5. According to
Antiochus of
Syracuse (420
BC), the word
Italia indicated
the southern
portion of the
Bruttium
peninsula
6. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name "Italia" to
a larger region, but it was during the reign of Emperor
Augustus (63 BC. – 14 AD) that the term was expanded
to cover the entire peninsula until the Alps
13. • In 1797 the French Republic sends Napoleon to
face the Austrian troops on Italian soil.
• After a series of victories Napoleon’s troops move
south marching towards Rome.
• Pope Pius VI is captured and sent to France, but
dies on the way.
• The Kingdom of Naples tries to resist the French,
but soon king Ferdinand IV flees leaving for
Palermo escorted by the English Admiral Nelson.
• After 3 years of fighting and political adjustments
Italy is divided into 5 Republics.
15. The republican experience and
the national ideals of the French
Revolution inspire many Italian
intellectuals.
Filippo Maria Buonarroti fights
for a Unitarian National State
writing:
“We can’t wait to see our
Homeland free! And the
pointless distinctions of being
born in Naples, Milan, Turin
should disappear forever among
us patriots. We all belong to one
country, to one Homeland. […] “
16. In March 1799 the Austrian an Russian troops
attack the French.
The Italian republics fall and the old monarchies
are restored.
Cardinal Fabrizio Ruffo creates an army called
Santafede.
In Napoli alone more than 100 revolutionary
patriots are executed while the Santafede brings
on a real massacre in the nearby towns and in
the countryside.
18. • In 1804 France becomes an Empire and
Napoleon its Emperor.
• Between 1806 and 1809 he conquers again
the Italian peninsula.
• 3 new reigns are formed under French
command.
• Sicily remains under the Bourbons.
• Sardinia under the house of Savoia (future
kings of unified Italy).
20. For the first time
since the end of
the Roman
Empire, the entire
“boot” shares one
common
constitution, fiscal
system and law.
21. The invasion causes the rise of an anti-
French movement, a strengthening of the
national Italian ideal and the birth of
underground patriotic revolutionary
societies.
Great examples of “nationalistic” literature:
-Ultime lettere di Jacopo Ortis by Ugo Foscolo
-Platone in Italia by Vincenzo Cuoco
23. The situation is “brought back in time” to the
asset of 1795.
The people of Italy had experienced a more
democratic life and could not accept a
restoration of the ancient noble rights over the
territory.
Political and social unrest favors the illegal
activity of political sects.
24. The “CARBONERIA”
• The Carbonari ("charcoal burners”)
were organised in the fashion of
Freemasonry, broken into small cells
scattered across Italy.
• Most of the membership sought the
creation of a liberal, unified Italy.
26. Catholicism and National
Movement
• The nationalistic societies identify the
patriotic hero with Jesus.
• The Carbonari state that Christ was the 1st
mason.
• The initiation right sees the mason in the role
of Jesus who swears fidelity while being
crucified.
27. • The religious terminology adds “nobility
and dignity” to the initiation process.
• It is the foundation of national ideology as
political religion of the contemporary era.
• This can explain the high number of priests
involved in the illegal nationalistic
operations in the 1800s.
29. • The underground sects organize a series of
successful revolutions that restore republics
throughout Italy but fail (or do not intend) to
unify the country.
• In 1830 Austria fights back restoring the
reigns under the rule of the Italian nobles.
30. • Southern Carbonari imagine a unified Italian
State within the borders of the Reign of
Naples.
• Others think that a broader national state
could include all peoples from the Alps to
Sicily.
• According to the second group Italians are
united by:
- Blood - Culture
- Language - Common past
- One religion
34. La Giovine Italia
In 1831 Mazzini went to Marseille, where he
became a popular figure to the other Italian
exiles. He organized a new political society
called La giovine Italia
35. The group's motto was God
and the People, and its basic
principle was the unification
of the several states and
kingdoms of the peninsula
into a single republic as the
only true foundation of
Italian liberty. The new
nation had to be: "One,
Independent, Free
Republic".
