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AICHI TARGETS 

At the COP10, delegates agreed 20 new targets for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity for 
the  next  ten  years,  and  developed  a  vision  for  2050.  The  Strategic  Plan  of  the  Convention  on  Biological 
Diversity ‐‐ also known as the 'Aichi Target', named after the Aichi Prefecture of Japan in which Nagoya is 
located ‐‐ adopted by the meeting includes 20 headline targets, organized under five strategic goals that 
address  the  underlying  causes  of  biodiversity  loss,  reduce  the  pressures  on  biodiversity,  safeguard 
biodiversity at all levels, enhance the benefits provided by biodiversity, and provide for capacity‐building. 
The  new  targets  include  increasing  the  area  of  protected  land  across  the  world  to  17  per  cent  and 
protected oceans to 10 per cent, as well as the challenge to ‘mainstream biodiversity information’ across 
all levels of society, from the general public to schools and businesses.  As part of these targets, COP‐10 
agreed to at least halve and where feasible bring close to zero the rate of loss of natural habitats including 
forests. Countries have also agreed to draw up national biodiversity plans to protect fish stocks from over‐
fishing, reduce alien invasive species. 
It was agreed that Governments will restore at least 15 percent of degraded areas through conservation 
and  restoration,  and  will  make  special  efforts  to  reduce  the  pressures  faced  by  coral  reefs.  The  COP‐10 
parties  further  pledged  a  substantial  increase  in  the  level  of  financial  resources  in  support  of 
implementation of the Convention.  
The 'Aichi Target' will be the overarching framework on biodiversity not only for  the  biodiversity‐related 
conventions, but also for the entire United Nations system. This overarching international framework is to 
be translated into national biodiversity strategy and action plans within two years. 
The Aichi Biodiversity Targets are a set of 20, time‐bound, measureable targets agreed by the Parties to the 
Convention  on  Biological  Diversity  in  Nagoya,  Japan  in  October  2010,  that  are  now  being  translated  into 
revised  national  strategies  and  action  plans  by  the  193  Parties  to  the  Convention.  Achievement  of  the 
targets,  which  were  welcomed  at  the  sixty‐fifth  session  of  the  United  Nations  General  Assembly,  will 
contribute to reducing, and eventually halting, the loss of biodiversity at a global level by the middle of the 
twenty‐first century. 
Achievement of the Aichi Biodiversity Targets requires the active engagement of all stakeholders without 
exception, as well as the global commitment of their partners. It is for that reason, so many agencies and 
organizations  have  agreed  to  join  forces  and  support  the  translation  of  the  Aichi  Targets  into  a  vibrant 
reality. 
The Aichi Biodiversity Targets will provide a strategic orientation for countries as they seek to advance the 
implementation  of  the  convention  and  translate  the  Nagoya  biodiversity  compact  into  reality.  The  GEF 
stands ready to support countries as they embark on this effort over the next decade. 
The commitment sets the stage for better coordination and communication between organizations as they 
support  implementation  of  the  Strategic  Plan  at  global  and  national  levels  during  the  United  Nations 
Decade on Biodiversity, which runs concurrently with the period of the Strategic Plan – 2011 to 2020.  
The first meeting of the task force will be held in October 2012 in Hyderabad, India, in conjunction with the 
high‐level segment of eleventh meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological 
Diversity, and will be preceded by a meeting of “sherpas” in early 2012. 
Additional Information: 
Japan has set the pace for conservation by creating a $2 billion fund for the key ‘Aichi Target' of halving the 
rate of biodiversity loss. But  much  more funding will be necessary to encourage developing countries  to 
stop the degradation and unsustainable exploitation of forests, wetlands, and coastlines. It must be borne 
in mind that the CBD has admitted to failing in its original goal, which was to reduce loss of biodiversity 
significantly  by  2010  (This  '2010  Biodiversity  Target'  was  adopted  by  governments  in  2002  at  the  6th 
Conference of the Parties (COP 6) of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). The world largely failed 
 

to  meet the target). The lack of progress is not surprising, because not enough funding was provided by 
rich nations. For instance, the members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 
have been donating much more for climate change mitigation projects than for biodiversity conservation. 
This pattern makes it clear that the two environmental priorities have to be aligned more closely to make 
progress with the ten‐year strategic plan finalized in Nagoya. In the Indian context, biodiversity concerns 
have been generally relegated to the background during the Environmental Impact Assessment process for 
land  use  change.  This  is  particularly  the  case  when  the  projects  are  small.  Moreover,  the  EIA  is  often 
conducted  by  agencies  that  collect  no  original  data  on  biological  diversity  to  back  their  reports.  India's 
performance in this area will be under the spotlight when the CBD meets in New Delhi in 2012. 
 

