Details about Air Pollution

2. AL-BIRUNI GROUP
Group Members:
Zeeshan Naseer (BChE-FA16-006)
Abrar Ahmed (BChE-FA16-014)
Hafiz Rizwan (BChE-FA16-015)
Esharib Zaheer (BChE-FA16-019)

3. Air Pollution
(Safety, Fire & Health hazards)

4. CONTENTS:
Introduction to Air Pollution
Types of Air Pollution
Causes of Air Pollution
Effects of Air Pollution
Historical Disasters
References

5. INTRODUCTION:
 Air pollution is the presence of gases and particles
in the air that are unhealthy for humans, plants and
animals.
 Furthermore, as air pollution changes the chemical
composition of the atmosphere it can lead to
systemic changes in climate systems.

6.  WHEN HARMFUL GASES, DUST, SMOKE ENTERS INTO THE
ATMOSPHERE AND MAKES IT DIFFICULT FOR PLANTS,
ANIMALS AND HUMANS TO SURVIVE AS
THE AIR BECOMES DIRTY.

7. CONT……
 It may cause diseases, allergies or death in
humans; it may also cause harm to other living
organisms such as animals and food crops, and
may damage the natural or built environment.
 An air pollutant is a substance in the air that can
have adverse effects on humans and the
ecosystem.
 The substance can be solid particles, liquid
droplets, or gases. A pollutant can be of natural
origin or man-made

8. TYPES OF AIR POLLUTION;
Types; 1.Man-made
Air Pollution
2.Natural Air
Pollution

9. 1. MAN-MADE AIR POLLUTION:
Domestic
Vehicular
Industrial
Air pollution due to human activities is
named as man made air pollution.
It may classified into three facts;

10. DOMESTIC FACTS;
 Smoke from kitchen caused by
cooking released in the air.
 Use of Refrigerators for
household cooling purpose.
 Use of pesticides including
different sprays (Anti-
mosquito, DDT many others)
 Aerosols (Spray, Perfumes, Air
Fresheners)

11. VEHICULAR FACTS;
 Carbon monoxide which is caused by the
incomplete combustion released in air.
 Smoke released from airplane, Buses, Cars and
other vehicles .

12. INDUSTRIAL FACTS;
 Gases released from
different industries including
Carbon monoxide, Carbon
dioxide, sulfur dioxide and
others.
 They release smoke,
effluents, material wastes,
toxic byproducts, liquid
waste cause disturbing
smell, toxic to environment.

13. 2. NATURAL AIR POLLUTION:
 An erupting volcano emits particulate matter and
gases; forest and prairie fires can emit large
quantities of "pollutants"; plants and trees naturally
emit VOCs which are oxidized and form aerosols
that is harmful for health.
 Dust storms can create large amounts of particulate
matter.
 Wild animals in their natural habitat are also
considered natural sources of "pollution".

14. CONT……
 Volatile organic compounds, sometimes referred to
as VOCs, are organic compounds that easily
become vapors or gases. Along with carbon, they
contain elements such as hydrogen, oxygen,
fluorine, chlorine, bromine, sulfur or nitrogen.

15. VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS;
 A volcanic
eruption occurs when
hot materials are thrown
out of a volcano. Lava,
rocks, dust, ash and gas.
 Volcanic eruptions launch
soot and ash into the
atmosphere, which
reduces sunlight and
lowers temperatures.
 Eruptions and fires also
produce carbon dioxide,
carbon monoxide and
other polluting gases.

16. DUST STORM;
 Dust storms arise
when a gust front or
other strong wind
blows loose sand and
dirt from a dry surface.
 It cause coughing and
spread dust.
 The leading edge being
composed of a wall of
thick dust as much as
1.6 km (0.99 mi) high.

17. DUST STORM, AL-ASAD AIR BASE OF IRAN
2003;

18. POLLUTION FROM DUST CAUSED BY DRIFTING
THROUGH CARS CAN BE A FACT:

19. CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION:
Burning of Fossil Fuels(Smoke,
Smog)
Agricultural Activities
Exhaust from factories & industries
Mining Operations

20. BURNING OF FOSSIL FUELS;
 Sulfur dioxide emitted from the burning
of fossil fuels (coal, petroleum & natural
gas) is one of the major cause of air
pollution.
 Pollution emitting from vehicles including
trucks, jeeps, cars, trains, airplanes cause
immense amount of pollution.
 Carbon Monoxide caused by improper or
incomplete combustion and generally
emitted from vehicles.

