INTRODUCTION TO NURSING RESEARCH

1. INTRODUCTION TO NURSING RESEARCH
• Presented by:
MR.VIJAYARADDI VANDALI
Assistant Professor
College of Nursing
Komar University of Science and Technology
Sulemani, Kurdistan.

2. INTRODUCTION
• Nursing Research explains the how's and why’s of nursing, focusing
its influence on policy and improving patient care continuously. Hence
we must understand What is research? What is its importance to
nursing, nurses, patients, and policy makers? Why is it such an
exciting profession?
• It means to invent..
• Its an quest of knowledge.
• Finding a answer to question.
• Finding a solution for problem in nursing practice, educaton and
administration.

3. CONTD…
• The prefix “re” means “again” and signifies replication of
the search. One seeks new knowledge or to directly utilize
knowledge specific to life situations.
• Nursing research is research that provides evidence used to
support nursing practices. Nursing, as an evidence-based area
of practice, has been developing since the time of Florence
Nightingale to the present day, where many nurses now work
as researchers based in universities as well as in the health
care setting.

4. DEFINITION
• Polit and Beck (2004) - systematic inquiry designed to
develop knowledge about issues of importance to the nursing
profession, including nursing practice, education,
administration and informatics.: “Research is an attempt to
gain solutions to problems. It is the collection of data in a
rigorously controlled situation for the purpose of prediction
or explanation.”

5. CONTD…
• Burns and Grove (2005) - defined nursing research as a
“scientific process that validates and refines existing
knowledge and generates new knowledge that directly and
indirectly influences clinical nursing practice.

6. CONTD…
• Treece and Treece (1973) : “Research is an attempt to gain
solutions to problems. It is the collection of data in a
rigorously controlled situation for the purpose of prediction
or explanation.”

7. CONTD…
• Nursing research refers to the use of systematic, controlled,
empirical, and critical investigation in attempting to discover
or confirm facts that relate to specific problem or question
about the practice of nursing. (Walls and Bauzell, 1981)
Nursing research is defined as the application of scientific
inquiry to the phenomena of concern to nursing. Nursing
research seeks to find new knowledge that can eventually be
applied in providing nursing care to patients.

8. PURPOSES
• To Develop, refine, and extend the, scientific base of knowledge, which is
required for quality nursing care, education, and administration.
• To ensure quality care to patients
• To strengthen nursing profession
• Enhance the body of professional knowledge in nursing.
• Provide foundation for evidence-based nursing practices. Help in
expansion of knowledge, which is essential for continued growth of nursing
profession.
• Enhance accuracy of different nursing educational and administrative
techniques.
• Develop and refine nursing theories and principles.

9. RESEARCH PROCESS
• Conceptual phase
• Formulating and delimiting the problem
• Reviewing the related literature
• Under taking clinical field work
• Defining the framework and development of conceptual definitions
Formulating hypothesis Designing and planning phase
• Selecting a research design.
• Developing protocol for intervention

10. Identifying the population to be studied
• Designing the sample plan.
• Specifying the method to measure the research variable.
• Developing methods for safeguarding human / animal rights.
Finalizing and reviewing the research plan.
• Empirical phase
• Collecting the data
• Preparing the data for analysis.

11. CONTD…
• Analytic phase
• Analyzing the data
• Interpreting the result Dissemination phase
• Communicating the findings
• Utilizing the finding in practice.

12. CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD RESEARCH
A Good Research must satisfy the following criteria:
• It must be existing problem based with concern to nursing
• Orderly and systematic process
• Based on current professional issues
• Outcome oriented
• Begin with clearly defined purposes/objectives
• Emphasize to develop, refine, and expand professional knowledge
• Directed towards development or testing theories Good research is
systematic, logical, empirical, and replicable.

13. IMPORTANT TYPES OF NURSING RESEARCH
According to earnest desire :
• Basic research
• Applied research
• Exploratory research
• Descriptive research
• Diagnostic research
• Evaluative research
• Action research.

14. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
Methods include focus groups, unstructured or in-depth
interviews, and reviews of documents for types of themes
Surveys, structured interviews, measurements &
observations, and reviews of records or documents
for numeric or quantifiable information
Primarily inductive process used to formulate theory or
hypotheses
Primarily deductive process used to test pre-specified
concepts, constructs, and hypotheses that make up a theory
More subjective: describes a problem or condition from the
point of view of those experiencing it
More objective: provides observed effects (interpreted by
researchers) of a program on a problem or condition
Text-based Number-based
More in-depth information on a few cases Less in-depth but more breadth of information across a
large number of cases
Unstructured or semi-structured response options Fixed response options, measurements, or observations
No statistical tests Statistical tests are used for analysis
Less generalizable More generalizable

15. Quantitative Research
• Deals with numbers and try to quantify and measure a
particular phenomena.
• Often uses statistical methods aimed at establishing
significance.
• Aims to find the “true cause”.
• Tries to answer questions “how many” or “how much”.

16. Descriptive Research
• Descriptive Research is a fact finding investigation which is aimed at
describing the characteristics of individual, situation or a group (or)
describing the state of affairs as it exists at present.
• Analytical Research is primarily concerned with testing hypothesis and
specifying and interpreting relationships, by analyzing the facts or
information already available.
• Experimental Research is considered by some people as a distinct
group of analytical research

17. Diagnostic Research
• Diagnostic Research – It is also called clinical research which aims at
identifying the causes of a problem, frequency with which it occurs
and the possible solutions for it. Exploratory Research – It is the
preliminary study of an unfamiliar problem, about which the
researcher has little or no knowledge. It is aimed to gain familiarity
with the problem, to generate new ideas or to make a precise
formulation of the problem. Hence it is also known as formulate
research.

18. Experimental Research
• Experimental Research – It is designed to assess the effect of one
particular variable on a phenomenon by keeping the other variables
constant or controlled. Historical Research – It is the study of past
records and other information sources, with a view to find the origin
and development of a phenomenon and to discover the trends in the
past, in order to understand the present and to anticipate the future

19. Applied or action research
• A special category of applied or action research
• Aims at maximizing the profit & minimizing the cost or expenses
• Applying advanced analytical methods to help make better decisions

20. Clinical trials
• Clinical trials are a set of procedures in medical research and drug
development that are conducted to allow safety and efficacy data to be
collected for health interventions (e.g., drugs, diagnostics, devices,
therapy protocols)
• These are usually conducted in 4 phases ‐ I to IV on human subjects
(preceded by animal experiments and basic research in laboratories)

21. REFERENCES
• 1. Venzon. 2004. Introduction to Nursing Research: Quest for Quality As Client
Advocate in a Research Study Nursing, 1st ed. Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
As Subject of Research
• 2. Barrientos-Tan. 2006. A Research Guide in Nursing Education, 3rd ed.
Philippines: Visual Print Enterprises.
• 3. Reyes & Layug. 2009. Comprehensive Reviewer for the Nurse Ethics in
Research Licensure Exam, Philippines: East West Educational Specialists, C&E
Publishing Inc. Informed Consent
• 4. Brink & Wood. 2001. Basic Steps in Planning Nursing Research, Beneficence
and Non-maleficence 5th ed. Philippines: Jones and Bartlett Publisher Inc.
• 5. Burns & Grove. 2007. Understanding Nursing Research : Building - Freedom
from any Physical and Psychological Harm an Evidence-Based Practice, 4th ed.
China; Elsevier, Health - Freedom from Exploitation Sciences. Respect for
Human Dignity
• 6. LoBiondo-Wood & Haber. 2006.

22. THANK YOU