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Veerta Singh Salathia 9 MAR 23
Heritage Management
SEM IX
What is Heritage Management
Heritage management is the application of management techniques to conserve and develop cultural resources so that they
remain part of a cultural heritage with long-term value and bene
fi
t for the general public.
Heritage management is de
fi
ned as the combination of both the product and the process which aids in providing society with
an a
ffl
uence of sources that were created and inherited in the past, engendered in the present and are bestowed for the bene
fi
t
of future generations.
Heritage management is essential as the monuments tend to deteriorate over time. For this purpose, many organizations
within and outside India focus on conserving monuments. Some of the organisations are the Convention on the Protection and
promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, Paris 20, October 2005; Convention for the safeguarding of the Intangible
Cultural Heritage, Paris 17, October 2003; Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage,
Paris 16 November 1972 and many more.
There are many stages at which the e
ff
ect of protecting, conserving, decoding and showcasing India’s constructed history is
regarded which include; International, national, and neighbourhood stages.
World Heritage List and Sites
https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/
International level – As part of a Universal shared heritage to build global relations in future by connecting with stories and routed
of cultural exchange through history and learning from international practices.
National level – as a tool for Nation Building and branding of its unique cultural identity with iconic sites and magni
fi
cent
monuments in each region of India, including its World Heritage Sites that narrate its rich, complex and layered history.
Local level – to manual the sustainable improvement of its ancient towns and websites on the nearby degree linking at once with
reuse and socio-monetary advantages to the community.
*Please refer to this link for the list of World Heritage
sites.
Conservation ix unit 3.pdf
1. Ajanta Caves
Famous for Buddhist Rock-cut Cave Monuments. It is richly decorated with Paintings and Frescoes like Sigiriya Paintings.
2. Ellora Caves
Jain and Hindu Temples and Monasteries. These caves were excavated out of Hills, and it is a rock-cut Architecture.
3. Agra Fort
This is one of the most prominent monumental structures by the Mughal empire.
4. Taj Mahal
This is one of the Seven Wonders of the World. King Shahjahan had built this structure in the memory of his third wife Begum Mumtaz
Mahal.
5. Sun Temple
This temple is famous for the traditional style of Kalinga Architecture.
6. Mahabalipuram Monuments
This monument is famous for the Mahabalipuram Largest. Open Air Rock Relief, Mandapas, Chariot Temples, It is a Pallava Dynasty
Architecture.
Heritage Sites in India
7. Kaziranga National Park
Famous for Worlds 2/3rd population of Great One-Horned Rhinoceroses. It has the highest density of Tigers in the World, Wild Water
Bu
ff
alo, Elephants, Swamp Deer, and the park is also recognized as the Important Bird Area.
8. Keoladeo National Park
This National Park is popular for Man-Made Wetland Bird Sanctuary, Hotspot for Ornithologists, and Siberian Cranes.
9. Manas Wildlife Sanctuary
This sanctuary is famous for Project Tiger Reserve, Biosphere Reserve and Elephant Reserve
10. Churches and Convents of Goa
It is famous for Rome of the Orient, First Manueline, Mannerist and Baroque Art Forms in Asia, First Latin Rite Mass in Asia.
11. Monuments of Khajuraho
This monument is popular for a group of Jain and Hindu Temples. It is situated 175 km southeast of Jhansi. Well known for their Nagara sty
symbolism and erotic Figures and sculptures.
12. Monuments of Hampi
Prosperous kingdom of Vijayanagar. The ruins at Hampi depict the
fi
ne Dravidian style of art and architecture. The most important heritage
monument in this site is the Virupaksha Temple.
13. Fatehpur Sikri
It structure constitutes of four main Monuments. The Jama Masjid, The Buland Darwaza,
Panch Mahal or Jada Baai ka Mahal, Diwane-Khas, and Diwan-eaam.
14. Elephanta Caves
It is popular for Buddhist and Hindu caves. It is situated on Island in the Arabian Sea. And has Basal Rock Caves, and Shiva
Temples.
15. Great Living Chola Temples
This temple is popular for Chola Architecture, Sculpture, Painting, and Bronze Casting.
16. Pattadakal Monuments
It is popular for its Chalukya style of architecture that originated in Aihole and blended with the Nagara and Dravidian styles of architecture.
17. Sundarbans National Park
This National Park is popular as Biosphere Reserve, Largest Estuarine Mangrove Forest, Bengal Tiger, and Salt-Water Crocodile.
18. Nanda Devi & Valley of Flowers National Park
It is famous for Snow Leopard, Asiatic Black Bear, Brown Bear, Blue Sheep, and Himalayan Monal, World Network of Biosphere
19. Monuments of Buddha
It is popular for Monolithic Pillars, Palaces, Monasteries, Temples Mauryan Architecture, Ye Dharma Hetu Inscriptions.
20. Humayun’s Tomb
It is popular for the Precursors to the Taj Mahal and Mughal Architecture. It constitutes a Tomb, a Pavilion, any Water Channels, and A
Bath
21. Qutub Minar and its Monuments
Includes Qutub Minar, Alai Darwaza, Alai Minar, Qubbat-ul-Islam Mosque, Tomb of Iltumish, and Iron Pillar.
22. Mountain Railways of Darjeeling, Kalka Shimla & Nilgiri
The mountain railways of India comprise of the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, the Nilgiri
Mountain Railway, and the Kalka-Shimla.
23. Mahabodhi Temple
An important religious center for the Buddhists as this was the place where Mahatma Buddha attained enlightenment. Bodh Gaya is
considered as the holiest pilgrimage spot for the Buddhists.
24. Bhimbetka
It is famous for Rock Paintings within Natural Rock Shelters, Stone Age Inscriptions, Sitting Place of Bhima (Mahabharata).
25. Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus
It is popular for central Railways Headquarters, Terror Attacks on Mumbai in 2008, Gothic Style Architecture.
26. ChampanerPavagadhArchaeological Park
This place is the only complete and unchanged Islamic pre-Mughal city. The park also houses some of the ancient Chalcolithic Indian
Sites, from the Stone Age era.
27. Red Fort
It is popular for Shahjahanabad, Persian, Timuri and Indian Architectural Styles, Red Sandstone Architecture, Moti Masjid.
28. Jantar Mantar
Famous for Architectural Astronomical Instruments, Maharaja Jai Singh II, Largest of its kind Observatory.
29. The Western Ghats
Famous for Among World’s Ten “Hottest Biodiversity Hotspots”. Includes many National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, and Reserve
Forests.
30. Hill Forts
This place is famous for its unique Rajput Military Defense Architecture. It includes six majestic forts in Chittorgarh, Kumbhalgarh,
Ranthambore Fort, Gagron Fort, Amber Fort, and Jaisalmer Fort.
31. Rani Ki Vav
It is an explicit example of
fi
ne Ancient Indian architecture which is constructed during the time of the Solanki dynasty.
32. Great Himalayan National Park
It is home to about 375 fauna species and several
fl
oral species, including some very rarespecies of plants and animals such as blue
sheep, snow leopard, Himalayan brown bear, Himalayan Tahr, musk deer spruces, horse chestnuts, and huge alpine meadows. It is a
part of the Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspots.
33. Nalanda
A centre of learning and a Buddhist monastery from the 3rd century BCE to the 13th century CE.