 
 

Disclaimer: The below text was taken from host site of CBD 
Key Elements of the Strategic Plan 2011‐2020, including Aichi Biodiversity Targets 
RATIONALE 
The rationale for the new plan is that biological diversity underpins ecosystem functioning and the 
provision of ecosystem services essential for human well‐being. It provides for food security, human 
health, the provision of clean air and water; it contributes to local livelihoods, and economic development, 
and is essential for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, including poverty reduction.  
The conclusions of the third edition of the Global Biodiversity Outlook (published in 2010) have contributed 
to the formulation of these elements. The third edition analyzes future biodiversity scenarios and reviews 
possible actions that might be taken to reduce future loss. 
VISION  
The vision for the new plan is: "Living in Harmony with Nature" where "By 2050, biodiversity is valued, 
conserved, restored and wisely used, maintaining ecosystem services, sustaining a healthy plant and 
delivering benefits essential for all people." 
MISSION  
The mission of the new plan is to "take effective and urgent action to halt the loss of biodiversity in order 
to ensure that by 2020 ecosystems are resilient and continue to provide essential services, thereby 
securing the planet's variety of life, and contributing to human well‐being, and poverty eradication. To 
ensure this, pressures on biodiversity are reduced, ecosystems are restored, biological resources are 
sustainably used and benefits arising out of utilization of genetic resources are shared in a fair and 
equitable manner; adequate financial resources are provided, capacities are enhanced, biodiversity issues 
and values mainstreamed, appropriate policies are effectively implemented, and decision‐making is based 
on sound science and the precautionary approach." 
STRATEGIC GOALS AND THE AICHI BIODIVERSITY TARGETS  
The new plan consists of five strategic goals, including twenty Aichi Biodiversity Targets. 
Strategic Goal A: Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming biodiversity across 
government and society 
Target 1  
By 2020, at the latest, people are aware of the values of biodiversity and the steps they can take to 
conserve and use it sustainably. 
Target 2  
By 2020, at the latest, biodiversity values have been integrated into national and local development and 
poverty reduction strategies and planning processes and are being incorporated into national accounting, 
as appropriate, and reporting systems.  
Target 3  
By 2020, at the latest, incentives, including subsidies, harmful to biodiversity are eliminated, phased out or 
reformed in order to minimize or avoid negative impacts, and positive incentives for the conservation and 
sustainable use of biodiversity are developed and applied, consistent and in harmony with the Convention 
and other relevant international obligations, taking into account national socio economic conditions.  
Target 4  
By 2020, at the latest, Governments, business and stakeholders at all levels have taken steps to achieve or 
have implemented plans for sustainable production and consumption and have kept the impacts of use of 
natural resources well within safe ecological limits. 
 

Strategic Goal B: Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use  
Target 5  
By 2020, the rate of loss of all natural habitats, including forests, is at least halved and where feasible 
brought close to zero, and degradation and fragmentation is significantly reduced. 
Target 6  
By 2020 all fish and invertebrate stocks and aquatic plants are managed and harvested sustainably, legally 
and applying ecosystem based approaches, so that overfishing is avoided, recovery plans and measures are 
in place for all depleted species, fisheries have no significant adverse impacts on threatened species and 
vulnerable ecosystems and the impacts of fisheries on stocks, species and ecosystems are within safe 
ecological limits. 
Target 7  
By 2020 areas under agriculture, aquaculture and forestry are managed sustainably, ensuring conservation 
of biodiversity. 
Target 8  
By 2020, pollution, including from excess nutrients, has been brought to levels that are not detrimental to 
ecosystem function and biodiversity. 
Target 9  
By 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritized, priority species are controlled 
or eradicated, and measures are in place to manage pathways to prevent their introduction and 
establishment.  
Target 10  
By 2015, the multiple anthropogenic pressures on coral reefs, and other vulnerable ecosystems impacted 
by climate change or ocean acidification are minimized, so as to maintain their integrity and functioning. 
Strategic Goal C: To improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic 
diversity  
Target 11 
By 2020, at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland water, and 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, 
especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, are conserved through 
effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative and well‐connected systems of protected 
areas and other effective area‐based conservation measures, and integrated into the wider landscapes and 
seascapes. 
Target 12 
By 2020 the extinction of known threatened species has been prevented and their conservation status, 
particularly of those most in decline, has been improved and sustained. 
Target 13  
By 2020, the genetic diversity of cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and of wild 
relatives, including other socio‐economically as well as culturally valuable species, is maintained, and 
strategies have been developed and implemented for minimizing genetic erosion and safeguarding their 
genetic diversity. 
Strategic Goal D: Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services  
Target 14  
 

