Energy aware networking

1. Energy aware networking Vincenzo De Maio Introduction Link level approaches Energy aware networking Sleeping mode Energy Efﬁcient Ethernet Rate Adaptation Proxying Vincenzo De Maio1 approaches NIC proxying 1 External proxying Distributed and Parallel Systems Universitaet Innsbruck Infrastructure level approaches Energy aware routing 13/06/2012 / Masterseminar 2 Energy aware applications Green TCP/IP Green bittorrent Conclusions

2. Introduction Energy aware networking Vincenzo De Maio Introduction Link level approaches Sleeping mode Volume of CO2 emissions produced by ICT sector is an Energy Efﬁcient Ethernet approximate of 2% Rate Adaptation Proxying Actual power usage in the U.S. network infrastructure is approaches NIC proxying between 5 and 24 TWh/year External proxying Infrastructure level approaches Energy aware routing Energy aware applications Green TCP/IP Green bittorrent Conclusions

3. Energy aware networking Vincenzo De Maio Introduction Link level approaches Sleeping mode Energy Efﬁcient Ethernet Rate Adaptation Proxying approaches NIC proxying External proxying Infrastructure level approaches Energy aware routing Figure: Energy consumption of network devices Energy aware applications Green TCP/IP Green bittorrent Conclusions

4. Energy aware networking research Energy aware networking Vincenzo De Maio Introduction Link level approaches Sleeping mode Link Level approaches Energy Efﬁcient Ethernet Rate Adaptation Proxying approaches Proxying Infrastructure level approaches NIC proxying Energy aware applications External proxying Infrastructure level approaches Energy aware routing Energy aware applications Green TCP/IP Green bittorrent Conclusions

8. Outline Energy aware networking 1 Link level approaches Vincenzo De Maio Sleeping mode Introduction Energy Efﬁcient Ethernet Link level Rate Adaptation approaches Sleeping mode 2 Proxying approaches Energy Efﬁcient Ethernet Rate Adaptation NIC proxying Proxying External proxying approaches NIC proxying 3 Infrastructure level approaches External proxying Infrastructure Energy aware routing level approaches 4 Energy aware applications Energy aware routing Energy aware Green TCP/IP applications Green bittorrent Green TCP/IP Green bittorrent 5 Conclusions Conclusions

14. Energy aware networking Vincenzo De Maio Introduction Link level approaches Sleeping mode Energy Efﬁcient How to take the sleep decision? Ethernet Rate Adaptation For how long? Proxying approaches Which routers are the most amenable to sleeping? NIC proxying External proxying Infrastructure level approaches Energy aware routing Energy aware applications Green TCP/IP Green bittorrent Conclusions

17. What we expect Energy aware networking Vincenzo De Maio Introduction Link level approaches Sleeping mode Energy Efﬁcient Ethernet Rate Adaptation Proxying approaches NIC proxying External proxying Infrastructure level approaches Figure: A sleep-mode approach Energy aware routing Energy aware applications Green TCP/IP Green bittorrent Conclusions

18. On-off algorithm Notations Energy aware networking Vincenzo De Maio Introduction B : the output buffer size at the upstream interface. Link level approaches w : the number of the most recent inter-arrival times. Sleeping mode Energy Efﬁcient Ethernet λ : the mean inter-arrival time Rate Adaptation τ = α B is the buffer occupancy threshold, α < 1 (authors Proxying approaches use α = 0.1 in their experiments) NIC proxying External proxying m is the number of packets in the buffer Infrastructure level δ is the time required for the transition between on/off and approaches Energy aware routing resynchronization Energy aware applications Green TCP/IP Green bittorrent Conclusions

19. On-off algorithm Algorithm Energy aware networking If link is active Vincenzo De Maio if m > τ , then do not sleep if m ≤ τ then, ensure with a high probability that the total Introduction number of packets n + m < α B. Thus, if X1 , X2 , ...Xn are Link level approaches random variables for consecutive inter-packet times then Sleeping mode X = ΣXi has a Gamma distribution1 . We ﬁnd maximum t Energy Efﬁcient Ethernet such that, P [X > t ] ≥ 0.9 Rate Adaptation if t > δ then the link is put in sleep mode for time Proxying approaches min{t − δ , tmax } where tmax is the maximum amount of time NIC proxying External proxying that the link can be put to sleep. The sleep time is transmitted Infrastructure to the downstream interface in an 802.3 frame. level approaches If downstream interface is in sleep state and the sleeping Energy aware routing timer is expiring Energy aware applications if m = 0 and t > δ , then the upstream interface sends another Green TCP/IP 802.3 frame packet to the downstream interface to sleep for time min{t − δ , tmax }. Green bittorrent Conclusions 1 Assuming that inter-arrival time are IID random variables