34. Khangchendzonga National Park
The national park is famous for its fauna and
fl
ora, with snow leopard being occasionally sighted.
35. Architectural Work of Le Corbusier (Capitol Complex)
Recognized as a World Heritage Site as part of an outstanding contribution to the Modern Movement.
36. The Historic City
A walled city on the banks of Sabarmati where communities following Hinduism, Islam, and Jainism have co-existed for centuries.
37. Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles
It is a collection of 94 buildings of great cultural importance, located in the Fort Area of Mumbai.
38. The Pink City
Jaipur is home to many magni
fi
cent forts, palaces, temples, and museums and also
fi
lled to the brim with local handicrafts and trinkets.
39. Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple
The Ramappa Temple is situated in Palampet Village, Telangana. The temple is estimated to be at least 800 to 900 years old. The temple
is especially known for lightweight porous bricks which are known as
fl
oating bricks
40. Dholavira
Dholavira is an architectural site situated in the Kutch district of Gujarat. It is one of the most prominent Indus Valley Civilisation sites....
Read more at: https://currenta
ff
airs.adda247.com/unesco-world-heritage-sites-in-india/
World Heritage Sites in India
De
fi
ning physical boundaries
– the property and the setting Protecting and sharing heritage require management strategies that de
fi
ne and monitor
property boundaries but also address the setting in which the property is located. For World Heritage properties, this
could be a precisely identi
fi
ed and regulated bu
ff
er zone or it might extend to include a larger ‘area of in
fl
uence’. The
values of the property, and above all the OUV, are the primary parameters for de
fi
ning the physical area(s) that
management strategies need to address and for de
fi
ning the varying levels of control necessary across those areas.
Distant views from the property (for example, the view of the volcano Vesuvius from Pompeii in Italy) or views of the
property from certain arrival routes (e.g. the Taj Mahal in India) could be important to maintaining values. However, other
parameters will in
fl
uence the de
fi
nition of the physical area(s), including:
• the type of threats and their relative timeframes (e.g. the impact of vandalism, uncontrolled development of the built
environment, climate change);
the extent to which the management strategy involves local communities and other stakeholders (a successful
participatory approach can permit reduced levels of control);
• the extent to which the management system embraces sustainable management practice. This recognition that physical
boundaries are no longer where the property boundary falls but are in fact a series of layers undoubtedly favours
protection, but it creates new management challenges. It is also an acknowledgement that heritage places depend on
their setting
World Heritage Management
Placing Heritage concerns in a broader framework
The expanding concept of heritage and the increased importance given to how heritage places relate to their surroundings mark an
important shift in thinking. Heritage places cannot be protected in isolation or as museum pieces, isolated from natural and man-made
disasters or from land-use planning considerations. Nor can they be separated from development activities, isolated from social
changes that are occurring, or separated from the concerns of the communities.
Indeed, only fairly recently has the international community begun to appreciate the importance of conserving cultural heritage as
places where social and cultural factors have been and continue to be important in shaping them, rather than as a series of
monuments o
ff
ering physical evidence of the past
The wider scope of heritage nowadays has led to many more players or stakeholders being involved in its management. This means
that heritage practitioners cannot act independently and without reference to other stakeholders. It is essential that the heritage bodies
work with other stakeholders as far as possible to develop and implement an agreed vision and policies for managing each heritage
place within its broader physical and social context. This places a high premium on collaborative working and the full and transparent
involvement of stakeholders that is recommended in the OG. Any management system, including the development and implementation
of a management plan, needs to provide for this.
The wider obligations of heritage management
Multiple objectives now characterise the management of most cultural properties. This means that a wide array of institutional and
organisational frameworks (and obstacles), social outlooks, forms of knowledge, values (both for present and future generations,
often con
fl
icting) and other factors need to be evaluated. These factors often work in a complex mesh and establishing and
maintaining suitable management approaches is all the more di
ffi
cult. Overcoming this challenge is vital for the future of the cultural
property being managed.
Conservation ix unit 3.pdf
An inclusive approach
Increased participation is necessary to address such multiple objectives: greater complexity requires advances in management
practice. It should not, however, be assumed that a topdown approach is the only way to handle multiple issues. The term
‘management’ has been used in a very broad way in the heritage sector: as issues become more complex, there is a need to be
more precise. Management approaches must accommodate the shift (which has only emerged very recently in many parts of the
world) to a wider, more inclusive approach to heritage management and to a greater emphasis on community engagement. Though
prepared for natural sites, the ‘new paradigm for protected areas’ developed by Adrian Phillips and re-presented in the IUCN
Guidelines for Management Planning of Protected Areas6 in 2003 highlights very e
ff
ectively the increased importance placed in
recent years on a wider, more inclusive approach to heritage management and on community engagement. (In some parts of the
world this was already happening.) Much of this guidance applies to cultural sites too.
Culture and heritage have been a major part of travel as their contribution to a tourism destination is appealing. Recently, heritage
tourism is the fastest-growing segment of the tourism industry as the volume of tourists seeking adventure, culture, history,
archeology, and interaction with local people is increasing. Heritage tourism gives positive economic and social impacts,
establishes and reinforces identity, and helps preserve the cultural heritage. However, as the volume of traveling rises, there are
negative impacts on local communities in heritage sites that create tensions and con
fl
icts among di
ff
erent stakeholders. Therefore,
understanding the tourism policymakers’ view and local people’s awareness of tourism impacts is not only useful in the
conservation of a heritage site, but it also contributes to promote the image of that destination and balance the stakeholders’
bene
fi
ts.
Impact of tourism on heritage sites
Tourism is often perceived as a threat to conservation of World Heritage. In fact, tourism is a platform and a vehicle for presenting
heritage to the public, conserving it and guaranteeing its economic and social viability. Hence, tourism is in most cases a balancing
mechanism that keeps and protects the heritage itself.
Historic City of Ahmadabad
The walled city of Ahmadabad, founded by Sultan Ahmad Shah in the 15th century, on the eastern bank of the Sabarmati river,
presents a rich architectural heritage from the sultanate period, notably the Bhadra citadel, the walls and gates of the Fort city and
numerous mosques and tombs as well as important Hindu and Jain temples of later periods. The urban fabric is made up of densely-
packed traditional houses (pols) in gated traditional streets (puras) with characteristic features such as bird feeders, public wells and
religious institutions. The city continued to
fl
ourish as the capital of the State of Gujarat for six centuries, up to the present.
Outstanding Universal Value
This heritage is associated with the complementary traditions embodied in other religious buildings and the old city’s very rich
domestic wooden architecture with its distinctive “havelis” (neighbourhoods), “pols” (gated residential main streets), and khadkis
(inner entrances to the pols) as the main constituents.
The timber-based architecture of the historic city is of exceptional signi
fi
cance and is the most unique aspect of its heritage.
The presence of institutions belonging to many religions (Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism, Jainism, Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Judaism)
makes the historic urban structure of Ahmadabad an exceptional and unique example of multicultural coexistence.
