Principles and Practice of
Management
By:
Smt.UMAMINAJIGIREUR
HEAD,DEPT.OFCOMMERCE&Management
Smt.VGDegreeCollegeforWomen,Kalaburagi
Part – 2
Nature of Management

Nature of Management
 Multidisciplinary
 Dynamic nature of Principles
 Relative, Not absolute Principles
 Management: Science or Art
 Management as Profession
 Universality of Management

1. Multidisciplinary
 Management is multidisciplinary. It draws ideas and
concepts from disciplines as psycology, sociology,
anthropology, economics, ecology, statstics, operations
research, history, etc.
 Management integrates the ideas and concepts taken from
these disciplines and presents newer concepts which can
be put into practice for managing the organisations.
 The integration of knowledge of various diciplines is the
major contribution of management and this integrated
discipline is known as management

2. Dynamic nature of Principles
 Principle is a fundamental truth which
establishes cause and effect relationships of
a function.
 Management has framed certain principles
based on integration and practical
evidences.
 These principles are flexible in nature and
change with the changes in the environment
in which an organisation exist.

3. Relative, Not absolute Principles
 Management principles are relative, not absolute and
they should be applied according to the need of the
organisation.
 Each organisation may be different from others due to
time, place, socio-cultural factors, etc.
 Individuals working within the same organisation may also
differ.
 Therefore, principles of management should be applied in
the light of prevailing conditions.

4. Management: Science or Art
or

What are we trying to understand ?
 What is management?
 What is management in business?
 What is Art?
 What is Science?
 Is management Art?
 Is management Science?
 Is management art & science both?

What is management?
 Management is the process of getting things done through others.
Vision
Mission
Goals
Tactics
Strategies
Action
Plans
Success
+ =

What is management in business?
Management is an individual or a group of individuals
that accept responsibilities to run an organization.
They Plan, Organize, Direct and Control all the
essential activities of the respective organization.
Management does not do the work for themselves.
They motivate others to do the work and co- ordinate
all the work for achieving the objectives of the
organization.

What is Art?
The expression or application of human creative
skill and imagination, typically in a visual form
such as painting or sculpture, producing works to
be appreciated primarily for their beauty or
emotional power.

Is management Art?
Management as an Art:
According to Mary Parker Follet,
Harold Koontz and several other
Management authors …..
Management is ….
“An Art of getting things done
through people”

Management as an Art:
Management is an art due to the following reasons:
 Intelligence
 Initiative
 Innovative

 Individual Approach
 Application & dedication
 Goal Oriented

What is Science?
 A way to answer questions & solve problems.
 How we understand the world around us.
 A way or process used to investigate what is happening
around you.
The Goal of Science:
 Deals only with the natural world
 To collect and organize data
 Process explanations that can be tested

Is management Science?
Management as a Science
 Management is the broad study of problem solving and
decision making in human organizations, with strong
links of economics, business, and engineering. It uses
various scientific research based on principles,
strategies, and analytical theories to improve a firms
ability to enact of meaningful management decisions by
arriving at optimal or near optimal solutions to complex
decision problems.
 In short, management sciences help businesses to
achieve goals using various scientific methods.

Management as a Science
Science is a systematic body of knowledge
which is universally accepted. F.W. Taylor
father of scientific management was
perhaps the first person to consider
management as a science.

Frederick W. Taylor’s principles of
Scientific Management
Managers must:
 Study the way workers perform their tasks
 Understand the job knowledge that workers have
 Find ways to improve how tasks are performed
 Give written work rules
 Hire workers who have skills and abilities needed for the tasks to be completed
 Train workers to perform according to the established procedures
 Establish a level of performance acceptable and fair linked to a good pay
system

Comparison between Arts & Science :
Art:
 Based on practice and
creativity.
 It is a theoretical body of
knowledge
 Has personalised application.
Science:
 Based on experimentation
 Is a systematized body of
knowledge
 Has universal application

Is management art & science both?
Management is science because of it
has universally accepted principles, it
has cause and effect relationship, and at
the same time it is art because it
requires perfection through practice,
practical knowledge, creativity, personal
skills etc.

