SlideShare una empresa de Scribd logo
1 de 3
Descargar para leer sin conexión
1 | P a g e
It is highly infectious & deadly disease.
Host range:
 Horses
 Mules
 Donkeys
 Zebras
Etiology:
It is viral disease
Family-----Reoviridae
Genus-------Orbivirus
Species------ African Horse Sickness Virus
This disease can be caused by any of the nine serotypes of this virus. It is not directly contagious
but it is known to be spread by insect vectors.
History:
 First case was recorded in mid-1600s in Sahara Desert
 1987-90, AHS was diagnosed in Spain
 1989, in Portugal
 But it was eradicated by using slaughter policy, movement restrictions, vector eradication
& vaccination
Epidemiology:
 AHS is known to be endemic in Sub-Saharan Africa, and has spread to Morocco,
the Middle East, India and Pakistan.
 More recently, outbreaks have been reported in the Iberian Peninsula.
 AHS has never been reported in the Americas, eastern Asia or Australasia.
 Epidemiology is dependent on host-vector interaction, where cyclic disease outbreaks
coincide with high numbers of competent vectors.
 The most important vector for AHS in endemic areas is the biting midge Culicoides
imicola, which prefers warm, humid conditions. Larvae do not carry the virus and long,
cold winters are sufficient to break epidemics in non-endemic areas.
However, elephants, camels and dogs can be infected as
well, but often show no signs of the disease. Dogs
usually contract the disease after eating infected horse
meat, but there has been a recent report of the diseases
occurring in dogs with no known horse meat ingestion
2 | P a g e
Transmission:
 This disease is spread by insect vectors.
 The biological vector of the virus is the Culicoides (midges) species.
 However, this disease can also be transmitted by species of mosquitoes including Culex
& Anopheles
 Some species of ticks such as Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus.
Clinical Signs:
Horses are the most susceptible host with close to 90% mortality of those affected,
followed by mules (50%) and donkeys (10%). AHS manifests itself in four different forms: the
pulmonary form, the cardiac form, a mild (horse sickness fever) form, and a mixed form.
1. Pulmonary form
The per-acute form of the disease is characterized by;
o High fever
o Depression
o Respiratory symptoms
The clinically affected animal has
o Trouble breathing
o Starts coughing
o Frothy fluid from nostril and mouth
o Show signs of pulmonary edema within four days.
o Serious lung congestion causes respiratory failure and results in death in < 24 hours.
This form of the disease has the highest mortality rate
2. Cardiac form
This sub-acute form of the disease has an incubation period longer than that of the pulmonary
form.
 Signs of disease start at day 7-12 after infection
 High fever is a common symptom
 Conjunctivitis, with abdominal pain
 Progressive dyspnea
 Additionally, edema is presented under the skin of the head and neck, most notably in
swelling of the supra-orbital fossae, palpebral conjunctiva and intermandibular space.
Mortality rate is between 50-70% and survivors recover in 7 days.
3 | P a g e
3. Mild or horse sickness fever form
Mild to subclinical disease is seen in zebras and African donkeys. Infected animals may have;
 Low grade fever
 Congested mucous membrane.
The survival rate is 100%
4. Mixed form
Diagnosis is made at necropsy. Affected horses show signs of both the pulmonary and cardiac
forms of AHS.
Diagnosis:
Clinical signs
Postmortem lesions
Presence of vector
Lab tests confirmation is by;
o Virus Isolation
o PCR
o ELISA kits
o CFT
o Serological test is only useful for detecting recovered animals, as sick animals die
before they are able to mount effective immune responses
o IHA
o HA
o Blood chemistry
Treatment:
There is currently no treatment for AHS.
Control of an outbreak in an endemic region involves quarantine, vector control and vaccination.
To prevent this disease, the affected horses are usually slaughtered, and the uninfected horses are
vaccinated against the virus. Three vaccines currently exist, which include a polyvalent vaccine,
a monovalent vaccine and a monovalent inactivated vaccine. This disease can also be
prevented by destroying the insect vector habitats using insecticides.

Más contenido relacionado

La actualidad más candente (20)

AVIAN LEUCOSIS
AVIAN LEUCOSISAVIAN LEUCOSIS
AVIAN LEUCOSIS
 
Tetanus
TetanusTetanus
Tetanus
 
Fowl typhoid
Fowl typhoidFowl typhoid
Fowl typhoid
 
Footrot
Footrot  Footrot
Footrot
 
Fowel Cholera
Fowel CholeraFowel Cholera
Fowel Cholera
 
Pullorum Disease.
Pullorum Disease.Pullorum Disease.
Pullorum Disease.
 