Criterion (ii): the Sultanate rulers recycled the parts and elements of local religious buildings to reassemble those into building of mosques i
the city. Many new mosques were also built in the manner of smaller edi
fi
ces with maximum use of local craftsmen and masons, allowing
them the full freedom to employ their indigenous craftsmanship. Therefore, the resultant architecture developed a unique provincial Sultanate
idiom unknown in other parts of the subcontinent where local traditions and crafts were accepted in religious buildings of Islam, even if they
did not strictly follow the tenets for Islamic religious buildings. The monuments of Sultanate period thus provide a unique phase of
development of architecture and technology for monumental arts during the 15th century period of history of western India.
Criterion (v): Ahmadabad city’s settlement planning in a hierarchy of living environment, with streets as also community spaces, is
representative of the local wisdom and sense of strong community bondage. The house is a self-su
ffi
cient unit with its own
provisions for water, sanitation and climatic control (the court yard as the focus). Its image and its conception with religious
symbolism expressed through wood carving and canonical bearings is an ingenious example of habitat. This, when adopted by the
community as an acceptable agreeable form, generated an entire settlement pattern with community needs expressed in its public
spaces at the settlement level and composed the self-su
ffi
cient gated street “pol”. Thus Ahmadabad’s settlement patterns of
neighbouring close-packed pol provide an outstanding example of human habitation.
Integrity
Conditions of integrity in the historic city, including topography and geomorphology, are still retained to a large degree. The hydrology
and natural features have been subjected to changes due to progressive implementation of infrastructure by the local authorities. Its
built environment, both historic and contemporary, has been also subjected to the changes and growth in terms of city’s population and
community aspirations. Its infrastructure above and below ground also has been successively added and/or expanded as the need
grew. Its open spaces and gardens, its land use patterns and spatial organization have largely remained unchanged as the footprints of
earlier times have not been changed very much, perceptions and visual relationships (both internal and external); building heights and
massing as well as all other elements of the urban character, fabric and structure have undergone change in most cases
fi
tting within the
existing historic limits and massing although some aberrations have occurred over a process of time.
Authenticity
The settlement architecture of Ahmadabad represents a strong sense of character of its conception through domestic buildings. The
wooden architecture so prominently preferred is unique to the city. The entire settlement form is very ‘organic’ in its function considering
its climatic response for year round comforts for the inhabitants.
The construction of the fort, the three gates at the end of the Maidan-e-Shahi and the Jama Masjid, with a large maidan on its north and
south, were the
fi
rst acts of Sultan Ahmed Shah to establish this Islamic town. On either side of the Maidan-e-Shahi and on the periphery
around the Jama Masjid, the suburbs came up in succeeding phases of development.
The concept of ‘Mahajan’ (nobility-guild) where all the people irrespective of their religious beliefs joined created a culture of society
where there was a great sense of wellbeing and of sharing. This was also observed in other prominent communities of Islamic and
Hindu-Jain followers. The community bondage was the intrinsic duty of all people as a response to healthy co-existence. Markets were
organized on this basis and all the merchants and traders became its part.
Protection and management requirements
Ahmadabad includes 28 monuments listed by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), one monument listed by the State Department of
Archaeology (SDA), and 2,696 important buildings protected by the Heritage Department at the Ahmadabad Municipal Corporation
(AMC).Monuments listed by the ASI enjoy legal protection at the national level via the Antiquities and Art Treasures Act, 1972, and the
Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958, and Amendment & Validation Act, 2010 (AMASR). The monument
listed by the SDA is of regional signi
fi
cance and is protected by AMASR.The buildings and sites listed by the AMC (components of the
walled historic city) are protected as a zone with special regulations by the development plan of Ahmadabad Urban Development
Authority (AUDA).
The aim of the management plan is to ensure protection and enhancement of the Outstanding Universal Value of Historic City of
Ahmadabad while promoting sustainable development using the Historic Urban Landscape approach. It aims at integrating cultural
heritage conservation and sustainable urban development of historic areas as a key component of all decision-making processes at the
city, agglomeration and larger territorial level.
The Local Area Plan should be completed and implemented as part of the Heritage Conservation Plan, with a special focus on
conservation of wooden historic houses.
A comprehensive and accurate documentation of the historic buildings of the property should be conducted, particularly the privately-
owned timber houses, according to accepted international standards of documentation of historic buildings for conservation and
management purposes.
Walled city of Ahmedabad
Jaipur Heritage Management plan
The City of Jaipur is an exceptional urban example in indigenous city planning and construction in South Asia. Jaipur was conceived
and developed in a single phase in the 18th century with a grid-iron model inspired from the Prastara plan of the Vastu Shastra, treatise
of traditional Hindu architecture. This town plan later became a trendsetter for many 19th Century CE towns in Rajasthan State and
India. Built under the patronage of Sawai Raja Jai Singh II (rule 1700 – 1743 CE), a project approach was taken towards the city
construction where most of the city infrastructure, public and royal spaces were completed within a span of four years, from 1727 –
1731 CE .
Unlike other medieval cities of the region, Jaipur was deliberately planned as a new city on the plains open for trade as opposed to hilly
terrain and military cities of past, though its planning still ensured a response to the surrounding hill tops in all directions. The site
selected within the valley that lay to the south of Amber hills was comparatively
fl
at and unmarred by any previous construction. It was
also adequately protected, nestled within hills having an array of forts and defense posts. Thus, the new city could be planned as an
inviting trade and commerce city with an ambitious vision of the ruler Sawai Jai Singh II and his architect- planner Vidyadhar.
Envisaged as a trade capital, the main avenues of the city were designed as markets, which remain characteristic bazaars of the city
till date. Chaupar, or designed large public squares at the intersection of roads, is another feature that is distinct to Jaipur as are its
single to multicourt havelis and haveli temples. Besides an exemplary planning, its iconic monuments such as the Govind Dev temple,
City Palace, Jantar Mantar and Hawa Mahal excel in artistic and architectural craftsmanship of the period.
Criterion (ii): Jaipur is an exemplary development in town planning and architecture that demonstrates amalgamation and important
interchange of several ideas over the late medieval period. It shows an interchange of ancient Hindu, Mughal and contemporary
Western ideas that resulted in the customised layout of the city. It is said that Raja Jai Singh arrived at the
fi
nal layout after a thorough
analysis of several town plans sourced from across the globe. Following the grid-iron plan prevalent in the west but the zoning as per
traditional notions, superimposed by the desire to be seen at par with Mughal cities, showcased a political will to de
fi
ne new
concepts for a thriving trade and commerce hub that became a norm for the later towns in the adjoining Shekhawati region and
others parts of Western India.
Criterion (iv): Jaipur clearly represents a dramatic departure from extant medieval cities with its ordered, grid-like structure – broad
streets, crisscrossing at right angles, earmarked sites for buildings, palaces, havelis, temples and gardens, neighbourhoods
designated for caste and occupation. The main markets, shops, havelis and temples on the main streets were constructed by the
state, thus ensuring that a uniform street facade is maintained in Jaipur. The city planning of Jaipur remains a unique response to the
terrain that amalgamates ideas from the ancient Indian treatise to contemporary global town plans and Imperial Mughal architecture to
fi
nally produce a monumental urban form unparalleled in its scale and magni
fi
cence for its times.