36. • In 1848 a series of protests in the Kingdome of
Naples pushes Ferdinand II to grant a more
democratic constitution with elected
representatives.
• Carlo Alberto King of Sardinia, Piedmont and
Savoia follows the example of Ferdinand.
• Even the Pope, Pius IX, delivers a speech
blessing Italy and its Nation.
38. In 1848 Lombardia and
Veneto were still under
Austrian domination.
News of successful
revolutions in Piedmont
and Naples reached the
city of Milano.
March 18 the people
formed barricades in the
streets and began fighting
the Austrian troops.
After 5 days of fighting the
city was freed.
39. The end of a dream
• Carlo Alberto di Savoia declared war to Austria
and marched towards Milano meeting with
the revolutionaries.
• The Pope organized his own army to fight the
war for the independence of Italy.
• King Ferdinand prepared an army to attack
the Austrians from the Southern Front.
• France decided not to interfere.
40. King Carlo Alberto annexes Lombardia and
Veneto to his reign.
The Pope reconsiders his position: He doesn’t
represent Italians, he represents all Catholics.
He cannot fight a nationalist war.
King Ferdinand decides not to intervene in the
war as he fears that King Carlo would try to
extend his influence to Southern Italy.
The Austrian fight back and 9 August 1848
Milano is back under the control of Austrian
troops.
41.
42. . Carlo Alberto gives his people a liberal and
more democratic constitution and Camillo
Benso Conte di Cavour is elected as prime
minister.
43. • 14 January 1858 Felice Orsini throws 3 bombs at
Napoleon III in Paris.
• He holds Napoleon III responsible for the Italian
situation
• More than 50 people die but Napoleon survives
44. • Napoleon III understands that the political and social
unrest in Italy could constitute a problem for the
French borders.
• He promises Vittorio Emanuele II King of Sardinia to
fight for the liberation of Italy in exchange of the
territories of Nizza and Savoia
45. • French and Piedmontese
troops face the Austrians 1859
in Montebello
• Garibaldi collects a
victory after the other
liberating Lombardia
• In the battle of Solferino
and San Martino 1,662
French and 12,000
Austrian soldiers die.
46. • The French leave the Italian territory.
• The Piedmontese troops are left to face the
Austrians backed by groups of volunteers.
• Lombardia, Emilia, Romagna and Toscana are
annexed to the crown of Piedmont.
47. L’impresa dei Mille
• 5 May 1860 Giuseppe Garibaldi leaves from
the port of Quarto with 1,000 volunteers (I
Mille).
• 11 May the Mille get to Marsala, Sicily.
• Garibaldi proclaims himself dictator of the
island in the name of Vittorio Emanuele.
• 20,000 volunteers come from different
regions to fight with Garibaldi
• The Borbonic troops are defeated and 6
September Francis II abandons Naples.
49. Elections and the Unification
• The people of Southern Italy vote for the
annexation to the Kingdome of Piedmont.
• 26 October 1860 Garibaldi and Vittorio
Emanuele meet at Teano in Campania, but
he’s dismissed from command.
• 4 November 1860, Marche and Umbria
become part of the Kingdome.
• 17 March 1861 Vittorio Emanuele is
proclamed king of Italy.
50. • Rome was proclaimed Capital even though
still under French protection.
• The Third War of Independence freed Veneto
from the Austrians in 1866.
• In July 1870 Napoleon III ordered his men to
leave Rome. General Cadorna entered into
the city which became part of the Kingdome
against the Pope’s will.
51. After 150 years songs about
Garibaldi are still being sang
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_a1j6za86Gc
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_a1j6za86Gc
52. The history of the unification is still
controversial
• Many believe that the annexation of the
Southern territories to the reign of Piedmont
should be interpreted as a “conquest” driven
by Garibaldi in the name of the king. In their
view the modern national state and the Italian
national identity is the product of an act of
violence.