Ccpp
CcppCcpp
Ccpp
 
Marek's disease in poultry
Marek's disease in poultryMarek's disease in poultry
Marek's disease in poultry
 
Equine trypanosomiasis(dourine)
Equine trypanosomiasis(dourine)Equine trypanosomiasis(dourine)
Equine trypanosomiasis(dourine)
 
Canine Distemper
Canine DistemperCanine Distemper
Canine Distemper
 
Rinderpest vpm
Rinderpest vpmRinderpest vpm
Rinderpest vpm
 
Bovine theileriosis
Bovine theileriosisBovine theileriosis
Bovine theileriosis
 
Canine babesiosis Dr.Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc ,Lecturer NPI
Canine babesiosis Dr.Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc ,Lecturer NPICanine babesiosis Dr.Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc ,Lecturer NPI
Canine babesiosis Dr.Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc ,Lecturer NPI
 
Hypomagnesaemia
HypomagnesaemiaHypomagnesaemia
Hypomagnesaemia
 
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitisInfectious bovine rhinotracheitis
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
 
Deg nala disease
Deg nala diseaseDeg nala disease
Deg nala disease
 
Mange
MangeMange
Mange
 
Infectious Bursal Disease
Infectious Bursal DiseaseInfectious Bursal Disease
Infectious Bursal Disease
 
Swine fever
Swine feverSwine fever
Swine fever
 
Equine strangles
Equine stranglesEquine strangles
Equine strangles
 

Destacado

Equine tetanus (lockjaw)
Equine tetanus (lockjaw)Equine tetanus (lockjaw)
Equine tetanus (lockjaw)Dr. Waqas Nawaz
 
Virology (CELL AND CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS)
Virology (CELL AND CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS)Virology (CELL AND CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS)
Virology (CELL AND CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS)Shizuka Wani
 
Finding the viral diversity in a biological sample
Finding the viral diversity in a biological sampleFinding the viral diversity in a biological sample
Finding the viral diversity in a biological sampleNacho Caballero
 
Fish production & consumption
Fish production & consumptionFish production & consumption
Fish production & consumptionDr. Waqas Nawaz
 
Traditional diagnostic tools used in viral diseases
Traditional diagnostic tools used in viral diseases Traditional diagnostic tools used in viral diseases
Traditional diagnostic tools used in viral diseases sophie obare
 
Equine influenza (horse flu)
Equine influenza (horse flu)Equine influenza (horse flu)
Equine influenza (horse flu)Dr. Waqas Nawaz
 
Eastern equine encephalitis (eee)
Eastern equine encephalitis (eee)Eastern equine encephalitis (eee)
Eastern equine encephalitis (eee)Dr. Waqas Nawaz
 
Fungal,viral, bacterial, parasitic and nutritionalinfection of urinary system
Fungal,viral, bacterial, parasitic and nutritionalinfection of urinary systemFungal,viral, bacterial, parasitic and nutritionalinfection of urinary system
Fungal,viral, bacterial, parasitic and nutritionalinfection of urinary systemDr. Waqas Nawaz
 
Manual on meat inspection for developing countries
Manual on meat inspection for developing countriesManual on meat inspection for developing countries
Manual on meat inspection for developing countriesDr. Waqas Nawaz
 
Sample collection
Sample collectionSample collection
Sample collectionAsfar Zaman
 
Lab diagnosis of viruses
Lab diagnosis of virusesLab diagnosis of viruses
Lab diagnosis of virusesCristi Francis
 
Congestive heart failure
Congestive heart failureCongestive heart failure
Congestive heart failureDr. Waqas Nawaz
 
Equine viral arteritis (eva)
Equine viral arteritis (eva)Equine viral arteritis (eva)
Equine viral arteritis (eva)Dr. Waqas Nawaz
 

Destacado (20)

Equine tetanus (lockjaw)
Equine tetanus (lockjaw)Equine tetanus (lockjaw)
Equine tetanus (lockjaw)
 
Virology (CELL AND CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS)
Virology (CELL AND CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS)Virology (CELL AND CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS)
Virology (CELL AND CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS)
 
