1. Impact of Bird Flu on Animal Industry
Speaker
Dr chandan kumar

2. Overview
Introduction Impact on Poultry industry
Epidemiology Why India at risk?
Geographical distribution Status in India
Avian Influenza World Scenario
Forms of AI Human beings at risk
Transmission Preventive measures
Importance of H5N1 National and International
Clinical Signs Organizations in response to
AI
Conclusions

3. Introduction
Avian influenza/Fowl plague/Fowl pest
Zoonotic Disease (apparently)
Notifiable disease by OIE
ETIOLOGY:-
Influenza virus
Family- Orthomyxoviridae
Genera- Type-A (Poultry, Wild birds, Swine, Horses
Human beings, Sporadic cases in Cats)
Type-B
Type-C Affect only human beings

4. Epidemiology
 First case in Italy (1887)
World wide distribution
 RESERVOIRS:-
Free flying aquatic birds, ducks, geese. shore birds, gulls
 Isolation of virus from many avian species (ducks, geese, fowl,
mynah, crow, swan, parrots, sea birds)
 Pig –Mixing vessel (for avian and mammalian influenza viruses)
(Villamonds and Chandra,2001)
 Cases of bird flu in cats in Thailand, Germany and Australia with
H5N1 in 2005.
(Kuiken,2006)
 Cases of bid flu in dogs in U.S.A. with H5N1 in 2004 and 2005 .
(Butler,2006)

5. Geographical Distribution
(WHO 2008)

7. LPAI HPAI
Strain H1-H16 Especially H5N1
Clinical signs –less Clinical signs- more
pronounced pronounced
Very less mortality High mortality up to 100%
Not in OIE list A disease OIE list A notifiable disease
(Villamonds and Chandra,2001)

8. Animal Transmission
Initial source of infection
Other poultry, migratory water fowl, pet birds
Fecal to oral route is common mode.
Infected equipments, waterers, feeders, gunny bags,
curtains, shoes, etc.
Contaminated eggs in incubator.
No vertical transmission.
(Villamonds and Chandra,2001)

9. Human Transmission
Direct contact with infected chickens.
Inhalation of dust generated from infected
poultry faeces.
Eating of improper cooked meat and eggs.
If the virus mutates and combines with a human
influenza virus, it could be spread through
person-to-person transmission in the same way
the ordinary human flu virus spreads.
(WWW.WHO.INT)

10. Importance of H5N1
First H5N1 strain (HPAI) in geese in southern china in
1996.
It has done great economic losses in many countries.
This strain has produced fatal zoonotic disease in human
beings and can lead to global influenza pandemic.
Majority of human population has no immunity to H5N1.
From 2003 onwards the disease spread widely ,initially
through East and South East Asia in 2003-04 and then
Middle East ,Europe ,Africa and South Asia in 2005-06.
Migratory birds played major role in spread of disease.
(WWW.FAO.ORG)

11. H1
H2
N1
N2
Subtypes of Influenza A
H3 N3 Virus
H4 N4
H5 N5  Many subtypes (16H and 9N)
H6 N6 H 16 is discovered recently.
H7 N7
H8 N8 HxNy- 144 combinations
H9 N9 (Fouchier et al.,2005)
H10
 Subtypes that usually infect
H11 birds but that have also
H12 caused infections in humans:
H13 H5N1, H7N7, and H9N2
(Nicholson and Lancet, 2003)
H14
H15

13. Clinical Signs
 Sudden death.
 Lack of energy and appetite.
 Decreased egg production.
 Soft-shelled or misshapen
eggs.
 Swelling of the head.
 Purple discoloration of the
skin.
 Nasal discharge.
 Coughing, sneezing.
 Lack of coordination and
diarrhoea.
(Villamonds and Chandra,2001)

14. Impact on poultry industry
Losses due to culling operations.
 Decrease in egg and meat prices.
 Loss of livelihood of small holder farmers.
 Temporary shift towards other sources of proteins.
 Loss of consumer confidence.
 Discouragement of people towards poultry farming.
 Severe demand shock for service sectors.
 Shifting of trades towards cooked poultry meat.
 Export ban on poultry products.
(Burgos and Burgos, 2007)

15. Why India at risk
 Due to entrance of migratory birds.
 Sharing of boundaries with affected countries.
 Duck farming adjacent to rice farming.
 Backyard farming.
(WWW.FRONTLINE.IN)

16. Status in India
 Total outbreaks – 10
(WHO,2008)
 Mainly 6 states are affected.
Maharashtra
Gujarat 2006
Madhya Pradesh
Manipur 2007
West Bengal
Tripura 2008
(WWW.FRONTLINE.IN)

17. Maharashtra
 First outbreak in Navapur (18 feb.2006)
 H5N1 strain affected 50 poultry farms at
Navapur, initially it was diagnosed as
NCD.
(WWW.WHO.INT)
 Culling of 3 lakhs birds with in 3 K.M.
radius of affected area.
(Govt. of Maharashtra)
 Second outbreak in Jalgaon, then spread
to Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh.