Criterion (vi): Historically, the city is said to have housed “chattis karkhanas” (36 industries) majority of which included crafts like
gemstones, lac jewellery, stone idols, miniature paintings and others each with a speci
fi
ed street and market designed for each craft that
continues to date. During 19th century, the local crafts received further momentum with British period in
fl
uences in special exhibitions
held in UK, establishment of institutions such as Rajasthan School of Arts and Albert Hall Museum. While the local traditions of guilds
continued, formal institutions for crafts, policies and programmes by Government and private sector further contributed to national and
international recognition of Jaipur crafts in the 20th and 21st centuries. The continuing building crafts of Jaipur contribute much to the
conservation works of the city and the renowned craftsmen from Jaipur continue to conserve and restore historic structures across many
cities in India.
Integrity
The nominated area of the historic walled city of Jaipur within the walls and the gates conforms to integrity of all the attributes (18th
century town plan, iconic monuments, urban form, gates, bazars and streets) identi
fi
ed for its nomination as a World Heritage Site. All
components and elements that contribute to the potential Outstanding Universal Value of the property are within this nominated area and
intact in all respects.
The city walls and gates including all major monuments and bazars remain in original condition despite increasing development
pressures. Aspects such as underground Metro lines have been incorporated on the East West axis with due consideration that the
architectural icons and urban character of the walled city area remain unchanged.
Authenticity
The spatial organization of the historic walled city of Jaipur continues to re
fl
ect the 18th century grid-iron plan. The architectural
components like the gates and city walls, bazaars, chaupars and chowkris, historic structures, havelis, religious buildings, and water
structures; retain the urban ensemble of the walled city of Jaipur as conceived from 18th to early 20th centuries. The materials and
substance are largely retained as per original primarily lime and stone. Even the bazaars (market areas) have been recently conserved
using traditional materials. In some cases, the 20th century structures use cement concrete but retain the original architectural
vocabulary.
The use and function of most royal and public spaces and monuments is now adapted to contemporary requirement of a public
monument visited by all. While the shops, temples and private houses largely retain their original use and continue to function in the
same manner.
The boundaries of the nominated property conform to the original 18th century plans of Sawai Jai Singh II and align well with the
surrounding topography as well as the original vision for this planned city. The bu
ff
er zone area of the nominated property conforms to
the surrounding landmarks and natural terrain that were used as reference points to mark the ground plan of the city including
Ganeshgarh in the north, hills of Galtaji in the East, Nahargarh and Hathroi in the west and Shankergarh in the south.
As the Jaipur Heritage Management Plan has been implemented in various phases and synchronized with other plans, a
comprehensive management strategy with an action plan protecting the attributes identi
fi
ed in the OUV and the criteria is devised to
serve as an extension to Jaipur Heritage Management Plan for the management and monitoring of the nominated property. The action
plan has been formulated taking into consideration the attributes identi
fi
ed under criterion ii, v and vi; and how these attributes of the
architectural style, grid- iron plan, town planning principles, traditional house forms, iconic monuments, living traditions and artistic
works can be protected and safeguarded.
Protection and management requirements
The Municipalities Act of 2009 (amendment) and Jaipur Building Byelaws 1970 guide the architectural control on urban character of
Jaipur which has helped in retaining the original architectural form of the bazaars. As per Jaipur Master Plan 2025, the walled city area is
a specially designated heritage zone and any work related to Heritage Conservation is guided by detailed heritage management plans
and project reports implemented through mandated government agencies.
The Jaipur Heritage Management Plan (2007) provides the vision for Jaipur Heritage and is legislated through the Jaipur Master Plan
2025 (see Annexure II, i). The nominated property will be managed as per overall guidelines and framework outlined in MDP 2025
under Section 2- Development Plan for U1 Area. The Walled City falls under the U1 Area and the plan will take into cognizance all
other past and ongoing plans for the nominated property. Walled city has been recognized as a special area for Heritage Conservation
under Development Plan for U1 Area and shares the vision outlined in the Jaipur Heritage Management Plan 2007. As the Jaipur
Heritage Management Plan has been implemented in various phases and synchronized with other plans, a comprehensive
management strategy with an action plan protecting the attributes identi
fi
ed in the OUV and the criteria is devised to serve as an
extension to Jaipur Heritage Management Plan for the management and monitoring of the nominated property. The action plan has
been formulated taking into consideration the attributes identi
fi
ed under criterion ii, v and vi; and how these attributes of the
architectural style, grid- iron plan, town planning principles, traditional house forms, iconic monuments, living traditions and artistic
works can be protected and safeguarded.
Walled city of Jaipur
MUZIRIS HERITAGE CONSERVATION PROJECT
The Muziris Heritage is mind-boggling in the sheer range and grandeur of a period of history it attempts to recreate. Like a time
capsule, it takes tourists, history/culture enthusiasts, researchers and connoisseurs alike to a world that was linked by shared interests
in trade, religions and cultures. The Muziris Heritage Site conjures up a bygone era and ethos that Muziris embodied, by taking the
present generation to the shores where St Thomas
fi
rst arrived in order to spread Christianity in India; the
fi
rst mosque which
resounded with the Muslim call for prayers; the Bhagavathy temples where animal sacri
fi
ces once prevailed; the Jewish synagogues
where Hebrew prayers were chanted; the old palaces and royal residences within whose walls edicts were issued, treaties signed, and
stratagems plotted – in all their recreated splendour.
The Muziris Heritage Project aims to revive popular interest in a region which lost its glory centuries ago. Through the project, we will be
able to travel back in time to a place where vibrant cultures of the East and the West met, and see the palaces of Prime Ministers of the
erstwhile kingdom of Cochin, the forts built by the Portuguese that played strategic roles in wars, the Indo-Dutch architectural
structures along the streets and the places where various cultures thrived through the centuries. In short, it will give us glimpses of a
magni
fi
cent past.
The Government of Kerala initiated the Muziris Heritage Project to reinstate the historical and cultural signi
fi
cance of the legendary port
of Muziris. The region is dotted with numerous monuments of a bygone era that conjure up a vast and vivid past. The entire project is
designed to involve and integrate the local community in all its intended developmental initiatives. The preservation-cum-tourism
project of Muziris also provides timeline tours, culture tours, museum tours, backwater cruises, etc.
Muziris, in the Ernakulam and Thrissur districts of Kerala, was an active port in the 1st century BC where Chinese, Arabs, Jews, Greeks,
and Romans came to trade. Similarly, although the Portuguese, Dutch, and British too initially came to trade, they soon became part of
the internal power struggles between Travancore, Kochi, Calicut, and the Mysore kingdoms, and eventually went on to become
colonizers. All of them have left their imprints on the region. The historical monuments and materials made available through recent
excavations establish it as a unique location to tell the story of 3000 years of Kerala, a story of coexistence and sharing.
The Government of Kerala has initiated the Muziris Heritage Project to reinstate the historical and cultural signi
fi
cance of the legendary
port of Muziris. The region is dotted with numerous monuments of a bygone era that conjure up a vast and vivid past. The entire project
is designed to involve and integrate the local community in all intended developmental initiatives.