Diarrhea & constipation
Diarrhea & constipationDiarrhea & constipation
Diarrhea & constipation
 
Chapters 10 and 15
Chapters 10 and 15Chapters 10 and 15
Chapters 10 and 15
 
Death of animal
Death of animalDeath of animal
Death of animal
 
Finding the viral diversity in a biological sample
Finding the viral diversity in a biological sampleFinding the viral diversity in a biological sample
Finding the viral diversity in a biological sample
 
Fish production & consumption
Fish production & consumptionFish production & consumption
Fish production & consumption
 
Traditional diagnostic tools used in viral diseases
Traditional diagnostic tools used in viral diseases Traditional diagnostic tools used in viral diseases
Traditional diagnostic tools used in viral diseases
 
Equine influenza (horse flu)
Equine influenza (horse flu)Equine influenza (horse flu)
Equine influenza (horse flu)
 
Eastern equine encephalitis (eee)
Eastern equine encephalitis (eee)Eastern equine encephalitis (eee)
Eastern equine encephalitis (eee)
 
Diarrhea & constipation
Diarrhea & constipationDiarrhea & constipation
Diarrhea & constipation
 
Meat processing hygeine
Meat processing hygeineMeat processing hygeine
Meat processing hygeine
 
Fungal,viral, bacterial, parasitic and nutritionalinfection of urinary system
Fungal,viral, bacterial, parasitic and nutritionalinfection of urinary systemFungal,viral, bacterial, parasitic and nutritionalinfection of urinary system
Fungal,viral, bacterial, parasitic and nutritionalinfection of urinary system
 
Rabbit ileal loop test
Rabbit ileal loop testRabbit ileal loop test
Rabbit ileal loop test
 
Brackish water fishes
Brackish water fishesBrackish water fishes
Brackish water fishes
 
Manual on meat inspection for developing countries
Manual on meat inspection for developing countriesManual on meat inspection for developing countries
Manual on meat inspection for developing countries
 
Sample collection
Sample collectionSample collection
Sample collection
 
Lab diagnosis of viruses
Lab diagnosis of virusesLab diagnosis of viruses
Lab diagnosis of viruses
 
Congestive heart failure
Congestive heart failureCongestive heart failure
Congestive heart failure
 
Equine viral arteritis (eva)
Equine viral arteritis (eva)Equine viral arteritis (eva)
Equine viral arteritis (eva)
 

Similar a African horse sickness (ahs)

Classical&african swine fever
Classical&african swine feverClassical&african swine fever
Classical&african swine feverBrian Musalo
 
Japanese Encephalitis
Japanese EncephalitisJapanese Encephalitis
Japanese EncephalitisNataraju S M
 
Crimean-Congo Hemrrhagic Fever.pptx
Crimean-Congo Hemrrhagic Fever.pptxCrimean-Congo Hemrrhagic Fever.pptx
Crimean-Congo Hemrrhagic Fever.pptxssuserc25b7f
 
Brief description about Picornaviridae family
Brief description about Picornaviridae familyBrief description about Picornaviridae family
Brief description about Picornaviridae familyBandita Panigrahi
 
JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS_FINAL
JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS_FINALJAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS_FINAL
JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS_FINALSiti Mastura
 
Sana saifi (influenza assignment)
Sana saifi (influenza assignment)Sana saifi (influenza assignment)
Sana saifi (influenza assignment)SanaSaifi11
 
Bacterial diseases of guinea pigs
Bacterial diseases of guinea pigsBacterial diseases of guinea pigs
Bacterial diseases of guinea pigsRanjini Manuel
 
Crimean-Congo-Hemorrhagic-Fever.ppt
Crimean-Congo-Hemorrhagic-Fever.pptCrimean-Congo-Hemorrhagic-Fever.ppt
Crimean-Congo-Hemorrhagic-Fever.pptGabyFalakha1
 
Vet. viro . Reoviridae.pptx
Vet. viro . Reoviridae.pptxVet. viro . Reoviridae.pptx
Vet. viro . Reoviridae.pptxBdhadhHlkheDb
 

Similar a African horse sickness (ahs) (20)

Classical&african swine fever
Classical&african swine feverClassical&african swine fever
Classical&african swine fever
 
Japanese Encephalitis
Japanese EncephalitisJapanese Encephalitis
Japanese Encephalitis
 