26. Energy efficient ethernet Energy aware networking Vincenzo De Maio Introduction Link level approaches Sleeping mode Energy Efficient Ethernet Rate Adaptation Proxying approaches NIC proxying External proxying Figure: Energy Efficient Ethernet Infrastructure level approaches Energy aware routing Energy aware applications Green TCP/IP Green bittorrent Conclusions

27. Energy Efficient Ethernet Importance of Refresh signal Energy aware networking Vincenzo De Maio Introduction Link level approaches Sleeping mode 1 Ensure that both partners know that the link is present and Energy Efficient Ethernet allows for immediate notification following a disconnection. Rate Adaptation Proxying 2 Can be used to test the channel and create an opportunity for approaches NIC proxying the receiver to adapt to changes in the channel characteristics External proxying Infrastructure level approaches Energy aware routing Energy aware applications Green TCP/IP Green bittorrent Conclusions

29. Rate adaptation Energy aware networking Vincenzo De Maio Introduction Link level approaches Sleeping mode Energy Efﬁcient Use the existing ethernet data rates Ethernet Rate Adaptation Find a tradeoff between packet delay and time spent in lowest Proxying approaches rates. NIC proxying External proxying Infrastructure level approaches Energy aware routing Energy aware applications Green TCP/IP Green bittorrent Conclusions

30. Rate adaptation Problems Energy aware networking Vincenzo De Maio Introduction Link level approaches How to choose the right moment to adjust the link rate Sleeping mode Energy Efﬁcient Ethernet down/up in order to minimize the packet drops? Rate Adaptation Which is the correct rate that gives us the energy-saving Proxying approaches opportunity without degrading the link performance? NIC proxying External proxying How do we negotiate the rate? Infrastructure level approaches Energy aware routing Energy aware applications Green TCP/IP Green bittorrent Conclusions

31. Rate adaptation Energy aware networking Vincenzo De Maio Introduction Link level 1. if (link data rate is high) approaches Sleeping mode 2. if (queue length is less than low queue thr Energy Efﬁcient Ethernet 3. if (link utilization is less than link util Rate Adaptation 4. set the link data rate to low Proxying approaches 5. else NIC proxying External proxying 6. if(link data rate is low) Infrastructure 7. if(queue length is greater than high queue level approaches 8. set the link data rate to high Energy aware routing Energy aware applications Green TCP/IP Green bittorrent Conclusions

32. Further considerations Energy aware networking Vincenzo De Maio Introduction Link level approaches Sleeping mode We need to synchronize the link terminations Energy Efﬁcient Ethernet Rate Adaptation For rate adaptation, we need faster handshake Proxying Many works seems to prefer the sleeping mode solution approaches NIC proxying because of his lower complexity External proxying Infrastructure level approaches Energy aware routing Energy aware applications Green TCP/IP Green bittorrent Conclusions

35. Content inspection Energy aware networking Vincenzo De Maio Introduction Link level approaches Sleeping mode A pattern matching technique Energy Efﬁcient Ethernet Rate Adaptation Matches packet payloads against a set of pre-deﬁned Proxying signatures approaches NIC proxying Useful also in network security context External proxying Infrastructure level approaches Energy aware routing Energy aware applications Green TCP/IP Green bittorrent Conclusions

39. NIC Proxying The main idea Energy aware networking Vincenzo De Maio Introduction Link level approaches Sleeping mode NIC may drop the chatter and handle the trafﬁc requiring Energy Efﬁcient Ethernet Rate Adaptation minimal computation Proxying Main system will be woken up only when non-trivial packets approaches NIC proxying come External proxying Infrastructure level approaches Energy aware routing Energy aware applications Green TCP/IP Green bittorrent Conclusions

40. NIC Proxying The main idea Energy aware networking Vincenzo De Maio Introduction Link level approaches Sleeping mode NIC may drop the chatter and handle the trafﬁc requiring Energy Efﬁcient Ethernet Rate Adaptation minimal computation Proxying Main system will be woken up only when non-trivial packets approaches NIC proxying come External proxying Infrastructure level approaches Energy aware routing Energy aware applications Green TCP/IP Green bittorrent Conclusions

42. External proxying Energy aware networking Vincenzo De Maio Introduction Link level approaches Offloading traffic filtering and processing to an external Sleeping mode Energy Efficient machine instead that on the NIC Ethernet Rate Adaptation Can act for a number of end-devices Proxying approaches Can also maintain TCP connectivity for idle hosts NIC proxying External proxying Problem: unicast communication Infrastructure level approaches Energy aware routing Energy aware applications Green TCP/IP Green bittorrent Conclusions

