value (I) multi. Analogue
A. Value of current
strength (I1)
𝐼 =
𝐵𝑢 𝑥 𝐽𝑝
𝑆𝑚
𝐼 =
2.5 𝑚𝑥 80
250
𝐼 = 8 𝑚𝐴
B. Current value (I2)
𝐼 =
𝐵𝑢 𝑥 𝐽𝑝
𝑆𝑚
𝐼 =
2.5 𝑚𝑥 55
250
𝐼 = 0.55 𝑚𝐴
C. Current value (I3)
𝐼 =
𝐵𝑢 𝑥 𝐽𝑝
𝑆𝑚
10. OF THE UTUTPARAREL SERIES MUHAMMAD
1
𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2
+ 𝐼3
= 160, 10−4
+
= 15, 10−4
+
= 34. 10−4
+
= 209. 10−4
𝐴
1
𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3
= 280, 10−4
+
= 19, 10−4
+
= 60 . 10−4
+
= 359. 10−4
𝐴
G. DISCUSSION
In this series, the experiment is conducted in which resistors are
arranged in series, parallel, and parallel series. In this parallel series of
series, it is a parallel series that is synchronized to the end result will be the
same as the one given.
The first observation is to arrange the series in series, and before
arranging the practice must determine the resistor value of each resistor
based on the color code or by using an analog multimeter. When using this
analog multimeter on the multimeter needle multiplied by the measuring
limit, so that the resistor value can be obtained. The current value in this
series circuit experiment that flows on the two resistors is the same value,
this happens because the electric current has only one path for electric
current to flow. The electric current flowing is blocked by the first resistor
after passing through the first resistor, the same current is inhibited by the
total resistance in the series circuit is the sum of each obstacle in the circuit.
And the voltage value for each component is close to the voltage at the
voltage source. The value of the voltage exceeds the voltage value at the
source because when measuring the voltage using an analog multimeter the
pointer does not accurately indicate the number because the multimeter is
of low accuracy so the total voltage exceeds the voltage value at the voltage
source.
The next experiment is arranging a series that is arranged in parallel.
From the data obtained the voltage of each resistor has the same magnitude,
this is because each component is connected to the same two points in the
circuit, but the current flowing in each branch is different so that the amount
of current in each branch is inversely proportional to the amount of
11. OF THE UTUTPARAREL SERIES MUHAMMAD
resistance on the branch. If the number of branches increases, the total
resistance will be smaller. So that many parallel circuits are used to reduce
obstacles. In this circuit, each resistor gets the same voltage so that the
current flows.
There is a fault in the lamp when the practitioner is doing a parallel
circuit, the practitioner gets the data from the three lights that are lit and
some are bright, the practicum data obtained by the practitioner is wrong
that the light should be lit on all three lights. As a result, the practitioner can
go through a parallel series of practicum that goes well with the guidance of
Dio.
H. POST PRACTICUM TASKS
1. Explain the advantages of series, parallel and parallel series, if applied
to the following components:
- Battery as a power source
- Resistor
- Lamp or LED
- Capacitor
Answer:
a. Battery:
⮚ Advantages when the battery is a series of resources is going to
increase the battery voltage (voltage) while the electric current
(Ampere) will remain the same, save more power released on the
battery, work on a short time, and do not require a lot of
connecting lines so that saving cables and switches (saving
power). And also the circuit is more profitable because of the
voltage increases.
⮚ The excess if the battery as a power source in the parallel circuit
is the fixed voltage, but the current increases.
⮚ The advantage if the battery as a parallel series power source is
that if one component is revoked or damaged, the other
components will continue to function properly.
12. OF THE UTUTPARAREL SERIES MUHAMMAD
b. Resistor:
⮚ The advantage when a series resistor is used can be used to
divide the voltage.
⮚ The advantage if the battery as a power source in the parallel
circuit is that the resistance in the resistor is not as big as the
series circuit.
⮚ The advantage if the resistor is arranged in parallel series is the
process of dividing the current and voltage.
c. LED lights
⮚ Advantages if the lights are arranged in series are not requiring
many line connectors so that it saves cables and switches (cost-
effective).
⮚ The advantage if the battery as a power source in the parallel
circuit is that the voltage needed by the LED does not require
multiple voltages as many as the existing LEDs.
⮚ Strengths if the lights are arranged in parallel series, if one lamp
component is damaged or dead, the other lights are still on.
d. Capacitors:
⮚ The advantage if the capacitors are arranged in series is that
when viewed from the obstacles it will produce a barrier that is
of great value (usually used on certain electronic devices).
⮚ The advantage of being a battery in a parallel circuit is that it
reduces channel losses.