Anaplasmosis
AnaplasmosisAnaplasmosis
Anaplasmosis
 
Swine inf final
Swine inf finalSwine inf final
Swine inf final
 
Crimean-Congo Hemrrhagic Fever.pptx
Crimean-Congo Hemrrhagic Fever.pptxCrimean-Congo Hemrrhagic Fever.pptx
Crimean-Congo Hemrrhagic Fever.pptx
 
Rift valley-virus
Rift valley-virusRift valley-virus
Rift valley-virus
 
Rabies (2)
Rabies (2)Rabies (2)
Rabies (2)
 
Brief description about Picornaviridae family
Brief description about Picornaviridae familyBrief description about Picornaviridae family
Brief description about Picornaviridae family
 
CCBP
CCBPCCBP
CCBP
 
zoonotic disease .ppt
zoonotic disease .pptzoonotic disease .ppt
zoonotic disease .ppt
 
BLUE TONGUE.pptx
BLUE TONGUE.pptxBLUE TONGUE.pptx
BLUE TONGUE.pptx
 
Canin1. ppt
Canin1. pptCanin1. ppt
Canin1. ppt
 
Arboviruses
ArbovirusesArboviruses
Arboviruses
 
JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS_FINAL
JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS_FINALJAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS_FINAL
JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS_FINAL
 
Sana saifi (influenza assignment)
Sana saifi (influenza assignment)Sana saifi (influenza assignment)
Sana saifi (influenza assignment)
 
Bacterial diseases of guinea pigs
Bacterial diseases of guinea pigsBacterial diseases of guinea pigs
Bacterial diseases of guinea pigs
 
Crimean-Congo-Hemorrhagic-Fever.ppt
Crimean-Congo-Hemorrhagic-Fever.pptCrimean-Congo-Hemorrhagic-Fever.ppt
Crimean-Congo-Hemorrhagic-Fever.ppt
 
Vet. viro . Reoviridae.pptx
Vet. viro . Reoviridae.pptxVet. viro . Reoviridae.pptx
Vet. viro . Reoviridae.pptx
 
Rinderpest
RinderpestRinderpest
Rinderpest
 
Bovine ephemeral fever
Bovine ephemeral feverBovine ephemeral fever
Bovine ephemeral fever
 

Más de Dr. Waqas Nawaz

Feeding for quality feedlot handbook for pakistan
Feeding for quality feedlot handbook for pakistan Feeding for quality feedlot handbook for pakistan
Feeding for quality feedlot handbook for pakistan Dr. Waqas Nawaz
 
Production of feather meal
Production of feather mealProduction of feather meal
Production of feather mealDr. Waqas Nawaz
 
Some interesting wildlife records
Some interesting wildlife recordsSome interesting wildlife records
Some interesting wildlife recordsDr. Waqas Nawaz
 
Prions , prions diseases & pcr
Prions , prions diseases & pcrPrions , prions diseases & pcr
Prions , prions diseases & pcrDr. Waqas Nawaz
 
Anatomy & physiology of arthropods
Anatomy & physiology of arthropodsAnatomy & physiology of arthropods
Anatomy & physiology of arthropodsDr. Waqas Nawaz
 
Routes for inocculation of virus in an emryonated egg
Routes for inocculation of virus in an emryonated eggRoutes for inocculation of virus in an emryonated egg
Routes for inocculation of virus in an emryonated eggDr. Waqas Nawaz
 
Special tests for antinutritional and toxic factors in poultry feeds
Special tests for antinutritional and toxic factors in poultry feedsSpecial tests for antinutritional and toxic factors in poultry feeds
Special tests for antinutritional and toxic factors in poultry feedsDr. Waqas Nawaz
 
Illustrated veterinary pathology (General & systemic pathology)
Illustrated veterinary pathology (General & systemic pathology)Illustrated veterinary pathology (General & systemic pathology)
Illustrated veterinary pathology (General & systemic pathology)Dr. Waqas Nawaz
 

Más de Dr. Waqas Nawaz (20)

Cv dr. waqas nawaz
Cv dr. waqas nawazCv dr. waqas nawaz
Cv dr. waqas nawaz
 
Feeding for quality feedlot handbook for pakistan
Feeding for quality feedlot handbook for pakistan Feeding for quality feedlot handbook for pakistan
Feeding for quality feedlot handbook for pakistan
 
