1. CALF DISEASES

2. Mariama Brown
Daneilia Stobbs
Jerlene Webb

3.  Jamaica’s cattle sector has been affected by several
calf diseases. In our Presentation we will highlight
three significant local calf diseases, namely; calf
scours, calf pneumonia and tick fever.
Diagnosing, treating and preventing these diseases
is very important for every cattle industry.

4.  Calf scours can be defined as diarrhea in calves.
Calf scours is not a specific disease with a specific
cause, but it is actually a clinical sign of a disease
complex with many possible causes.

5. 1.Bacterial scours –
 E.Coli,
 Salmonella
 Clostridium perfringens Types C & D
2. Viral scours
 Rotavirus and Corona virus
 Bovine Virus Diarrhea (BVD)
3.Protozoan Scours
 Coccidia and Cryptosporidia

6.  Calves do not drink milk or milk replacer.
 Calves become severely dehydrated and depressed.
 They have a high fever.
 Faeces are watery and often tinged with blood
 Calves show uneasiness and strain or kick at their abdomen
 There may be drooling of saliva

7.  Calves running around the pasture with their tails in the air,
bucking and kicking with yellow or white diarrhea may not need
treatment. The main indications for treatment are:
 General disposition
 Appetite
 Dehydration
 Body temperature

8.  The main treatment is fluid therapy
 Secondary treatments are:
 Antibiotics
 Nursing care.

9.  If more than 5% of your calves are scouring
 If death loss is greater than 2% due to calf scours
 If after treatment your calves keep getting worse

12. Calf pneumonia is a major
problem in dairy and beef
herds. It is a multifactorial
disease, and the most common
post-mortem diagnosis in
calves between one to five
months of age.

13. • Chronic Pneumonia - Chronic
pneumonia is more gradual in onset with
no distinct ill phase and the cow may
appear to still eat well but may have a
slight nasal discharge, sometimes with an
increased respiratory rate and cough.
• Acute Pneumonia - acute (calf or
enzootic) pneumonia is usually more
sudden in onset.

14.  Short-term consequences - reduced dry
matter intake, delayed weaning and
higher risk of an additional pneumonia
event at weaning.
 Long-term Consequences - delayed
breeding, higher age at first calving and
compromised milk production.

15.  Environmental Factors
 Low environmental temperature
 High Humidity
 Poor Ventilation
 Direct Draughts onto calves
 Infectious Agents
 Mannheimia haemolytica
 Haemophilus somnus
 Bovine Respiratort syncytial Virus (RSV)

16.  Dull and depressed
 High temperature
 Raised breathing due to lung damage
 Nasal discharge
 Coughing
 Reduced food intake
 Aloofness
 Weight Loss

17.  Antibiotics,anti-inflammatories or anthelmintics
can be prescribed for treatment.

18.  Ventilation: There should be proper ventilation.Often
if ammonia can be smelled it is a sign of poor
ventilation.
 Vaccination: Vaccines are available to reduce risk of
infection, however they must be used alongside an
effective management programme
 Nutrition: Feeding calves inadequately will reduce calf
growth and their immune system response which helps
fight diseases.
 Colostrum: : All calves must have one gallon of
colostrum within four to six hours of birth to receive
adequate immunity.

21.  A febrile disease transmitted by the bites of
ticks.The disease is believed to have been
introduced as early as 1829 by cattle from
Indonesia infested with the cattle tickBoophilus
microplus

23.  fever (higher than 40oC) for several days before
other signs become obvious
 loss of appetite
 depression
 weakness and a reluctance to move
 red urine (haemoglobinuria) followed by anaemia
and jaundice in the latter stages of infection
 diarrhoea
 abortion in cows

24.  Treatsick cattle
 Confirm diagnosis
 Remove ticks
 Assess the severity
 Vaccinate all 'at-risk' animals
 Protect the rest of the herd
 Monitor cattle in adjoining paddocks
 Start a long-term risk management strategy

25.  There are several options for the prevention of
tick fever, ranging from keeping animals tick-
free and use of Imidocarb for short-term
control, to vaccinating with tick fever vaccine

28.  www.thecattlesite.com/diseaseinfo/196
 http://www.dairyherd.com/dairy-
herd/health/Pneumonia-in-dairy-calves-
145156445.html
 www.thecattlesite.com/diseaseinfo/196/