21. BURNING OF FOSSIL FUELS,
KASHMIR GHEE MILL;
22/06/2017 Thursday 04:12 PM
Exhaust of Smoke;

22. CONT……
 Carbon Monoxide caused by improper or
incomplete combustion and generally emitted from
vehicles.
 In 2011, 52% of carbon monoxide emissions were
created by mobile vehicles in the U.S.

23. SMOG;
 Smog is basically derived from the merging of two
words; smoke and fog. Smog is also used to
describe the type of fog which has smoke or soot in
it.
Smoke + Fog = Smog
 Smog is a yellowish or blackish fog formed mainly
by a mixture of pollutants in the atmosphere which
consists of fine particles and ground level ozone.
 Smog also refers to hazy air that makes breathing
difficult.

24. DAY AFTER DIWALI FESTIVAL IN NEW DELHI
CAUSED SMOG, AIR POLLUTION:
Raj path, New Delhi
Oct 31,2016 Monday

25. AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES;
 Ammonia is a very
common by product from
agriculture related
activities and is one of
the most hazardous
gases in the
atmosphere.
 Use of insecticides,
pesticides and fertilizers
in agricultural activities
has grown quite a lot.
 They emit harmful
chemicals into the air and
can also cause water
pollution.

26. CONT……
 The global industrial
production of ammonia
in 2014 was 176 million
tones a 16% increase
over the 2006 global
industrial production of
152 million tones.
 Anhydrous ammonia
is compressed into a
clear, colorless liquid
which is sprayed as
agricultural fertilizer.

27. EXHAUST FROM FACTORIES & INDUSTRIES;
 Manufacturing industries release large amount of
carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, organic
compounds, and chemicals into the air thereby
depleting the quality of air.
 Petroleum refineries also release hydrocarbons and
various other chemicals that pollute the air
and also cause land pollution.
 Power plants emits high levels of carbon monoxide
and other organic compounds.

28. EXHAUST OF GASES FROM INDUSTRIES;

29. THE NITROGEN OXIDES ARE DERIVED FROM THE
NITROGEN IN AIR AND FROM ANY NITROGEN-
CONTAINING COMPOUNDS IN THE FOSSIL FUEL.

30. MINING OPERATIONS;
 Mining :
It is the extraction of valuable minerals.
 During the process dust and chemicals are
released in the air causing massive air pollution.
 Mining operations like blasting, collection, and
transportation are the major sources of emissions
and air pollution.
 Coal also contains methane (CH4), a greenhouse
gas that contributes to global warming, which is
released into the atmosphere during mining.

31. USE OF EXPLOSIVES, SUCH AS IN MOUNTAINTOP
REMOVAL, RELEASES CARBON MONOXIDE (CO);

32. POLLUTION BY DUST PARTICLES BY LOADING
THROUGH CRANE DIRECTLY;

33. ANNUAL DEATH RATE BY AIR POLLUTION;
 Air pollution kills about 111,000 people in Pakistan
and 3.3 million worldwide every year, with more
than half of the fatalities due to traffic exhaust and
power plant emissions which are the leading
causes of air pollution deaths.
 The United States, with 54,905 deaths in 2010 from
soot and smog, ranks seventh highest for air
pollution deaths. What’s unusual is that the study
says that agriculture caused 16,221 of those
deaths, second only to 16,929 deaths blamed on
power plants.

34. SOLUTIONS TO THE CAUSES
OF AIR POLLUTION

35. SOLUTION TO THE AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY
CARS EMISSION.
 By using Electric Cars;

36. ACCUMULATION OF EXHAUST GASES.
 By collecting the exhaust gases for other purposes or
as by products;

37. MINIMIZING THE USE OF EXPLOSIVES.
 By using the method of drilling in the mines;

38. MINIMIZING POLLUTION CAUSED BY LOADING
THROUGH CRANES.
 By using conveyers, direct loading into trucks,
loaders.

39. POLLUTION FREE ENVIRONMENT;
KASHMIR GHEE MILL;
29/06/2017 Saturday 02:44PM

40. EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION;
 Respiratory and heart problems
 Global Warming
 Acid Rain
 Depletion of Ozone Layer

41. RESPIRATORY AND HEART PROBLEMS;
 The effects of Air pollution are alarming.
 They are known to create several respiratory and
heart conditions along with Cancer, among other
threats to the body.

42. CONT……
 As Oxygen makes
temporary bond with
hemoglobin to get
transported in the
body.
 When there is a
shortage of O2 , CO
makes bond with
hemoglobin and
causes deaths.