Production of feather meal
Production of feather mealProduction of feather meal
Production of feather meal
 
Cow behaviour & signals
Cow behaviour & signalsCow behaviour & signals
Cow behaviour & signals
 
Some interesting wildlife records
Some interesting wildlife recordsSome interesting wildlife records
Some interesting wildlife records
 
Deg nala disease
Deg nala diseaseDeg nala disease
Deg nala disease
 
Postmortem of turtle
Postmortem of turtlePostmortem of turtle
Postmortem of turtle
 
Purpura haemorrhagica
Purpura haemorrhagicaPurpura haemorrhagica
Purpura haemorrhagica
 
Glanders
GlandersGlanders
Glanders
 
Foal joint ill
Foal joint illFoal joint ill
Foal joint ill
 
Black leg
Black legBlack leg
Black leg
 
Meat inspection
Meat inspectionMeat inspection
Meat inspection
 
Prions , prions diseases & pcr
Prions , prions diseases & pcrPrions , prions diseases & pcr
Prions , prions diseases & pcr
 
Anatomy & physiology of arthropods
Anatomy & physiology of arthropodsAnatomy & physiology of arthropods
Anatomy & physiology of arthropods
 
Routes for inocculation of virus in an emryonated egg
Routes for inocculation of virus in an emryonated eggRoutes for inocculation of virus in an emryonated egg
Routes for inocculation of virus in an emryonated egg
 
Special tests for antinutritional and toxic factors in poultry feeds
Special tests for antinutritional and toxic factors in poultry feedsSpecial tests for antinutritional and toxic factors in poultry feeds
Special tests for antinutritional and toxic factors in poultry feeds
 
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth diseaseFoot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease
 
Muscles of neck
Muscles of neckMuscles of neck
Muscles of neck
 
Fin shapes
Fin shapesFin shapes
Fin shapes
 
Illustrated veterinary pathology (General & systemic pathology)
Illustrated veterinary pathology (General & systemic pathology)Illustrated veterinary pathology (General & systemic pathology)
Illustrated veterinary pathology (General & systemic pathology)
 

Último

pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacologypA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacologyDeepakDaniel9
 
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptx
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptxBasic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptx
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptxkomalt2001
 
Breast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptx
Breast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptxBreast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptx
Breast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptxNaveenkumar267201
 
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D. Bawankar.ppt
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D.  Bawankar.pptPharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D.  Bawankar.ppt
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D. Bawankar.pptRamDBawankar1
 
Unit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.ppt
Unit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.pptUnit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.ppt
Unit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.pptPradnya Wadekar
 
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES  FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptxANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES  FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptxWINCY THIRUMURUGAN
 
blood bank management system project report
blood bank management system project reportblood bank management system project report
blood bank management system project reportNARMADAPETROLEUMGAS
 
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.kishan singh tomar
 
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.whalesdesign
 
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdfSGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdfHongBiThi1
 
SGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA .pdf
SGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA    .pdfSGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA    .pdf
SGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA .pdfHongBiThi1
 
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdf
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdfCONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdf
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdfDolisha Warbi
 
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)kishan singh tomar
 
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologypptayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologypptPradnya Wadekar
 
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusanguhistoryofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu Medical University
 
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptxDNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptxMAsifAhmad
 
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.aarjukhadka22
 
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxationPhysiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxationMedicoseAcademics
 

Último (20)

pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacologypA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
 
How to master Steroid (glucocorticoids) prescription, different scenarios, ca...
How to master Steroid (glucocorticoids) prescription, different scenarios, ca...How to master Steroid (glucocorticoids) prescription, different scenarios, ca...
How to master Steroid (glucocorticoids) prescription, different scenarios, ca...
 
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptx
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptxBasic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptx
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptx
 
Breast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptx
Breast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptxBreast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptx
Breast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptx
 
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D. Bawankar.ppt
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D.  Bawankar.pptPharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D.  Bawankar.ppt
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D. Bawankar.ppt
 
Unit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.ppt
Unit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.pptUnit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.ppt
Unit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.ppt
 
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES  FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptxANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES  FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx
 
blood bank management system project report
blood bank management system project reportblood bank management system project report
blood bank management system project report
 
Rheumatoid arthritis Part 1, case based approach with application of the late...
Rheumatoid arthritis Part 1, case based approach with application of the late...Rheumatoid arthritis Part 1, case based approach with application of the late...
Rheumatoid arthritis Part 1, case based approach with application of the late...
 