Conclusions
From the study above, we say that: management is both, art and
science.
 According to ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers):
 “Management is the art and the science of preparing, organizing
and directing human efforts to control the forces and utilize the
material of nature for the benefit of men.”
 Management has got two faces like a coin; on one side it is art
and on the other side it is science.
 “Management is a mixture of an art and science – the present
ratio is about 80% art and 20% science.” – Dean Stanley.

5. Management as Profession
A Profession is a disciplined group of
individuals who adhere to ethical standards
and who hold themselves out as, and are
accepted by the public as possessing
special knowledge and skills in a widely
recognized body of learning derived from
research, education and training at a high
level, and who are prepared to apply this
knowledge and exercise these skills in the
interest of others.

Management as Profession
Over a large few decades, factors such as growing
size of business unit, separation of ownership from
management, growing competition etc., have led to
an increased demand for professionally qualified
managers. The task of manager has been quite
specialized. As a result of these developments the
management has reached a stage where everything
is to be managed professionally.

A profession may be defined as an occupation that requires specialized
knowledge and intensive academic preparations to which entry is
regulated by a representative body.
The essentials of a profession are:
 Existence of Knowledge
 Acquisition of knowledge
 Professional association
 Ethical codes
 Service motive
Management as Profession

Existence of Knowledge
 Management has been developed as a distinct body of
knowledge over the last five – six decades. The development
of knowledge in management field has been due to the need
for managing complex and large organisations in a better
way.
 Thus, management satisfies the requirement of a profession
in the form oof existence of knowledge

Acquisition of knowledge
 A professional is one who practices a profession and is
regarded as an expert since he has mastery of a specific
branch of learning upon which his occupation is based so
that he may offer service to his client.
 Management graduates can put in better performance in the
organisation because of their familiarity with the various
techniques of management.
( The entry to the managerial cadre in an organisation
is not limited to management graduates only.)

Professional Association
 A professional association consists of firms and individuals
whose membership is based on common professional,
scientific or technical aims.
 The representative body of professionals is needed to
regulate and develop the professional activities.
 For example, In India, there is All India Management
Association, etc
 Managers do not belong to a single, unified professional group
like Indian Medical Council for medical practitioners or Bar
council of India for legal practitioners.

ETHICAL CODES
 For every profession some ethical standards are provided and
every individual of the profession is expected to maintain
conformity with these standards.
 The need for ethical code arises because of the fact that
occupations whose practitioners have mastery over an area of
knowledge have a degree of power by virtue of their expertise
and this power can be used for the benefit of the professionals
at the cost of the society.
 In management a code of conduct has been formulated to
suggest the behavioural pattern for professional managers. It is
theis duty to protect the intrest of all parties associated with
an organisation. These parties may be customers, suppliers,
employes, financiers, crediters, government and general
public.

SERVICE MOTIVE
 Ethical code provides the behavioural pattern for professions
while, service motive concept suggest that professional should
keep social interest in their mind while charging fees for their
professional service.
 Management is an integrating agency and its contribution in the
society by way of integrating various resources into productive
units is very important for the stability of the society. This
contribution of management cannot be measured in terms of
money because without the integrating efforts of management,
resources worth millions of rupees may be useless.

6. UNIVERSALITY OF MANAGEMENT
The concept suggests that transmission of management knowledge may be
undertaken:
 By managers from an industrially developed country working in
developing country
 By people from a developing country coming to study and work in
industrially advanced country and returning back to their own country.
 Through training and development programmes for mangers in a
developing country.
Thus, managerial knowledge can be transferred from one person to another
person, from one form to another form in the same country and from one
country to another country. This transferability is meaningful only when it has
universal application.

Thank you