Project highlights
• The largest heritage conservation project in India
• The
fi
rst Green Project of the Government of Kerala
• Involvement of multiple Government Departments and convergence
• More than 25 museums to appreciate the Muziris Heritage
• A research and academic institution to support the project
• Major improvements in infrastructure
• Integration with local communities through native resource persons for data collection, survey etc
Project objectives
• To promote awareness and understanding of the cultural distinctiveness and diversity of Muziris
• To conserve cultural assets and safeguard them for the present and future generations
• To practice and promote sustainable development
• To promote participative approach towards conservation and restoration
• To ensure accessibility for all
• To include the heritage of Muziris in regional educational programmes
• To integrate and heritage management for mutual synergy
Conservation ix unit 3.pdf

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Conservation ix unit 3.pdf

  • 1. Veerta Singh Salathia 9 MAR 23 Heritage Management SEM IX
  • 2. What is Heritage Management Heritage management is the application of management techniques to conserve and develop cultural resources so that they remain part of a cultural heritage with long-term value and bene fi t for the general public. Heritage management is de fi ned as the combination of both the product and the process which aids in providing society with an a ffl uence of sources that were created and inherited in the past, engendered in the present and are bestowed for the bene fi t of future generations. Heritage management is essential as the monuments tend to deteriorate over time. For this purpose, many organizations within and outside India focus on conserving monuments. Some of the organisations are the Convention on the Protection and promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, Paris 20, October 2005; Convention for the safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, Paris 17, October 2003; Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, Paris 16 November 1972 and many more. There are many stages at which the e ff ect of protecting, conserving, decoding and showcasing India’s constructed history is regarded which include; International, national, and neighbourhood stages.
  • 3. World Heritage List and Sites https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/ International level – As part of a Universal shared heritage to build global relations in future by connecting with stories and routed of cultural exchange through history and learning from international practices. National level – as a tool for Nation Building and branding of its unique cultural identity with iconic sites and magni fi cent monuments in each region of India, including its World Heritage Sites that narrate its rich, complex and layered history. Local level – to manual the sustainable improvement of its ancient towns and websites on the nearby degree linking at once with reuse and socio-monetary advantages to the community. *Please refer to this link for the list of World Heritage sites.
  • 5. 1. Ajanta Caves Famous for Buddhist Rock-cut Cave Monuments. It is richly decorated with Paintings and Frescoes like Sigiriya Paintings. 2. Ellora Caves Jain and Hindu Temples and Monasteries. These caves were excavated out of Hills, and it is a rock-cut Architecture. 3. Agra Fort This is one of the most prominent monumental structures by the Mughal empire. 4. Taj Mahal This is one of the Seven Wonders of the World. King Shahjahan had built this structure in the memory of his third wife Begum Mumtaz Mahal. 5. Sun Temple This temple is famous for the traditional style of Kalinga Architecture. 6. Mahabalipuram Monuments This monument is famous for the Mahabalipuram Largest. Open Air Rock Relief, Mandapas, Chariot Temples, It is a Pallava Dynasty Architecture. Heritage Sites in India
  • 6. 7. Kaziranga National Park Famous for Worlds 2/3rd population of Great One-Horned Rhinoceroses. It has the highest density of Tigers in the World, Wild Water Bu ff alo, Elephants, Swamp Deer, and the park is also recognized as the Important Bird Area. 8. Keoladeo National Park This National Park is popular for Man-Made Wetland Bird Sanctuary, Hotspot for Ornithologists, and Siberian Cranes. 9. Manas Wildlife Sanctuary This sanctuary is famous for Project Tiger Reserve, Biosphere Reserve and Elephant Reserve 10. Churches and Convents of Goa It is famous for Rome of the Orient, First Manueline, Mannerist and Baroque Art Forms in Asia, First Latin Rite Mass in Asia. 11. Monuments of Khajuraho This monument is popular for a group of Jain and Hindu Temples. It is situated 175 km southeast of Jhansi. Well known for their Nagara sty symbolism and erotic Figures and sculptures. 12. Monuments of Hampi Prosperous kingdom of Vijayanagar. The ruins at Hampi depict the fi ne Dravidian style of art and architecture. The most important heritage monument in this site is the Virupaksha Temple.
  • 7. 13. Fatehpur Sikri It structure constitutes of four main Monuments. The Jama Masjid, The Buland Darwaza, Panch Mahal or Jada Baai ka Mahal, Diwane-Khas, and Diwan-eaam. 14. Elephanta Caves It is popular for Buddhist and Hindu caves. It is situated on Island in the Arabian Sea. And has Basal Rock Caves, and Shiva Temples. 15. Great Living Chola Temples This temple is popular for Chola Architecture, Sculpture, Painting, and Bronze Casting. 16. Pattadakal Monuments It is popular for its Chalukya style of architecture that originated in Aihole and blended with the Nagara and Dravidian styles of architecture. 17. Sundarbans National Park This National Park is popular as Biosphere Reserve, Largest Estuarine Mangrove Forest, Bengal Tiger, and Salt-Water Crocodile. 18. Nanda Devi & Valley of Flowers National Park It is famous for Snow Leopard, Asiatic Black Bear, Brown Bear, Blue Sheep, and Himalayan Monal, World Network of Biosphere
  • 8. 19. Monuments of Buddha It is popular for Monolithic Pillars, Palaces, Monasteries, Temples Mauryan Architecture, Ye Dharma Hetu Inscriptions. 20. Humayun’s Tomb It is popular for the Precursors to the Taj Mahal and Mughal Architecture. It constitutes a Tomb, a Pavilion, any Water Channels, and A Bath 21. Qutub Minar and its Monuments Includes Qutub Minar, Alai Darwaza, Alai Minar, Qubbat-ul-Islam Mosque, Tomb of Iltumish, and Iron Pillar. 22. Mountain Railways of Darjeeling, Kalka Shimla & Nilgiri The mountain railways of India comprise of the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, the Nilgiri Mountain Railway, and the Kalka-Shimla. 23. Mahabodhi Temple An important religious center for the Buddhists as this was the place where Mahatma Buddha attained enlightenment. Bodh Gaya is considered as the holiest pilgrimage spot for the Buddhists. 24. Bhimbetka It is famous for Rock Paintings within Natural Rock Shelters, Stone Age Inscriptions, Sitting Place of Bhima (Mahabharata). 25. Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus It is popular for central Railways Headquarters, Terror Attacks on Mumbai in 2008, Gothic Style Architecture. 26. ChampanerPavagadhArchaeological Park This place is the only complete and unchanged Islamic pre-Mughal city. The park also houses some of the ancient Chalcolithic Indian Sites, from the Stone Age era.
  • 9. 27. Red Fort It is popular for Shahjahanabad, Persian, Timuri and Indian Architectural Styles, Red Sandstone Architecture, Moti Masjid. 28. Jantar Mantar Famous for Architectural Astronomical Instruments, Maharaja Jai Singh II, Largest of its kind Observatory. 29. The Western Ghats Famous for Among World’s Ten “Hottest Biodiversity Hotspots”. Includes many National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, and Reserve Forests. 30. Hill Forts This place is famous for its unique Rajput Military Defense Architecture. It includes six majestic forts in Chittorgarh, Kumbhalgarh, Ranthambore Fort, Gagron Fort, Amber Fort, and Jaisalmer Fort. 31. Rani Ki Vav It is an explicit example of fi ne Ancient Indian architecture which is constructed during the time of the Solanki dynasty. 32. Great Himalayan National Park It is home to about 375 fauna species and several fl oral species, including some very rarespecies of plants and animals such as blue sheep, snow leopard, Himalayan brown bear, Himalayan Tahr, musk deer spruces, horse chestnuts, and huge alpine meadows. It is a part of the Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspots.