18.  Large commercial farms were affected.
 Chicken prices Rs. 32/kg to Rs.1 in Pune,Rs.5
in Mumbai and Rs. 15 in coimbatore.
 Main reason of spread of disease
Affected farms did not notify the
officials in time due to commercial
reasons.
 Origin of virus
Due to migratory birds
Relation with Chinese outbreak in
Dec.2005.
(WWW.FRONTLINE.IN)

19. Manipur
Confirmation of outbreak with H5N1 strain on
25 July 2007.
Culling of 1.85 lakhs birds with in range 0-5
kms from affected zone.
Entrance of virus from Myanmar through 1600
kms long porous border.
(TIMES OF INDIA,2007)

20. West Bengal
 Confirmation of bird flu by HSADL, Bhopal and
National institute of virology, Pune on 15
Jan.2008.
 One week time was taken to confirm the
disease.
 Strain – H5N1 (HPAI)
 Possibilities of origin of virus:
Through migratory birds
By movement of poultry through the
highly porous 2216 kms border with

21. (Union Ministry of Agriculture)

22. Economic losses in West Bengal
 Predominantly backyard poultry was affected.
 Kolkata market hit
Chicken prices Rs.65/kg to Rs.40
Mutton prices Rs.180/kg to Rs.220
 About 45 lakhs poultry population perished
1.5 lakhs from mortality
39 lakhs from culling operations
 Total loss around Rs.150 crores.

23. >>>
1.Compensation given by Govt. of
India
Rs. 40- Hen
Rs. 30- Broiler
Rs. 10- chick, duck, duckling
Rs. 6- 1 kg poultry feed destroyed
Total compensation for 39 lakhs poultry= 6 crores

24. >>>
2.Second phase of rehabilitation
a) 7 lakhs families lost income from bird flu.
Rs. 500- each family
Rs. 500 x 7 lakhs = 35 crores
b) loans on easy terms to buy fowls.
Entire cost of this phase = 35 crores
c) Providing alternative employments
at cost of Rs.75 crores.
(State Govt. of West Bengal)

25. World Scenario
140 millions poultry culling in S.E. Asia has
caused loss of 8-12 billion US$.
1. Change in market prices:-
Egg prices - US$ 0.05 to US$ 0.03
Broiler prices - 62.5% (during first 2
months of 2004
in S.E. Asia)
15% in international prices.
(Moonke,2004)

26. >>>
2. Changes in trade
In early 2004 EU imposed import ban on
affected Asian countries.
91% in thai frozen chicken export in 2004.
23% in export of global poultry meat.
.
(Taha,2007)

27. >>>
3.Effect on GDP
1.5% GDP in S.E. Asia.
loss of 42 millions birds in Vietnam.
loss of 64 millions birds in Thailand.
loss of 3% national flock in Laos.
(Mcleod et al.,2006)

28. Human beings at risk
 Potential of emergence of a new influenza virus
antigenic drift antigenic shift
 Number of affected countries with avian influenza
increasing.
 Number of avian and human cases increasing
 The majority of the human population has no immunity.
 High case fatality rate.
 No 100% effective vaccine.
(WWW.WHO.INT)

29. How Human to Human Transmission
Occurs
(WWW.WHO.INT)

31. Prevention and Control
1. Disposal of infected birds
Deep burial Burning of carcass

32. >>> Ring vaccination
2.Ring vaccination
5 Km
2Km
3Km
Depopulation
Red alert
Vaccination

33. >>>
3. Do not allow mixed farming.
4. Spraying of disinfectants in sheds.
5. In case of positive diagnosis stop complete
operation of the farm for at least 3 months after
the last case.
6. Develop effective disease surveillance.
7. Formulation of emergency response teams for
suggesting rapid control measures.
8. Quick diagnosis of disease.

34. National and International
Organizations in response to AI
NATIONAL REFERENCE CENTERS
1. National Institute of Virology, Pune
2. HSADL, Bhopal
REGIONAL REFERENCE CENTERS
1.National Institute of Communicable
Diseases, Delhi
2.King Institute of Preventive Medicine,
Chennai
3.Virology Section, AIIMS, New Delhi
4.NICED (Virus Unit), Kolkata

35. International Organisations
1. WHO
2. OIE – 171 reference lab. & 24 calloborating
centers
3. GLEWS- FAO+WHO+OIE
4. UNSIC
5. OFFLU

36. Conclusions
 Bird flu has done loss of millions of dollars and
human losses in many parts of world.
 It is great threat to developing countries.
 Emergence of new strain of H5N1 can lead to
global pandemic.
 In India there is lack of sufficient no. of
expertise, inefficient disease surveillance and
lack of rapid diagnosis to prevent the spread of
disease in its initial phase.

37. >>>
Good monitoring programmes especially during
Sept.-Feb. of year can reduce the incidence of
disease in India.
It is very difficult to control the movement of
migratory birds which are main cause of
spread of disease.
 vaccination can help to bring down the levels
of infection ,thus reducing the risk of
transmission to humans and other poultry,
and can reduce the socio-economic cost of
control.