This document discusses biodiversity, defining it as the variety of species, genes, ecosystems, and ecosystem processes on Earth. It notes that biodiversity exists at the genetic, species, and ecosystem levels. Species diversity refers to the number and abundance of species, comprising species richness and evenness. Genetic diversity is the variety of genetic material within and between species. Ecosystem diversity is the variety of different ecosystem types in a region. The document emphasizes that biodiversity is essential due to its consumptive, non-consumptive, and ecological values. It highlights that India has significant biodiversity at the species and ecosystem levels despite its small geographic area. Major threats to biodiversity include habitat loss, overexploitation, invasive species

1. SUBMITTED BY :
VAISHALI JAIN
MSC (TECH) ENVIRONMENTAL
SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
SEMESTER -1

2. Bio =
Biodiversity
What does “Bio” means?

3. Biodiversity
Diversity = Variety
What does “Diversity”
means?

4.  BIODIVERSITY or BIOLOGICAL
DIVERSITY is the variety of the
earth’s species , the genes they
contain , the ecosystem in which
they live and the ecosystem
processes such as energy flow
and nutrient cycling that sustain
all life .

5.  Biodiversity exists on several levels:
Genetic
diversity
Species
diversity
Ecosystem
diversity
Figure 15.2

6.  A SPECIES is a group of
organisms capable of
interbreeding and produce
fertile offspring.
 SPECIES DIVERSITY is the
number and abundance of
species present in different
communities. It mainly consists
of two components:
 Species richness and Species
eveness

7.  GENETIC DIVERSITY is the variety of
genetic material within a species or a
population.
 The Genetic Makeup of a population through
successive generations is due to :
 Genetic Variability
 Mutations - random changes in DNA
 Natural selection
 Adaptations
 Differential reproduction
 Genetic resistance

8.  ECOSYSTEM DIVESITY is the variety of different
types of ecosystems such as terrestrial and aquatic
ecosystems found in an area or on the earth.
 It can be describes for a specific geographical region
or a political entity such as country or state.
 A region may have several ecosytems or it can have
only one ecosystem. For example: DESERTS AND
OCEANS having low ecological diversity while
MOUNTAIN AREA that has lakes, forests, grasslands
would have high ecological diversity.

9. PLZZZZ …. DON’T
RUN ,,, DON’T GET
SCARED …. :P

10. A B

11. A B

12. A B

13. A B
Which is more diverse?

14. Which has more biodiversity?
A B

15. A B

16.  Have you all ever thought WHY THIS MUCH OF
BIODIVERSITY IS ESSENTIAL?
 WHY cant we all human beings live alone on
this planet earth?
 Why should we care about any other species?
 How our fate is connected to “DIVERSITY” ?
 The most important question “who cares for
biodiversity” ?

17. Consumptive value:
 Food/Drink
 Fuel
 Medicine
 Better crop varieties
 Industrial Material
Non-Consumptive Value:
 Recreation
 Education and Research
 Traditional value
Ecological services:
Balance of nature
Biological productivity
Regulation of climate
Degradation of waste
Cleaning of air and water
Cycling of nutrients
Control of potential pest and disease causing
species
Detoxification of soil and sediments
Stabilization of land against erosion
Carbon sequestration and global climate change
Maintenance of Soil fertility

19. •With only 2.4 % of
the world’s area, India
accounts for 7–8 % of
the world’s recorded
plant and animal
species.
• India’s ten
biogeographic zones
possess an exemplary
diversity of ecological
habitats like alpine
forests, grasslands,
wetlands, coastal and
marine ecosystems,
and desert
ecosystems.
•HENCE , we can
conclude that INDIA
HAS LARGE SPECIES
AS WELL AS
ECOSYSTEM
DIVERSITY.

21. HOTSPOT-A region with high biodiversity with most of spices being Endemic.
India have three Biodiversity Hotspots- East Himalayan Region, Western Ghats and
India-Burma Region.

22. Natural causes:
Narrow geographical area
Low population
Low breeding rate
Natural disasters
Anthropogenic causes:
Habitat modification
Overexploitation of selected species
Innovation by exotic species.
Pollution
Hunting
Global warming and climate change
Agriculture

23. Conserving Biodiversity in protected Habitats-
In situ conservation – WILDLIFE
SANCTUARIES, NATIONAL PARKS
Ex situ conservation – ZOO, BOTANICAL
GARDENS
Seed Bank, Gene Bank, Pollen Bank, DNA
Bank