  • 10. 33. Nalanda A centre of learning and a Buddhist monastery from the 3rd century BCE to the 13th century CE. 34. Khangchendzonga National Park The national park is famous for its fauna and fl ora, with snow leopard being occasionally sighted. 35. Architectural Work of Le Corbusier (Capitol Complex) Recognized as a World Heritage Site as part of an outstanding contribution to the Modern Movement. 36. The Historic City A walled city on the banks of Sabarmati where communities following Hinduism, Islam, and Jainism have co-existed for centuries. 37. Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles It is a collection of 94 buildings of great cultural importance, located in the Fort Area of Mumbai. 38. The Pink City Jaipur is home to many magni fi cent forts, palaces, temples, and museums and also fi lled to the brim with local handicrafts and trinkets.
  • 11. 39. Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple The Ramappa Temple is situated in Palampet Village, Telangana. The temple is estimated to be at least 800 to 900 years old. The temple is especially known for lightweight porous bricks which are known as fl oating bricks 40. Dholavira Dholavira is an architectural site situated in the Kutch district of Gujarat. It is one of the most prominent Indus Valley Civilisation sites.... Read more at: https://currenta ff airs.adda247.com/unesco-world-heritage-sites-in-india/
  • 13. De fi ning physical boundaries – the property and the setting Protecting and sharing heritage require management strategies that de fi ne and monitor property boundaries but also address the setting in which the property is located. For World Heritage properties, this could be a precisely identi fi ed and regulated bu ff er zone or it might extend to include a larger ‘area of in fl uence’. The values of the property, and above all the OUV, are the primary parameters for de fi ning the physical area(s) that management strategies need to address and for de fi ning the varying levels of control necessary across those areas. Distant views from the property (for example, the view of the volcano Vesuvius from Pompeii in Italy) or views of the property from certain arrival routes (e.g. the Taj Mahal in India) could be important to maintaining values. However, other parameters will in fl uence the de fi nition of the physical area(s), including: • the type of threats and their relative timeframes (e.g. the impact of vandalism, uncontrolled development of the built environment, climate change); the extent to which the management strategy involves local communities and other stakeholders (a successful participatory approach can permit reduced levels of control); • the extent to which the management system embraces sustainable management practice. This recognition that physical boundaries are no longer where the property boundary falls but are in fact a series of layers undoubtedly favours protection, but it creates new management challenges. It is also an acknowledgement that heritage places depend on their setting World Heritage Management
  • 14. Placing Heritage concerns in a broader framework The expanding concept of heritage and the increased importance given to how heritage places relate to their surroundings mark an important shift in thinking. Heritage places cannot be protected in isolation or as museum pieces, isolated from natural and man-made disasters or from land-use planning considerations. Nor can they be separated from development activities, isolated from social changes that are occurring, or separated from the concerns of the communities. Indeed, only fairly recently has the international community begun to appreciate the importance of conserving cultural heritage as places where social and cultural factors have been and continue to be important in shaping them, rather than as a series of monuments o ff ering physical evidence of the past The wider scope of heritage nowadays has led to many more players or stakeholders being involved in its management. This means that heritage practitioners cannot act independently and without reference to other stakeholders. It is essential that the heritage bodies work with other stakeholders as far as possible to develop and implement an agreed vision and policies for managing each heritage place within its broader physical and social context. This places a high premium on collaborative working and the full and transparent involvement of stakeholders that is recommended in the OG. Any management system, including the development and implementation of a management plan, needs to provide for this. The wider obligations of heritage management Multiple objectives now characterise the management of most cultural properties. This means that a wide array of institutional and organisational frameworks (and obstacles), social outlooks, forms of knowledge, values (both for present and future generations, often con fl icting) and other factors need to be evaluated. These factors often work in a complex mesh and establishing and maintaining suitable management approaches is all the more di ffi cult. Overcoming this challenge is vital for the future of the cultural property being managed.
  • 16. An inclusive approach Increased participation is necessary to address such multiple objectives: greater complexity requires advances in management practice. It should not, however, be assumed that a topdown approach is the only way to handle multiple issues. The term ‘management’ has been used in a very broad way in the heritage sector: as issues become more complex, there is a need to be more precise. Management approaches must accommodate the shift (which has only emerged very recently in many parts of the world) to a wider, more inclusive approach to heritage management and to a greater emphasis on community engagement. Though prepared for natural sites, the ‘new paradigm for protected areas’ developed by Adrian Phillips and re-presented in the IUCN Guidelines for Management Planning of Protected Areas6 in 2003 highlights very e ff ectively the increased importance placed in recent years on a wider, more inclusive approach to heritage management and on community engagement. (In some parts of the world this was already happening.) Much of this guidance applies to cultural sites too. Culture and heritage have been a major part of travel as their contribution to a tourism destination is appealing. Recently, heritage tourism is the fastest-growing segment of the tourism industry as the volume of tourists seeking adventure, culture, history, archeology, and interaction with local people is increasing. Heritage tourism gives positive economic and social impacts, establishes and reinforces identity, and helps preserve the cultural heritage. However, as the volume of traveling rises, there are negative impacts on local communities in heritage sites that create tensions and con fl icts among di ff erent stakeholders. Therefore, understanding the tourism policymakers’ view and local people’s awareness of tourism impacts is not only useful in the conservation of a heritage site, but it also contributes to promote the image of that destination and balance the stakeholders’ bene fi ts. Impact of tourism on heritage sites Tourism is often perceived as a threat to conservation of World Heritage. In fact, tourism is a platform and a vehicle for presenting heritage to the public, conserving it and guaranteeing its economic and social viability. Hence, tourism is in most cases a balancing mechanism that keeps and protects the heritage itself.
  • 17. Historic City of Ahmadabad The walled city of Ahmadabad, founded by Sultan Ahmad Shah in the 15th century, on the eastern bank of the Sabarmati river, presents a rich architectural heritage from the sultanate period, notably the Bhadra citadel, the walls and gates of the Fort city and numerous mosques and tombs as well as important Hindu and Jain temples of later periods. The urban fabric is made up of densely- packed traditional houses (pols) in gated traditional streets (puras) with characteristic features such as bird feeders, public wells and religious institutions. The city continued to fl ourish as the capital of the State of Gujarat for six centuries, up to the present. Outstanding Universal Value This heritage is associated with the complementary traditions embodied in other religious buildings and the old city’s very rich domestic wooden architecture with its distinctive “havelis” (neighbourhoods), “pols” (gated residential main streets), and khadkis (inner entrances to the pols) as the main constituents. The timber-based architecture of the historic city is of exceptional signi fi cance and is the most unique aspect of its heritage. The presence of institutions belonging to many religions (Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism, Jainism, Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Judaism) makes the historic urban structure of Ahmadabad an exceptional and unique example of multicultural coexistence. Criterion (ii): the Sultanate rulers recycled the parts and elements of local religious buildings to reassemble those into building of mosques i the city. Many new mosques were also built in the manner of smaller edi fi ces with maximum use of local craftsmen and masons, allowing them the full freedom to employ their indigenous craftsmanship. Therefore, the resultant architecture developed a unique provincial Sultanate idiom unknown in other parts of the subcontinent where local traditions and crafts were accepted in religious buildings of Islam, even if they did not strictly follow the tenets for Islamic religious buildings. The monuments of Sultanate period thus provide a unique phase of development of architecture and technology for monumental arts during the 15th century period of history of western India.