47. Energy Aware Routing Problem Energy aware networking Vincenzo De ERP-1: Assume there is a tuple of input parameters, (G, T , K ) Maio Where Introduction G denotes the topology of data center network, Link level approaches Sleeping mode T denotes the traffic matrix Energy Efficient Ethernet K denotes the predefined threshold of network throughput. Rate Adaptation Proxying approaches 1 L(R1) = minL(R ), R ∈ R + NIC proxying External proxying 2 M (R1) ≥ K Infrastructure R + is the space of all possible routings for T level approaches Energy aware routing Energy aware L(R1) denotes the number of switches involved in R1 applications Green TCP/IP M (R1) is the network throughput of T under R1. Green bittorrent Conclusions

48. An heuristic solution Energy aware networking Vincenzo De Maio Route Generation: Select the routing for each flow in traffic Introduction matrix so that the network throughput is as high as possible. Link level They select the path with the fewest overlapping flows over approaches Sleeping mode the bottleneck link in the path. Energy Efficient Ethernet Throughput Computation: The module of throughput Rate Adaptation Proxying computation is to calculate the network throughput in a given approaches topology. NIC proxying External proxying Switch Elimination: A greedy algorithm for the elimination Infrastructure level process. First, they compute the traffic carried by each active approaches Energy aware routing switch in topology G, which is the total throughput of flows Energy aware traversing the switch. Then, they select the active switches applications Green TCP/IP carrying the lightest traffic. Green bittorrent Conclusions

49. An heuristic solution The algorithm Energy aware networking HRA(G0, T, PR) Vincenzo De Maio begin Introduction 1 set G := G0; Link level 2 //Route Generation approaches Sleeping mode 3 set R := RG(G, T); Energy Efﬁcient Ethernet 4 //Throughput Computation Rate Adaptation 5 set Tht1:= TC(G, T, R); Proxying approaches 6 do begin NIC proxying External proxying 7 //eliminate the switches carrying the lightes Infrastructure 8 set G := SE(G, T, R); level approaches 9 set R := RG(G, T); Energy aware routing 10 set Tht2:= TC(G, T, R); Energy aware applications 11 set P := Tht2 / Tht1; Green TCP/IP Green bittorrent 12 end while(P>=PR ) Conclusions 13 return (R, G); End

50. Energy aware networking Vincenzo De Maio Introduction Link level approaches Sleeping mode Energy Efﬁcient Ethernet Problem: Robustness of the network. . . Rate Adaptation What happens in case of hardware failures? Proxying approaches NIC proxying External proxying Infrastructure level approaches Energy aware routing Energy aware applications Green TCP/IP Green bittorrent Conclusions

52. Green TCP/IP Energy aware networking Vincenzo De Maio Introduction Link level approaches In TCP/IP, when a connection is dropped, every resource Sleeping mode Energy Efﬁcient Ethernet dedicated to the connection is cleaned up. Rate Adaptation A client cannot go to sleep without dropping its connection Proxying approaches Idea: add a new option to TCP communicating to the server NIC proxying External proxying our intention to sleep Infrastructure level approaches Energy aware routing Energy aware applications Green TCP/IP Green bittorrent Conclusions

55. Energy aware networking Vincenzo De Maio Introduction Link level approaches Sleeping mode Energy Efﬁcient Ethernet Rate Adaptation Proxying approaches NIC proxying External proxying Infrastructure level approaches Energy aware routing Figure: A green TCP/IP Energy aware applications Green TCP/IP Green bittorrent Conclusions

57. Main issues Energy aware networking Vincenzo De Maio A client should be able to sleep whenever it is done Introduction downloading and has no current upload requests pending Link level approaches from its peers independent of how many TCP connections it Sleeping mode Energy Efﬁcient may have to other peers. Ethernet Rate Adaptation When a peer sleeps, it must not affect its state in the peer Proxying approaches lists of other peers NIC proxying External proxying An awake peer must always have a sufﬁcient number of other Infrastructure peers that are awake to download from level approaches Energy aware routing A peer must be able to wake-up sleeping peers in a controlled Energy aware fashion. applications Green TCP/IP Green bittorrent Conclusions

