2. Introduction
• Health and disease have no political or geographical boundaries.
Disease in any part of the world is constant threat to other parts.
• After the second world war as a result of an appeal by the four
great powers Britain, France, USSR and USA a conference was
held in 1945 at San Francisco and an organisation called United
Nation emerged there from.
• One of its first act was adoption of resolution for the constitution
of World Health Organisation as one of the specialised agencieies
of the United Nation.
3. History and Development…
• First International Sanitary Conference (1851, Paris)
• - Attended : Austria, France, Great Britain, Italy, Greece,
Portugal, Russia, Spain
• -Prepared international sanitary code included 137 articles
dealing with cholera, plague, yellow fever (never came into
force)
• -Ended in failure
4. Pan American Sanitary Bureau (1902, Americas)
• World’s First international health agency
• Intended to coordinate quarantine procedure in American
States.
• Pan American Sanitary code still in force between the states
• 1958 - Pan American Health organization (PAHO)-grown as
major health agency.
• Headquarters in Washington,D.C
5. Office International D’Hygiene
Publique(OIHP)- 1907
• To establish Permanent International Health Bureau(1903).
• To disseminate information on communicable diseases and to
supervise international quarantine measure.
OIHP and PASB joined together.
• British India joined OIHP.
Continued to exist until 1950 and taken over by WHO.
7. W.H.O
• The World Health Organisation is a specialized, non-political, health
agency of the United nations, with headquaters at Geneva.
• The constitution came into force on 7th April ,1948which is celebrated
every year as “ World Health Day” .
Objective
• The current objective of WHO is the attainment by all people of the
world a level of health that will permit them to lead a socially and
economically productive life.
• The WHO is unique among the UN specialized Agencies.
• Membership : membership is open to all country. While most
countries are members of both the UN and of WHO except
Switzerland.
• At present WHO had 194 member state and two Associate Members.
10. WORK OF W.H.O
• 1. Prevention and Control of specific Disease
• 2. Devlopment of Comprehensive Health Services.
• 3. Family Health
• 4. Enviromental Health
• 5. Health Statistics
• 6. Biomedical Reseach
• 7. Health Literature and Information
11.
12.
13. WHO Function in India
• In India WHO, has collabarated with MOH&FWto form Country
Cooperation Stratergy (CSS) during 2006-2011 for providing
assitance for running national programmes.
• NPSP : Techanical Guidance for polio Immunnization
• NACP : Strategic Information, Care, Support and Treatment.
• MDG 4 & 5 : Making pregnancy Safe, Child Health &
Devlopment, adolscent Health,& Devlopment.
• IMNCI : Technical Support for Implementation & Introduction
Pre-service IMNCI training in Curriculum of Medical College.
• TB : WHO recommended DOTS stratergy in RNTCP in 1997 and
stop TB Statergy 2006.
• Routine Immunization : The Global Vaccine Action Plan
(GVAP) ― endorsed by the 194 Member States of the World
Health Assembly in May 2012 ― is a framework to prevent
millions of deaths by 2020.
14. WORLD BANK
• The World Bank is the other major"intergovernmental agency
related to the UN" heavily involved in international health.
• The World Bank Country Strategy (CAS) goals for India for 2005-
2008 are:
• Poverty Reduction.
• Helping India to move closer to achieving the Millennium
Development Goals.
• Improving the people’s standard of living.
• Financial Assitance :
• National AIDS 106 million Esp for8 state.
• PMGSY rural road project : US$500 million.
15. UNICEF
• It is a United Nations Programme
• Headquartered in New York City, that provides long-term
humanitarian and developmental assistance to children and
mothers in developing countries.
• UNICEF was created by the United Nations General Assembly on
December 11, 1946, to provide emergency food and healthcare to
children in countries that had been devastated by World War II. In
1954, UNICEF became a permanent part of the United Nations
System and its name was shortened from the original United
Nations International Children's Emergency Fund but it has
continued to be known by the popular acronym based on this old
name.
16. • Function :
• UNICEF has been involved from the beginning of the Integrated
Management of Newborn and Childhood Illness (IMNCI)
programme in India.