  • 18. Criterion (v): Ahmadabad city’s settlement planning in a hierarchy of living environment, with streets as also community spaces, is representative of the local wisdom and sense of strong community bondage. The house is a self-su ffi cient unit with its own provisions for water, sanitation and climatic control (the court yard as the focus). Its image and its conception with religious symbolism expressed through wood carving and canonical bearings is an ingenious example of habitat. This, when adopted by the community as an acceptable agreeable form, generated an entire settlement pattern with community needs expressed in its public spaces at the settlement level and composed the self-su ffi cient gated street “pol”. Thus Ahmadabad’s settlement patterns of neighbouring close-packed pol provide an outstanding example of human habitation. Integrity Conditions of integrity in the historic city, including topography and geomorphology, are still retained to a large degree. The hydrology and natural features have been subjected to changes due to progressive implementation of infrastructure by the local authorities. Its built environment, both historic and contemporary, has been also subjected to the changes and growth in terms of city’s population and community aspirations. Its infrastructure above and below ground also has been successively added and/or expanded as the need grew. Its open spaces and gardens, its land use patterns and spatial organization have largely remained unchanged as the footprints of earlier times have not been changed very much, perceptions and visual relationships (both internal and external); building heights and massing as well as all other elements of the urban character, fabric and structure have undergone change in most cases fi tting within the existing historic limits and massing although some aberrations have occurred over a process of time. Authenticity The settlement architecture of Ahmadabad represents a strong sense of character of its conception through domestic buildings. The wooden architecture so prominently preferred is unique to the city. The entire settlement form is very ‘organic’ in its function considering its climatic response for year round comforts for the inhabitants. The construction of the fort, the three gates at the end of the Maidan-e-Shahi and the Jama Masjid, with a large maidan on its north and south, were the fi rst acts of Sultan Ahmed Shah to establish this Islamic town. On either side of the Maidan-e-Shahi and on the periphery around the Jama Masjid, the suburbs came up in succeeding phases of development.
  • 19. The concept of ‘Mahajan’ (nobility-guild) where all the people irrespective of their religious beliefs joined created a culture of society where there was a great sense of wellbeing and of sharing. This was also observed in other prominent communities of Islamic and Hindu-Jain followers. The community bondage was the intrinsic duty of all people as a response to healthy co-existence. Markets were organized on this basis and all the merchants and traders became its part. Protection and management requirements Ahmadabad includes 28 monuments listed by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), one monument listed by the State Department of Archaeology (SDA), and 2,696 important buildings protected by the Heritage Department at the Ahmadabad Municipal Corporation (AMC).Monuments listed by the ASI enjoy legal protection at the national level via the Antiquities and Art Treasures Act, 1972, and the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958, and Amendment & Validation Act, 2010 (AMASR). The monument listed by the SDA is of regional signi fi cance and is protected by AMASR.The buildings and sites listed by the AMC (components of the walled historic city) are protected as a zone with special regulations by the development plan of Ahmadabad Urban Development Authority (AUDA). The aim of the management plan is to ensure protection and enhancement of the Outstanding Universal Value of Historic City of Ahmadabad while promoting sustainable development using the Historic Urban Landscape approach. It aims at integrating cultural heritage conservation and sustainable urban development of historic areas as a key component of all decision-making processes at the city, agglomeration and larger territorial level. The Local Area Plan should be completed and implemented as part of the Heritage Conservation Plan, with a special focus on conservation of wooden historic houses. A comprehensive and accurate documentation of the historic buildings of the property should be conducted, particularly the privately- owned timber houses, according to accepted international standards of documentation of historic buildings for conservation and management purposes.
  • 20. Walled city of Ahmedabad
  • 21. Jaipur Heritage Management plan The City of Jaipur is an exceptional urban example in indigenous city planning and construction in South Asia. Jaipur was conceived and developed in a single phase in the 18th century with a grid-iron model inspired from the Prastara plan of the Vastu Shastra, treatise of traditional Hindu architecture. This town plan later became a trendsetter for many 19th Century CE towns in Rajasthan State and India. Built under the patronage of Sawai Raja Jai Singh II (rule 1700 – 1743 CE), a project approach was taken towards the city construction where most of the city infrastructure, public and royal spaces were completed within a span of four years, from 1727 – 1731 CE . Unlike other medieval cities of the region, Jaipur was deliberately planned as a new city on the plains open for trade as opposed to hilly terrain and military cities of past, though its planning still ensured a response to the surrounding hill tops in all directions. The site selected within the valley that lay to the south of Amber hills was comparatively fl at and unmarred by any previous construction. It was also adequately protected, nestled within hills having an array of forts and defense posts. Thus, the new city could be planned as an inviting trade and commerce city with an ambitious vision of the ruler Sawai Jai Singh II and his architect- planner Vidyadhar. Envisaged as a trade capital, the main avenues of the city were designed as markets, which remain characteristic bazaars of the city till date. Chaupar, or designed large public squares at the intersection of roads, is another feature that is distinct to Jaipur as are its single to multicourt havelis and haveli temples. Besides an exemplary planning, its iconic monuments such as the Govind Dev temple, City Palace, Jantar Mantar and Hawa Mahal excel in artistic and architectural craftsmanship of the period. Criterion (ii): Jaipur is an exemplary development in town planning and architecture that demonstrates amalgamation and important interchange of several ideas over the late medieval period. It shows an interchange of ancient Hindu, Mughal and contemporary Western ideas that resulted in the customised layout of the city. It is said that Raja Jai Singh arrived at the fi nal layout after a thorough analysis of several town plans sourced from across the globe. Following the grid-iron plan prevalent in the west but the zoning as per traditional notions, superimposed by the desire to be seen at par with Mughal cities, showcased a political will to de fi ne new concepts for a thriving trade and commerce hub that became a norm for the later towns in the adjoining Shekhawati region and others parts of Western India.
  • 22. Criterion (iv): Jaipur clearly represents a dramatic departure from extant medieval cities with its ordered, grid-like structure – broad streets, crisscrossing at right angles, earmarked sites for buildings, palaces, havelis, temples and gardens, neighbourhoods designated for caste and occupation. The main markets, shops, havelis and temples on the main streets were constructed by the state, thus ensuring that a uniform street facade is maintained in Jaipur. The city planning of Jaipur remains a unique response to the terrain that amalgamates ideas from the ancient Indian treatise to contemporary global town plans and Imperial Mughal architecture to fi nally produce a monumental urban form unparalleled in its scale and magni fi cence for its times. Criterion (vi): Historically, the city is said to have housed “chattis karkhanas” (36 industries) majority of which included crafts like gemstones, lac jewellery, stone idols, miniature paintings and others each with a speci fi ed street and market designed for each craft that continues to date. During 19th century, the local crafts received further momentum with British period in fl uences in special exhibitions held in UK, establishment of institutions such as Rajasthan School of Arts and Albert Hall Museum. While the local traditions of guilds continued, formal institutions for crafts, policies and programmes by Government and private sector further contributed to national and international recognition of Jaipur crafts in the 20th and 21st centuries. The continuing building crafts of Jaipur contribute much to the conservation works of the city and the renowned craftsmen from Jaipur continue to conserve and restore historic structures across many cities in India. Integrity The nominated area of the historic walled city of Jaipur within the walls and the gates conforms to integrity of all the attributes (18th century town plan, iconic monuments, urban form, gates, bazars and streets) identi fi ed for its nomination as a World Heritage Site. All components and elements that contribute to the potential Outstanding Universal Value of the property are within this nominated area and intact in all respects. The city walls and gates including all major monuments and bazars remain in original condition despite increasing development pressures. Aspects such as underground Metro lines have been incorporated on the East West axis with due consideration that the architectural icons and urban character of the walled city area remain unchanged.
