pinker theory

1. Linguistic-oriented
theories
of First language
learning/acquisition

2. In a broader sense, various theories and approaches
have been emerged over the years to study and
analyze the process of language acquisition. Three
main schools of thought, which provide theoretical
paradigms in guiding the course of language
acquisition are:
Behaviorist Theory
Innatist Theory
Cognitivist theory

3. Theory Central idea linguist
Behaviorist Children imitate adults. Their correct Skinner
utterances are reinforced when they get what
they want or are praised.
Innate Language is an innate capacity. A child's brain Chomsky
contains special language-learning mechanisms
at birth.
Cognitive Lang. is just one aspect of a child‟s overall Piaget
intellectual development
Cognitive Language is a symbolic representation which Lev
allow the children to abstract the world.
Vygotsky

4. 1. Behaviorism
• Key Terms
Behaviorism
• Conditioning
• Classical
1 • operant
Classical Operant
conditioning conditioning • Stimulus
• response
2
• Reinforcement
• Negative
Pavlov Skinner 3 • positive

5. Behaviorism
• Burrhus Frederic Skinner
(March 20,1904-August 18,1990)
• An American Psychologist
• Proposed operant conditioning as
compared to classical conditioning
of Pavlov.
• According to Skinner, learning a language
operates on the same principles that a rat will
use to learn a maze or to learn to press a
button.

6. Behaviorism…
• B.F Skinner proposed this theory as an explanation for Language
acquisition in human.
• All behavior is learned and that humans enter the world with no
innate abilities. He famously said,
"Give me a child, and I'll shape him into anything.”
• B. F SKINNER‟S entire system is based on operant
conditioning (learning's a function of change in overt behavior)
• The organism, in everyday activities, is in the process of
“operating” on the environment.

7. Behaviorists' views:
• Behaviorists view the process of language acquisition as a building
process that results from interaction with the environment.
• It is also called imitation theory which is based on an empirical or
behavioral approach.
• Children start out as clean slates and language learning is a process
of getting linguistic habits printed on these slates.
• Language is a „conditioned behavior‟: the stimulus response process
• Stimulus Response Feedback Reinforcement

8. Principles
• People‟s behaviors are directly observable, rather than the
mental systems underlying these behaviors.
• Children are born with a mind that is like a blank state. This
state is called Tabula Rasa
• Language is a verbal observable behavior .
• Chunking theory: Language is learned in parts, then linked
together
• 1st words 2nd phrases 3rd sentences
• Reinforcement will generalize similar stimulus
generalizations

9. Children learn language step by step
• Imitation
Repetition
Memorization
controlled drilling
Reinforcement
Reinforcement can either be positive or negative

10. • Children imitate sounds and practice what they hear.
Correct structures are positively reinforced.
• Language acquisition is, thus, a process of habit
formation.
• Factors in Language acquisition:
– Association
– Reinforcement
– shaping
– repetition
– Corrections
– imitation

11. Mechanism of language acquisition

13. Positives
• Imitation is important in phonological development.
• Children develop regional accents suggesting they imitate the
sounds from people around them.
Negatives
• Children don‟t pick up grammatical structures immediately as some
children show an incorrect use of grammar. For example they may
say „wented‟ instead of went. Showing they have not imitated this of
others.
• Kids normally only use the words they understand so if they imitate
of others they would copy all words spoken by another person.
• If the kid is deaf, it cannot copy another person therefore uses sign
language suggesting this theory does not provide an account for all
kids.

14. Innateness Theory
By Noam Chomsky (born 1928---Present)

15. Innatism
• Limitations of Behaviorist view of language acquisition
led in 1960‟s to the alternative „generative‟ account of
language.
• Main Argument: Children must be born with an innate
capacity for language development.
• Main Figure: Noam Chomsky
• Children are born with an innate propensity for language
acquisition, and that this ability makes the task of
learning a first language easier than it would otherwise
be.

16. Innatism: LAD & UG
• Chomsky theorized that children were born with a hard-wired
language acquisition device (LAD) in their brains.
• LAD is a set of language learning tools, intuitive at birth in all
children.
• He later expanded this idea into that of universal grammar, a set of
innate principles and adjustable parameters that are common to all
human languages.
• The child exploits its LAD to make sense of the utterances heard
around it, deriving from this „primary linguistic data‟ – the grammar
of the language

17. THE “LAD” (Chomsky, 1965)
• The language
acquisition Device
(LAD) is a postulated
organ of the brain that
is supposed to function
as a congenital device
for learning symbolic
language (i.e., language
acquisition).

18. LAD (Language acquisition Device)
• The L.A.D is a pre programmed box.
• L.A.D is a function of the brain that is specifically for
learning language. It is an innate biological function of
human beings just like learning to walk.
• LAD explain human acquisition of the syntactic structure of
language.
• It encodes the major principles of a language and its
grammatical structures into the child‟s brain.
• It enables the children to analyze language and extract the
basic rules.

20. Mechanism of Innate Theory
• According to Noam Chomsky, the mechanism
of language acquisition formulates from innate
processes.

21. Innatism: Universal grammar or generative
grammar.
• we are born with set of rules about language in our
brains.
• “Children are equipped with an innate template or
blueprint for language and this blueprint aids the
child in the task of constructing a grammar for their
language.” (Chomsky 1965)
• This is known as “Innateness Hypothesis.”

22. Universal grammar…
Chomsky says:
• The UG does not have the actual rules of each
language but it has PRINCIPLES & PARAMETERS.
• The rules of language are derived from the Principles
& parameters.

23. Principles & Parameters:
Principles: are the universal basic features of
Grammar
e.g.. Nouns, Verbs & Structure Dependency etc.
Parameters: are the variation across language
that determines one or more aspects of
Grammar e.g. Pro, Drop and Head Direction.
The Parameters are set during Language
Acquisition.

24. Critical Age Hypothesis
• Chomsky posited that there is a critical age for
learning a language as is true for the overall
development of the human body.
• The input of Language is needed at the critical
period, to learn the lexicon and to set the
parameters.
– Note: linguist Lenneberg suggested that the crucial period of
language acquisition ends around 4-5 years

25. All children share the same innateness
• Chomsky thus proposes that "all children share the
same internal constraints which characterize narrowly
the grammar they are going to construct."
(Chomsky, 1977, p.98)

26. Communicative competence
• “Language learning is not really something that the
child does; it is something that happens to the child
placed in an appropriate environment much as the
child‟s body grows and matures in a predetermined way
when provided with appropriate nutrition and
environmental stimulation.”
-Noam Chomsky

27. Theories of L1 Acquisition
• Behaviorism
– “Say what I say”
• Innatism
– “It’s all in your mind”

28. • Love you all
• Vanneza