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On „Political Institutions‟




             Prof. Lourdes Veneracion-Rallonza, PhD
                      Department of Political Science
                        Ateneo De Manila University
Two stories…

   'Community-based'              ‘Adversarial’


 Collective binding-        Creation of legitimacy
  decisions to regulate      Implementing ruler‟s
  common interest             will
 Implementing               disputes
  decisions                  Actions against those
 Interpretation of rules     who challenge rules
 punishment
Basic Types of Institutions

 Rule-making
 Rule-applying/enforcing
 Rule adjudicating
Discourses

 Normative
 - justice, equality, rights
 - „discursive political institutions‟ as representation
 of various currents of perspectives
 - discussion, deliberation, and negotiation
 - discover common principles that should prevail in
 society
 - “just political institutions generate just societies”
 (John Rawls)
Discourses

 ‘Quantified’
 - „tragedy of Political Science‟ (David Ricci)
 - mass data and policy analysis
 - technical concepts that are measurable: „attitude,‟
 „cognition,‟ „socialization,‟ „system‟

   o    Structural-functional: functions (institutions emerge to solve
       societies‟ recurring problems)
   o    Historical-institutionalism: impact of „historical moment‟
       (distribution of power and influence by various groups)
   o   Economic: rational choice (utility-maximizing individuals)
So, what are „political institutions‟?

 Formal: “arrangements for aggregating individuals
 and regulating their behavior through the use of
 explicit rules and decision processes enforced by an
 actor or set of actors formally recognized as
 possessing such power” (Levi 1990)

 Informal: unwritten rules such as „customs,‟
 „culture,‟ „habits,‟ „social norms‟ (March and Olsen
 1989; Scharpf 1989; Hall 1986)
What do „political institutions‟ do: two end points
                                of the continuum…

 Economic approach
  - individual preferences
  - „logic of exchange‟ (change of strategy but not
  preference)
  - collective choice
 Cultural/Sociological
  - preference based on situation
  - „logic of appropriateness‟ (locating the self and
  appropriate action in a particular situation)
„Political institutions‟ and Change

 Product of unintended consequence
 Evolution „survival‟ of the most necessary
 Institutional design by strategic agents
 Ultimate question: structure vs. agency
Governments as Political
Institutions: Basic Types
I. Based on the ‘number of people ruling’



  # of Person/s    Ruling for   Ruling for SELF-
    ‘Ruling’      INTEREST        INTEREST
                  of OTHERS
      One          Monarchy         Tyranny

      Few         Aristocracy      Oligarchy

     Many           Polity         Democracy
II. Based on the relationship between the
Executive and Legislative branches


 •Presidential
   - close relations

 •Parliamentary
   - politics of competition
III. Based scope of power of the national
government

 Unitary government
 - from the Greek word „unitas‟
 - (usually) there is centralization of power

 Federal government
 - from the Greek word „feoderis‟
 - decentralization of power
IV. Based on ‘ideological’ labels/categories

 Democratic government – perfect
  democracy, democracy, limited democracy
 Non-democratic government –
  authoritarian, totalitarian, perfect
  totalitarian
        Spectrum of Government Power

Perfect democracy             Perfect Totalitarianism
„Democratic‟ Experience: Some Variations

     CATEGORY                   ATTRIBUTE


     Party System           2-party vs. multi-party


  Legislative Assembly     Unicameral vs. bicameral


 Government Structure       Unitarian vs. Federalist


   Central Authority     Parliamentary vs. Presidential


   Local Government             Weak vs. strong
Focus: Philippine Context

 Branches and constitutional contexts
 Recurring themes: unitary vs. federal, presidential
 vs. parliamentary, centralized vs. decentralized

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On ‘Political Institutions’

  • 1. On „Political Institutions‟ Prof. Lourdes Veneracion-Rallonza, PhD Department of Political Science Ateneo De Manila University
  • 2.
  • 3. Two stories… 'Community-based' ‘Adversarial’  Collective binding-  Creation of legitimacy decisions to regulate  Implementing ruler‟s common interest will  Implementing  disputes decisions  Actions against those  Interpretation of rules who challenge rules  punishment
  • 4. Basic Types of Institutions  Rule-making  Rule-applying/enforcing  Rule adjudicating
  • 5. Discourses  Normative - justice, equality, rights - „discursive political institutions‟ as representation of various currents of perspectives - discussion, deliberation, and negotiation - discover common principles that should prevail in society - “just political institutions generate just societies” (John Rawls)
  • 6. Discourses  ‘Quantified’ - „tragedy of Political Science‟ (David Ricci) - mass data and policy analysis - technical concepts that are measurable: „attitude,‟ „cognition,‟ „socialization,‟ „system‟ o Structural-functional: functions (institutions emerge to solve societies‟ recurring problems) o Historical-institutionalism: impact of „historical moment‟ (distribution of power and influence by various groups) o Economic: rational choice (utility-maximizing individuals)
  • 7. So, what are „political institutions‟?  Formal: “arrangements for aggregating individuals and regulating their behavior through the use of explicit rules and decision processes enforced by an actor or set of actors formally recognized as possessing such power” (Levi 1990)  Informal: unwritten rules such as „customs,‟ „culture,‟ „habits,‟ „social norms‟ (March and Olsen 1989; Scharpf 1989; Hall 1986)
  • 8. What do „political institutions‟ do: two end points of the continuum…  Economic approach - individual preferences - „logic of exchange‟ (change of strategy but not preference) - collective choice  Cultural/Sociological - preference based on situation - „logic of appropriateness‟ (locating the self and appropriate action in a particular situation)
  • 9. „Political institutions‟ and Change  Product of unintended consequence  Evolution „survival‟ of the most necessary  Institutional design by strategic agents  Ultimate question: structure vs. agency
  • 11. I. Based on the ‘number of people ruling’ # of Person/s Ruling for Ruling for SELF- ‘Ruling’ INTEREST INTEREST of OTHERS One Monarchy Tyranny Few Aristocracy Oligarchy Many Polity Democracy
  • 12. II. Based on the relationship between the Executive and Legislative branches •Presidential - close relations •Parliamentary - politics of competition
  • 13. III. Based scope of power of the national government  Unitary government - from the Greek word „unitas‟ - (usually) there is centralization of power  Federal government - from the Greek word „feoderis‟ - decentralization of power
  • 14. IV. Based on ‘ideological’ labels/categories  Democratic government – perfect democracy, democracy, limited democracy  Non-democratic government – authoritarian, totalitarian, perfect totalitarian Spectrum of Government Power Perfect democracy Perfect Totalitarianism
  • 15. „Democratic‟ Experience: Some Variations CATEGORY ATTRIBUTE Party System 2-party vs. multi-party Legislative Assembly Unicameral vs. bicameral Government Structure Unitarian vs. Federalist Central Authority Parliamentary vs. Presidential Local Government Weak vs. strong
  • 16. Focus: Philippine Context  Branches and constitutional contexts  Recurring themes: unitary vs. federal, presidential vs. parliamentary, centralized vs. decentralized