  • 23. Authenticity The spatial organization of the historic walled city of Jaipur continues to re fl ect the 18th century grid-iron plan. The architectural components like the gates and city walls, bazaars, chaupars and chowkris, historic structures, havelis, religious buildings, and water structures; retain the urban ensemble of the walled city of Jaipur as conceived from 18th to early 20th centuries. The materials and substance are largely retained as per original primarily lime and stone. Even the bazaars (market areas) have been recently conserved using traditional materials. In some cases, the 20th century structures use cement concrete but retain the original architectural vocabulary. The use and function of most royal and public spaces and monuments is now adapted to contemporary requirement of a public monument visited by all. While the shops, temples and private houses largely retain their original use and continue to function in the same manner. The boundaries of the nominated property conform to the original 18th century plans of Sawai Jai Singh II and align well with the surrounding topography as well as the original vision for this planned city. The bu ff er zone area of the nominated property conforms to the surrounding landmarks and natural terrain that were used as reference points to mark the ground plan of the city including Ganeshgarh in the north, hills of Galtaji in the East, Nahargarh and Hathroi in the west and Shankergarh in the south. As the Jaipur Heritage Management Plan has been implemented in various phases and synchronized with other plans, a comprehensive management strategy with an action plan protecting the attributes identi fi ed in the OUV and the criteria is devised to serve as an extension to Jaipur Heritage Management Plan for the management and monitoring of the nominated property. The action plan has been formulated taking into consideration the attributes identi fi ed under criterion ii, v and vi; and how these attributes of the architectural style, grid- iron plan, town planning principles, traditional house forms, iconic monuments, living traditions and artistic works can be protected and safeguarded.
  • 24. Protection and management requirements The Municipalities Act of 2009 (amendment) and Jaipur Building Byelaws 1970 guide the architectural control on urban character of Jaipur which has helped in retaining the original architectural form of the bazaars. As per Jaipur Master Plan 2025, the walled city area is a specially designated heritage zone and any work related to Heritage Conservation is guided by detailed heritage management plans and project reports implemented through mandated government agencies. The Jaipur Heritage Management Plan (2007) provides the vision for Jaipur Heritage and is legislated through the Jaipur Master Plan 2025 (see Annexure II, i). The nominated property will be managed as per overall guidelines and framework outlined in MDP 2025 under Section 2- Development Plan for U1 Area. The Walled City falls under the U1 Area and the plan will take into cognizance all other past and ongoing plans for the nominated property. Walled city has been recognized as a special area for Heritage Conservation under Development Plan for U1 Area and shares the vision outlined in the Jaipur Heritage Management Plan 2007. As the Jaipur Heritage Management Plan has been implemented in various phases and synchronized with other plans, a comprehensive management strategy with an action plan protecting the attributes identi fi ed in the OUV and the criteria is devised to serve as an extension to Jaipur Heritage Management Plan for the management and monitoring of the nominated property. The action plan has been formulated taking into consideration the attributes identi fi ed under criterion ii, v and vi; and how these attributes of the architectural style, grid- iron plan, town planning principles, traditional house forms, iconic monuments, living traditions and artistic works can be protected and safeguarded.
  • 25. Walled city of Jaipur
  • 26. MUZIRIS HERITAGE CONSERVATION PROJECT The Muziris Heritage is mind-boggling in the sheer range and grandeur of a period of history it attempts to recreate. Like a time capsule, it takes tourists, history/culture enthusiasts, researchers and connoisseurs alike to a world that was linked by shared interests in trade, religions and cultures. The Muziris Heritage Site conjures up a bygone era and ethos that Muziris embodied, by taking the present generation to the shores where St Thomas fi rst arrived in order to spread Christianity in India; the fi rst mosque which resounded with the Muslim call for prayers; the Bhagavathy temples where animal sacri fi ces once prevailed; the Jewish synagogues where Hebrew prayers were chanted; the old palaces and royal residences within whose walls edicts were issued, treaties signed, and stratagems plotted – in all their recreated splendour. The Muziris Heritage Project aims to revive popular interest in a region which lost its glory centuries ago. Through the project, we will be able to travel back in time to a place where vibrant cultures of the East and the West met, and see the palaces of Prime Ministers of the erstwhile kingdom of Cochin, the forts built by the Portuguese that played strategic roles in wars, the Indo-Dutch architectural structures along the streets and the places where various cultures thrived through the centuries. In short, it will give us glimpses of a magni fi cent past. The Government of Kerala initiated the Muziris Heritage Project to reinstate the historical and cultural signi fi cance of the legendary port of Muziris. The region is dotted with numerous monuments of a bygone era that conjure up a vast and vivid past. The entire project is designed to involve and integrate the local community in all its intended developmental initiatives. The preservation-cum-tourism project of Muziris also provides timeline tours, culture tours, museum tours, backwater cruises, etc.
  • 27. Muziris, in the Ernakulam and Thrissur districts of Kerala, was an active port in the 1st century BC where Chinese, Arabs, Jews, Greeks, and Romans came to trade. Similarly, although the Portuguese, Dutch, and British too initially came to trade, they soon became part of the internal power struggles between Travancore, Kochi, Calicut, and the Mysore kingdoms, and eventually went on to become colonizers. All of them have left their imprints on the region. The historical monuments and materials made available through recent excavations establish it as a unique location to tell the story of 3000 years of Kerala, a story of coexistence and sharing. The Government of Kerala has initiated the Muziris Heritage Project to reinstate the historical and cultural signi fi cance of the legendary port of Muziris. The region is dotted with numerous monuments of a bygone era that conjure up a vast and vivid past. The entire project is designed to involve and integrate the local community in all intended developmental initiatives. Project highlights • The largest heritage conservation project in India • The fi rst Green Project of the Government of Kerala • Involvement of multiple Government Departments and convergence • More than 25 museums to appreciate the Muziris Heritage • A research and academic institution to support the project • Major improvements in infrastructure • Integration with local communities through native resource persons for data collection, survey etc
  • 28. Project objectives • To promote awareness and understanding of the cultural distinctiveness and diversity of Muziris • To conserve cultural assets and safeguard them for the present and future generations • To practice and promote sustainable development • To promote participative approach towards conservation and restoration • To ensure accessibility for all • To include the heritage of Muziris in regional educational programmes • To integrate and heritage management for mutual synergy