• It has also played a key role in strengthening Facility Based
Newborn Care (FBNC) in the country in line with increasing
institutional delivery, scaling up the model of Special Newborn
Care Units (SNCUs)
•
• Provided technical support to establish national centres for cold
chain logistics like the (National Cold Chain and Training Centre)
NCCTC and National Cold Chain and Vaccine Management
Resource Center (NCCVMRC)
17. UNDP
• The UNDP projects cover virtually every economic and social sector –
agriculture, industry, education and science, health, social welfare, etc.
• OBJECTIVE
• UNDP is at the centre of the UN’s efforts to reduce global poverty.
• UNDP's network links and coordinates global and national efforts to
achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs),
• At the country level, UNDP plays two important roles, one as a partner
for development work and the other as manager of the Resident
Coordinator system.
• UNDP helps developing countries attract and use aid effectively.
• It encourages the protection of human rights and the empowerment of
women. Coordinates the development activities of the United Nations.
18. The United Nations Fund for Population Activities
(UNFPA)
• Providing assistance to India since 1974.
• Funding national level schemes, area projects for intensive development of health
and family welfare infrastructure and improvement in the availability of services
in the rural areas
• To develop national capability for the manufacture of contraceptives,
• Introduction of innovative approaches to family planning and MCH care.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Formed in 1945 with Headquarters in Rome, its prime concern is the increased
production of food to keep pace with the ever-growing world population .The
joint WHO/FAO expert committees have provided the basis for many cooperative
activities – nutritional surveys, training courses, seminars and the coordination of
research programmers on brucellosis and other zoo noses.
19. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
• UNAIDS, based in Geneva, was created in 1996 as the successor to WHO’s Global
Programme on AIDS. UNAIDS activities include: mobilizing leadership and
advocacy for effective action on the epidemic, providing strategic information and
policies to guide global efforts, and monitoring and evaluating the response to the
epidemic.
• International Labor Organization (ILO)
• Soon after the First World War, it was recognized that problems of industry, like
disease, know no frontiers. In 1919, ILO was established as an affiliate of the league
of Nations to improve the working and living conditions of the working population
all over the world. The headquarters of ILO is in Geneva, Switzerland. ILO is the
only tripartite U.N. agency with government, employer, and worker representatives.
.
20. Bilateral Agencies
• DANIDA: NPCB has been receiving international assistance from Danish
International Development Agency (DANIDA) in supply of equipment and
vehicles, improving the management information system, training and
development of district blindness societies. A DANIDA phase III assistance is
on since November ’97. A project has been launched under the World Bank to
boost the activities under the programme in Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra , Tamilnadu, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan
• SIDA : Swedish International Development Cooperation (SIDA) Agency is
providing assistance since 1979 in form of X- ray Units, microscope and anti-
TB drugs. It also supported the pilot study of Short Term Chemotherapy during
1983-1984.
• Being terminated in 2013.
21. NGO’s in India
• ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
• Concern with medical education,public health, social science and
agricultural sciences.
• Help in Establishment of AIIPH Calcutta,AIIMS Delhi, KGMC
Lucknow.CMC Vellore,National Institute of Virology Pune.
• Sponsor educational visits for advance training of health professional,
sponsor visit of specialist from USA.
• Grant in Aid for research activities
• Also giving support for improvement of agriculture, family planning
and rural development.
22. Non-governmental Organizations
• Ford Foundation
• Has been active in the development of rural health services and family planning
• Has helped India in the following projects :
• Training courses in Public health for medical & paramedical personal all over
the indiain Singur, Ponamalle,Najafgarh.
• Reseach-cum- Action : Designing and construction of hand flush Sanitary latrine
in rural area.
• National Institute of Health Adminstration and Education at Delhi.
• Calcutta Water Supply & Drainage Scheme.
• CARE :
• active in india since 1952, funding th following :
• Mid day school Meal Programme
• ICDS- Scheme
• Helping project i.e Anemia control programme, Child survival Project,
Adolscent Girl’s Project, Reproducive and family Health Project.
23. • Bill and Millinda Gates foundation :
• Provided initial support to curtail spread of HIV, also works in
areas MCH, FP, RI Sanitation etc.