By 2020, ecosystems that provide essential services, including services related to water, and contribute to 
health, livelihoods and well‐being, are restored and safeguarded, taking into account the needs of women, 
indigenous and local communities, and the poor and vulnerable. 
Target 15 
By 2020, ecosystem resilience and the contribution of biodiversity to carbon stocks has been enhanced, 
through conservation and restoration, including restoration of at least 15 per cent of degraded 
ecosystems, thereby contributing to climate change mitigation and adaptation and to combating 
desertification.  
Target 16 
By 2015, the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of 
Benefits Arising from their Utilization is in force and operational, consistent with national legislation. 
Strategic Goal E: Enhance implementation through participatory planning, knowledge management and 
capacity building 
Target 17 
By 2015 each Party has developed, adopted as a policy instrument, and has commenced implementing an 
effective, participatory and updated national biodiversity strategy and action plan.  
Target 18  
By 2020, the traditional knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities 
relevant for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, and their customary use of biological 
resources, are respected, subject to national legislation and relevant international obligations, and fully 
integrated and reflected in the implementation of the Convention with the full and effective participation 
of indigenous and local communities, at all relevant levels. 
Target 19 
By 2020, knowledge, the science base and technologies relating to biodiversity, its values, functioning, 
status and trends, and the consequences of its loss, are improved, widely shared and transferred, and 
applied. 
Target 20 
By 2020, at the latest, the mobilization of financial resources for effectively implementing the Strategic 
Plan for Biodiversity 2011‐2020 from all sources, and in accordance with the consolidated and agreed 
process in the Strategy for Resource Mobilization, should increase substantially from the current levels. 
This target will be subject to changes contingent to resource needs assessments to be developed and 
reported by Parties. 
The twenty headline Aichi Biodiversity Targets for 2015 or 2020 are organized under the five strategic 
goals. The goals and targets comprise both aspirations for achievement at the global level, and a flexible 
framework for the establishment of national or regional targets. Parties are invited to set their own targets 
within this flexible framework, taking into account national needs and priorities, while also bearing in mind 
national contributions to the achievement of the global targets, and report thereon to the eleventh 
meeting of the Conference of the Parties. Parties are also invited to incorporate this information in their 
national biodiversity strategy and action plan.  
   Technical rationale, possible indicators, suggested milestones for the strategic goals and targets 
    (UNEP/CBD/COP/10/27/Add.1)  
   In decision X/7, the Conference of the Parties agreed to complement the global headline indicators 
    contained in the above document with additional indicators which are suitable for monitoring progress 
    towards those targets for which suitable indicators have not yet been identified, in particular in relation 
    to the economics of biodiversity and ecosystem services and the benefits derived from these services. 
 

IMPLEMENTATION, MONITORING, REVIEW AND EVALUATION  
   For related information, see also the summary of activities COP‐10 urges countries to undertake 
    towards the achievement of the 2011‐2020 Strategic Plan and its Aichi Biodiversity Targets 
Means for implementation: The Strategic Plan will be implemented primarily through activities at the 
national or subnational level, with supporting action at the regional and global levels. The means of 
implementation for this Strategic Plan will include provision of financial resources in accordance with 
respective obligations under the Convention, taking into account Article 20 of the Convention.  
Programmes of work: The thematic programmes of work of the Convention include: biodiversity of inland 
waters, marine and coastal biodiversity, agricultural biodiversity, forest biodiversity, biodiversity of dry and 
sub‐humid lands, mountain biodiversity and island biodiversity. Together with the various cross‐cutting 
issues, they provide detailed guidance on implementation of the Strategic Plan, and could also contribute 
to development and poverty reduction.  
Broadening political support: for this Strategic Plan and the objectives of the Convention is necessary, for 
example, by working to ensure that Heads of State and Government and the parliamentarians of all Parties 
understand the value of biodiversity and ecosystem services.  
Partnerships: Partnerships at all levels are required for effective implementation of the Strategic Plan, to 
leverage actions at the scale necessary, to garner the ownership necessary to ensure mainstreaming of 
biodiversity across sectors of government, society and the economy and to find synergies with national 
implementation of multilateral environmental agreements.  
Reporting by Parties: Parties will inform the Conference of the Parties of the national targets or 
commitments and policy instruments they adopt to implement the Strategic Plan, as well as any milestones 
towards these targets, and report on progress towards these targets and milestones, including through 
their fifth and sixth national reports.  
Review by the Conference of the Parties: The Conference of the Parties, with the support of other 
Convention bodies, in particular the Ad Hoc Open‐ended Working Group on Review of Implementation of 
the Convention, will keep under review implementation of this Strategic Plan, and support effective 
implementation by Parties ensuring that new guidance is informed by the experience of Parties in 
implementing the Convention, in line with the principle of adaptive management through active learning.  
SUPPORT MECHANISMS  
   Capacity‐building for effective national action  
   Clearing‐house mechanism and technology transfer  
   Financial resources  
   Partnerships and initiatives to enhance cooperation  
   Support mechanisms for research, monitoring and assessment 

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