⮚ The advantage when capacitors are arranged in parallel series is
that they have the capacity to store currents that are greater than
the unit value of each capacity.
2. Explain the shortcomings of series and parallel series! Include the
solution!
Answer:
⮚ Lack of series is:
13. OF THE UTUTPARAREL SERIES MUHAMMAD
● when one component dies the other will also die, and not
function properly as usual.
● If it is installed on a lamp, if one lamp is damaged or
disconnected, the other lights are interrupted.
● The lights on one another are not as bright.
● The farther away from the power source, the lights become
dimmer.
● The energy is also wasteful because Rp = R1 + R2 + R3 + ...
+ Rn
⮚ Lack of parallel circuits is:
● Wasteful of cables and switches The
⮚ disadvantages of the parallel series circuit are:
● Wasteful cables and switches are less cost-effective for
cables.
● Avoid the existence of complex electrical circuits in terms of
current, voltage, and resistance less energy saving.
● More complicated to calculate the obstacles.
3. Explain your analysis of birds that are perched on electrical wires but do
not experience symptoms of electrocution and is there any connection
with the material you have practiced!
Answer:
When a bird is perched on an electric cable and is not electrocuted
because the electricity source generally requires two conductor
trajectories in order to produce an electric current, the path or cable
causes a voltage. If there is only one path the conductor does not occur
so that the electric current is not produced into a bird perched on an
electric cable, only allowing both of its legs on one electrical cable line.
If one foot is placed on the other power cord, the bird must be shocked.
In addition, birds also do not touch the ground, so electricity from high-
voltage cables does not flow to low-voltage Earth.
14. OF THE UTUTPARAREL SERIES MUHAMMAD
The above events have something to do with the material that has
been practiced, ie in a series, there will be a potential difference and will
be flowed by electric current when a circuit is connected between one
circuit and another such as a jumper whose current is flowing from the
resistor circuit to the power supply. If the circuit is connected, it makes
a series closed.
4. Make a conclusion that you get from the results of the lab and compare
the truth with the existing theory!
Answer: The
conclusion of the practicum results is that if the resistor is in series,
then the resistance value will be greater than the biggest obstacle in the
circuit. Meanwhile, if the resistor is arranged in parallel, the total
resistance value will be smaller than the smallest resistor in the circuit.
The measurement results are not exact/exact with the calculation
because it is influenced by the tolerance value of the resistor. Then, in
this lab, it has also succeeded in directly proving Kirchoff's I law which
reads, "a branching point, the number of incoming currents equals the
number of currents coming out of that point". then, the Kirchoff II law
reads, "a circuit is closed, the number of algebraic voltages and potential
decreases is zero".
This is also because the analog multimeter is not accurate when
viewing it so that the calculation of the total voltage is not the same as
the source voltage. And the current flowing in the series is the same at
each resistor and the voltage is different, while the voltage generated in
the circuit in parallel, which is equal to each resistor but the current is
different. This is in accordance with the theory.
I. CONCLUSION
Based on the practicum that has been done, it can be concluded that: The
a. value of the current flowing in this series on the two resistors is the same
value but the voltage is different.
15. OF THE UTUTPARAREL SERIES MUHAMMAD
b. The value of the voltage flowing in a parallel circuit the total voltage in
the resistor is the same and the current is different.
c. The value of current flowing in a parallel circuit is greater than the value
of the current flowing in the series.
d. The smallest obstacle is the circuit, while the voltage flowing on each
resistor is the same for each resistor.
e. If the resistors are arranged in series, the inhibitory value will be greater
than the largest resistance that exists in the circuit, while the current
flowing in each resistor is the same for each resistor.
J. COMMENTS
a. Be careful in parallel series series experiments.
b. More carefully in reading the scale of the needle on an analog
multimeter.
c. You should first read the material that will be practiced so that when
practicum is not confused.
d. Cooperation must be on the team.
K. REFERENCES
Darryanto. (2000). Electronic Engineering. Malang: PT. Earth Literacy.
Giancoli, DC (2014). Basic Physics Volume 7, Seventh Edition. Jakarta:
Erlangga.
Serway, Raymond A. And John W. Jewett (2010). Physics for Science and
Binding Engineering. Jakarta: Salmeba Teknika.
Sutrisno, AT (2009). Basic Physics Volume 2. Jakarta: UIN Jakarta Research
Institute.
Sutarno. (2013). Physics for the University. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.
Andi. (2018, March 03). Definition of Series and Parallel Electrical Circuits.
Taken from my website.com/ understanding of the series-electricity-
series-and-parallel /.
L. ATTACHMENT