43. CONT……
 Children in areas exposed to air pollutants are said
to commonly suffer from pneumonia and asthma.

44. GLOBAL WARMING;
 Global warming is the gradual heating of Earth's
surface, oceans and atmosphere.
 With increased temperatures world wide, increase
in sea levels and melting of ice from colder
regions.

45. CONT……
 Earth's average
temperature has risen
by 1.4 degrees
Fahrenheit (0.8 degrees
Celsius) over the past
century,
 Global warming begins
with the greenhouse
effect, which is caused
by the interaction
between Earth's
atmosphere and
incoming radiation from
the sun.

46. ACID RAIN;
 : Harmful gases like nitrogen oxides and sulfur
oxides are released into the atmosphere during the
burning of fossil fuels.

47. CONT……
 When it rains, the water droplets combines with
these air pollutants, becomes acidic and then falls
on the ground in the form of acid rain.

48. DEPLETION OF OZONE LAYER;
 Ozone exists in earth’s stratosphere and is
responsible for protecting humans from harmful
ultraviolet (UV) rays.
 Earth’s ozone layer is depleting due to the
presence of chlorofluorocarbons, hydro
chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere.

49. CONT……
 CFCs and other contributory substances are
referred to as ozone-depleting
substances (ODS). Since the ozone layer prevents
most harmful UVB wavelengths (280–315 nm)
of ultraviolet light (UV light) from passing through
the Earth's atmosphere.
 Ozone depletion causes biological consequences
such as;
 increases in sunburn
 skin cancer
 damage to plants

50. HISTORICAL DISASTERS:
Great smog
of London
Dec 1952.
Bhopal
disaster
Dec 1984.
Smog in
Pakistan
Nov 2016.

51. GREAT SMOG OF LONDON 1952;
 Great Smog of London in
December,1952:
 Government medical
reports in the following
weeks, however, estimated
that up until 8 December,
4,000 people had died as a
direct result of the smog and
100,000 more were made ill
by the smog's effects on the
human respiratory system.

52. CONT……
 On 4 December 1952, an anticyclone settled over a
windless London, causing a temperature
inversion with cold.
 The resultant fog, mixed with chimney smoke,
vehicle exhausts such as sulphur dioxide, formed a
persistent smog, which blanketed the capital.

53. BHOPAL DISASTER 1984;
 The Bhopal gas tragedy,
was a gas leak incident the
night of 2-3 December
1984 in India, the world's
worst industrial disaster.
 It occurred on the night of
2–3 December 1984 at
the Union Carbide India
Limited (UCIL) pesticide pl
ant in Bhopal, Madhya
Pradesh. Over 500,000
people were exposed
to Methyl Iso Cyanate
(MIC) gas and other
chemicals.

54. DEATHS CAUSED BY GAS LEAKAGE;
 Earlier as the accident
taken place, gas
leakage instantly killed
at least 3787 people
and injured from
150,000 to 600,000.
 After 2 weeks up to
8000 killed.
 But then over 60,000
deaths were claimed.

55. THE STILLBIRTH RATE INCREASED BY UP TO
300% AND NEONATAL MORTALITY RATE BY
AROUND 200%.
 Cause;
UCC launched an aggressive effort to identify
the cause. An initial investigation by UCC showed
that a large volume of water had been introduced
into the MIC tank. This caused a chemical reaction
that forced the pressure release valve to open and
allowed the gas to leak.

56. SMOG IN PAKISTAN 2016;
 Smog decrease the lungs'
working capacity, cause
shortness of breath, eye
and nose
irritation, interferes with
body's ability to fight
infection.
 The cause for this smog
seems to be wide scale
crop burning, in the Indian
Punjab.

57. BURNING OF CROPS JALANDHAR 2016;

58. NASA REPORTED THE CAUSE OF SMOG IN
LAHORE;
 The places marked in red are the locations which are
involved in crop burning. As you can see, majority of crop
burning originates from India, particularly Indian Punjab
with the city of Jalandhar centered around it

59. REFERENCES;
 http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/causes-
effects-solutions-of-air-pollution.php
 https://www.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/nutrient-
management/nitrogen/using-anhydrous-ammonia-
safely-on-the-farm/
 http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Air_pollution
_from_coal_mines
 https://www.nps.gov/shen/learn/nature/airpollution.h
tml
 https://propakistani.pk/.../nasa-reveals-real-culprit-
behind-smog-pakistan-yes-india/

60. CONT……
 http://alberuniandhisworks.blogspot.com/
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue-
gas_emissions_from_fossil-fuel_combustion
 http://archive.yourformula.eu/internalposts/exhaust-
gases-what-impact-on-health/