• It is basically investing in UP and Bihar.
• Pulse polio also played a vital role.
• In UP : promote IYCF,
• Valid till 2017.
• Aga Khan Foundation :
• It works on various field i.e organising health camps,
• System of rice intensification (SRI)
• Promote vegetable cultivation
• Vaccination and deworming of livestock.
Editor's Notes
The example first international health work was “Quarantine “ introduced in Europe in 14th century to protect against the importation of plague However it failed in its objective because of lack of scientific knowledge.
Objective: Introduce some order and uniformity into quarantine measures which varied from country to country
, meets once a year to approve the budget and decide on major matters of health policy. All the 200 or so member nations send delegations. The World Health Assembly elects 31 member nations to designate health experts for the Executive Board, which meets twice a year and serves as the liaison between the Assembly and the Secretariat, which carries on the day-to-day work of the WHO. The Secretariat has a staff of about 4,500, with 30% of the employees at headquarters in Geneva, 30% in six regional field offices, and 40% in individual countries, either as country-wide WHO representatives or as representatives of special WHO programs
Describe verbally
National Polio Survelliance Project (NPSP), GVAP aims to strengthen routine immunization to meet vaccination coverage targets; accelerate control of vaccine-preventable diseases with polio eradication as the first milestone;
The World Bank loans money to poor countries on advantageous terms not available in commercial markets that will lead to economic growth of that country (India’s population project). In 1991 the Government of India and the World Bank expanded their collaboration in infectious diseases control programmes, WB assisted cataract blindness control programme for perioid of 7 yrs 1995 to2002.
UNICEF’s roles and areas of focus in the India’s immunization supply chain
In order to push through roadblocks and ensure immunization centres are equipped and capable, UNICEF:
• Provided technical support to establish national centres for cold chain logistics like the (National Cold Chain and Training Centre) NCCTC and National Cold Chain and Vaccine Management Resource Center (NCCVMRC) is continuing its work by helping build the centres’ capacity to act as effectively resource centres for the country.
• Supports the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW) to formulate strategies and policies to strengthen immunization supply chains, including the cold chain through studies.
• Takes responsibility the development of the National Cold Chain and Vaccine Logistics Action Plan.
• Acts as the key agency for National Cold Chain Assessment and Effective Vaccine Management Assessment followed by improvement plan development facilitated by MOHFW.
• In GAVI-HSS (Global Alliance for Vaccine and Immunization) focus on cold chain management. Developed and provides technical support to the National Cold Chain Management Information System (NCCMIS) for the MOHFW.
• Served as the key agency for developing and running the Effective Cold Chain and Vaccine Management Course for programme managers and a training module for cold chain handlers.
- See more at: http://unicef.in/Whatwedo/3/Immunization#sthash.rmeR1BhE.dpuf
A 36-member Executive Board establishes policies, approves programs and oversees administrative and financial plans. The Executive Board is made up of government representatives who are elected by the United Nations Economic and Social Council, usually for three-year terms. As the lead technical partner in the country for Newborn and Child Health, UNICEF has been involved from the beginning of the Integrated Management of Newborn and Childhood Illness (IMNCI) programme in India. It has also played a key role in strengthening Facility Based Newborn Care (FBNC) in the country in line with increasing institutional delivery, scaling up the model of Special Newborn Care Units (SNCUs) that were first piloted by UNICEF with the Government of West Bengal in Purulia district. The SNCU online monitoring developed by UNICEF in Madhya Pradesh has been adopted by the Government of India for national scale-up.
UNICEF has also been the main partner in developing INAP, providing a key role in bottleneck analysis, identification of strategic intervention packages and monitoring indicators for INAP. The roll-out of key interventions under INAP and its dissemination is being supported through UNICEF field offices.
- See more at: http://unicef.in/Whatwedo/2/Neonatal-Health-#sthash.0jIpDsxg.dpuf
The International Labor Code is a collection of international minimum standards related to health, welfare, living and working conditions of workers allover the world
In addition to supporting multilateral agencies, most industrialized nations also provide aid on a “country-to-country” basis, attempting to match a recipient’s needs with the donor’s objectives and capacity to assist, usually subject to political considerations.