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
 
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
 
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdfSGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
 
SGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA .pdf
SGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA    .pdfSGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA    .pdf
SGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA .pdf
 
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdf
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdfCONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdf
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdf
 
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
 
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologypptayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
 
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusanguhistoryofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
 
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptxDNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
 
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.
 
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxationPhysiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
 

African horse sickness (ahs)

  • 1. 1 | P a g e It is highly infectious & deadly disease. Host range:  Horses  Mules  Donkeys  Zebras Etiology: It is viral disease Family-----Reoviridae Genus-------Orbivirus Species------ African Horse Sickness Virus This disease can be caused by any of the nine serotypes of this virus. It is not directly contagious but it is known to be spread by insect vectors. History:  First case was recorded in mid-1600s in Sahara Desert  1987-90, AHS was diagnosed in Spain  1989, in Portugal  But it was eradicated by using slaughter policy, movement restrictions, vector eradication & vaccination Epidemiology:  AHS is known to be endemic in Sub-Saharan Africa, and has spread to Morocco, the Middle East, India and Pakistan.  More recently, outbreaks have been reported in the Iberian Peninsula.  AHS has never been reported in the Americas, eastern Asia or Australasia.  Epidemiology is dependent on host-vector interaction, where cyclic disease outbreaks coincide with high numbers of competent vectors.  The most important vector for AHS in endemic areas is the biting midge Culicoides imicola, which prefers warm, humid conditions. Larvae do not carry the virus and long, cold winters are sufficient to break epidemics in non-endemic areas. However, elephants, camels and dogs can be infected as well, but often show no signs of the disease. Dogs usually contract the disease after eating infected horse meat, but there has been a recent report of the diseases occurring in dogs with no known horse meat ingestion
  • 2. 2 | P a g e Transmission:  This disease is spread by insect vectors.  The biological vector of the virus is the Culicoides (midges) species.  However, this disease can also be transmitted by species of mosquitoes including Culex & Anopheles  Some species of ticks such as Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus. Clinical Signs: Horses are the most susceptible host with close to 90% mortality of those affected, followed by mules (50%) and donkeys (10%). AHS manifests itself in four different forms: the pulmonary form, the cardiac form, a mild (horse sickness fever) form, and a mixed form. 1. Pulmonary form The per-acute form of the disease is characterized by; o High fever o Depression o Respiratory symptoms The clinically affected animal has o Trouble breathing o Starts coughing o Frothy fluid from nostril and mouth o Show signs of pulmonary edema within four days. o Serious lung congestion causes respiratory failure and results in death in < 24 hours. This form of the disease has the highest mortality rate 2. Cardiac form This sub-acute form of the disease has an incubation period longer than that of the pulmonary form.  Signs of disease start at day 7-12 after infection  High fever is a common symptom  Conjunctivitis, with abdominal pain  Progressive dyspnea  Additionally, edema is presented under the skin of the head and neck, most notably in swelling of the supra-orbital fossae, palpebral conjunctiva and intermandibular space. Mortality rate is between 50-70% and survivors recover in 7 days.
  • 3. 3 | P a g e 3. Mild or horse sickness fever form Mild to subclinical disease is seen in zebras and African donkeys. Infected animals may have;  Low grade fever  Congested mucous membrane. The survival rate is 100% 4. Mixed form Diagnosis is made at necropsy. Affected horses show signs of both the pulmonary and cardiac forms of AHS. Diagnosis: Clinical signs Postmortem lesions Presence of vector Lab tests confirmation is by; o Virus Isolation o PCR o ELISA kits o CFT o Serological test is only useful for detecting recovered animals, as sick animals die before they are able to mount effective immune responses o IHA o HA o Blood chemistry Treatment: There is currently no treatment for AHS. Control of an outbreak in an endemic region involves quarantine, vector control and vaccination. To prevent this disease, the affected horses are usually slaughtered, and the uninfected horses are vaccinated against the virus. Three vaccines currently exist, which include a polyvalent vaccine, a monovalent vaccine and a monovalent inactivated vaccine. This disease can also be prevented by destroying the insect vector habitats using insecticides.