61. Energy aware networking Vincenzo De Maio Introduction Unknown: a peer that has been given to this peer by the Link level approaches tracker, and it is unknown if the peer is sleeping or awake. Sleeping mode Energy Efﬁcient Connected: a peer that this peer has an active TCP Ethernet Rate Adaptation connection with. File pieces can be uploaded and Proxying downloaded on the connection. approaches NIC proxying External proxying Sleeping: a peer that has disconnected its TCP connection Infrastructure with this peer. The TCP connection must be re-established level approaches before ﬁle pieces can be uploaded or downloaded. Energy aware routing Energy aware applications Green TCP/IP Green bittorrent Conclusions

62. Energy aware networking Event 1: Detection of TCP disconnect of a peer Vincenzo De 1. on (detection of TCP disconnect of peer p) Maio 2. p.state = sleeping Introduction Event 2: Time out of connection timer Link level 1. on (timeout of connection timer) approaches Sleeping mode 2. check with tracker for new peers as needed Energy Efﬁcient Ethernet 3. for (all new peers in peer list) Rate Adaptation 4. p.state = unknown Proxying 5. while (count of connected peers < max_connec approaches NIC proxying 6. p = randomly selected peer in my peer list External proxying 7. if (have tested all peers) exit this loop Infrastructure level 8. if (wake-up condition == true) approaches 9. send wake-up message to peer p Energy aware routing 10. try to connect to peer p Energy aware applications 11. if (TCP connection established) Green TCP/IP Green bittorrent 12. p.state = connected Conclusions 13. else 14. remove peer p from my peer list

63. Energy aware networking Event 3: Timeout of inactivity timer Vincenzo De Maio 1. on (timeout of inactivity timer) Introduction 2. send not interested message to connected pe Link level approaches 3. send choke message to connected peers Sleeping mode Energy Efﬁcient 4. close all of my TCP connections Ethernet Rate Adaptation 5. my.state = sleeping Proxying approaches 6. enter sleep state NIC proxying External proxying Infrastructure Event 4: Detection of my wake-up triggered by p level approaches Energy aware routing 1. on (detection of my wake-up triggered by pee Energy aware applications 2. if (TCP connection is established from peer Green TCP/IP 3. my.state = connected Green bittorrent Conclusions 4. send my file contents bitfield to peer p 5. run choking algorithm

64. Conclusions Link level approaches Energy aware networking Vincenzo De Maio Introduction Link level approaches Sleeping mode Energy Efficient IEEE standardization committee has already proposed a draft Ethernet Rate Adaptation They will be included in Energy Efficient Ethernet Proxying approaches Could be interesting to evaluate the benefits on a larger scale NIC proxying External proxying Infrastructure level approaches Energy aware routing Energy aware applications Green TCP/IP Green bittorrent Conclusions

67. Conclusions Proxying approaches Energy aware networking Vincenzo De Maio Introduction Link level approaches Sleeping mode Energy Efﬁcient Several prototypes are currently in development Ethernet Rate Adaptation Standardization efforts are also ongoing Proxying approaches We need a deep analysis about effects on QoS NIC proxying External proxying Infrastructure level approaches Energy aware routing Energy aware applications Green TCP/IP Green bittorrent Conclusions

70. Conclusions Infrastructure approaches Energy aware networking Vincenzo De Maio Introduction Link level approaches Sleeping mode Reducing number of active devices is not the best solution Energy Efﬁcient Ethernet Rate Adaptation Multiple robustness and connectivity issues Proxying We need further investigations in modeling and ﬁnd a good approaches NIC proxying tradeoff External proxying Infrastructure level approaches Energy aware routing Energy aware applications Green TCP/IP Green bittorrent Conclusions

71. Conclusions Software level Energy aware networking Vincenzo De Maio Introduction Link level approaches Sleeping mode TCP/IP will be beneﬁcial for every software relying on it. Energy Efﬁcient Ethernet Rate Adaptation Higher level approaches like green bittorrent seems also Proxying promising approaches NIC proxying Main lack in this area is about existing tools External proxying Infrastructure level approaches Energy aware routing Energy aware applications Green TCP/IP Green bittorrent Conclusions

72. Energy aware networking Vincenzo De Maio Introduction Link level approaches Sleeping mode Energy Efﬁcient Ethernet Rate Adaptation Proxying approaches Questions? NIC proxying External proxying Infrastructure level approaches Energy aware routing Energy aware applications Green TCP/IP Green bittorrent Conclusions

73. Energy aware networking Vincenzo De Maio Introduction Link level approaches Sleeping mode Energy Efﬁcient Ethernet Rate Adaptation Proxying Thanks for your attention! approaches NIC proxying External proxying Infrastructure level approaches Energy aware routing Energy aware applications Green TCP/IP Green bittorrent Conclusions

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