The document describes factors that affect gas pressure, including the amount of gas, volume of the container, and temperature. It explains that gases are easily compressed and expand to fill their container, unlike solids or liquids. The document also provides the key variables used to describe gases and discusses several gas laws relating pressure, volume, temperature, and amount of gas.
This showcases the basics of the laws governing behavior of gases which includes:
1. Boyle's Law
2. Charles's Law
3. Gay - Lussac's Law
4. Combined Gas Law
5. Avogadro's Law
6. Ideal Gas Law
7. Dalton's Law on Partial Pressures
8. Graham's Law of Diffusion
This showcases the basics of the laws governing behavior of gases which includes:
1. Boyle's Law
2. Charles's Law
3. Gay - Lussac's Law
4. Combined Gas Law
5. Avogadro's Law
6. Ideal Gas Law
7. Dalton's Law on Partial Pressures
8. Graham's Law of Diffusion
Kinetic Gas Theory including Ideal Gas Equation. Temperature, Volume, Applications
Boyle's Law, Charles' Law and Avogadro's Law. Ideal Gas Theory, Dalton's Partial Pressure
Kinetic Gas Theory including Ideal Gas Equation. Temperature, Volume, Applications
Boyle's Law, Charles' Law and Avogadro's Law. Ideal Gas Theory, Dalton's Partial Pressure
Attacking the TEKS: Focus on Gases presented by Jane Smith, ACT2 2010
This session will expose you to the new TEKS and College Readiness Standards. Ideas for sequencing and planning the unit will be shared along with tips for appropriate demos, labs, and assessments. The intended audience is for teachers with 3 or less years of experience or anyone who wants to delve deeper into the new standards.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. OBJECTIVES:
Explain why gases are easier to compress than solids or liquids are.
Describe the three factors that affect gas pressure.
Compressibility
Gases can ______________________ to fill its container, unlike solids or liquids
The reverse is also true:
They are easily __________________________, or squeezed into a
smaller volume
Compressibility is a measure of how much the volume of matter decreases
under pressure
This is the idea behind placing “air bags” in automobiles
In an accident, the air compresses more than the steering wheel or dash
when you strike it
The impact forces the gas particles closer together, because there is a
________________________________________________ between them
At room temperature, the distance between particles is about 10x the diameter of
the particle
This empty space makes gases good ____________________________(example:
windows, coats)
How does the volume of the particles in a gas compare to the overall volume of
the gas?
Variables that describe a Gas
The four variables and their common units:
1. _________________________ (P) in kilopascals
2. _________________________ (V) in Liters
3. _________________________ (T) in Kelvin
4. _________________________ (n) in moles
• The amount of gas, volume, and temperature are factors that affect gas pressure.
1. Amount of Gas
When we inflate a balloon, we are __________________________ gas
molecules.
Increasing the number of gas particles increases the number of collisions
thus, the ____________________________________________
If temperature is constant, then doubling the number of particles doubles the
pressure
2
3. Pressure and the number of molecules are directly related
More molecules means more collisions, and…
Fewer molecules means fewer collisions.
Gases naturally move from areas of
____________________________________________________, because there
is empty space to move into – a spray can is example.
Common use?
A practical application is Aerosol (spray) cans
gas moves from higher pressure to lower pressure
a propellant forces the product out
whipped cream, hair spray, paint
Fig. 14.5, page 416
Is the can really ever “empty”?
2. Volume of Gas
In a smaller container, the molecules have less room to move.
The particles hit the sides of the container more often.
As volume decreases, pressure increases. (think of a syringe)
Thus, volume and pressure are ___________________________________
to each other
3. Temperature of Gas
Raising the temperature of a gas increases the pressure, if the volume is held
constant. __________________________________________________________
The molecules hit the walls harder, and more frequently!
Should you throw an aerosol can into a fire? What could happen?
When should your automobile tire pressure be checked?
3
4. Name ____________________________________________ Date _________________
Chapter 14 Section Review
1. How does kinetic theory explain the compressibility of gases?
2. What variables and units are used to describe a gas?
3. What affects do the changes in the amount of gas and in the volume of the
container have on gas pressure?
4. What is the effect of temperature change on the pressure of a contained gas?
5. What would you have to do to the volume of a gas to reduce its pressure to one-
quarter of the original value, assuming that the gas is at a constant temperature?
6. Keeping the temperature constant, how would you increase the pressure in a
container by one hundredfold?
7. The manufacturer of an aerosol deodorant packaged in a 150 mL container wishes
to produce a container of the same size that will hold twice as much gas. How will
the pressure of the gas in the new product compare with that of the gas in the
original container?
4
5. Section 14.2
The Gas Laws
OBJECTIVES:
Describe the relationships among the temperature, pressure, and volume of a gas.
Use the combined gas law to solve problems.
The Gas Laws are mathematical
The gas laws will describe HOW gases behave.
Gas behavior can be predicted by the theory.
The amount of change can be calculated with mathematical equations.
You need to know both of these: the theory, and the math
#1. Boyle’s Law - 1662
Gas ___________________________________________________________________,
when temperature is held constant.
Pressure x Volume = a constant
Equation:
5
6. Graph of Boyle’s Law
Boyle’s Law says the pressure is inverse to
the volume.
Note that when the volume goes up, the
pressure goes down
Example Problem
A balloon contains 30.0 L of helium gas at 103 kPa. What is the volume when the helium
when the balloon rises to an altitude where the pressure is only 25.0 kPa? (assume the
temperature remains constant.
#2. Charles’s Law - 1787
The volume of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature,
when pressure is held constant.
This extrapolates to zero volume at a temperature of zero Kelvin.
6
7. Converting Celsius to Kelvin
• Gas law problems involving temperature will always require that the temperature
be in Kelvin. (Remember that no degree sign is shown with the kelvin scale.)
• Reason? There will never be a zero volume, since we have never reached
absolute zero.
Kelvin = °C + ___________ and °C = Kelvin - ___________
Example Problem
A balloon inflated in a room at 24 degrees Celsius has a volume of 4.00 L. The balloon is
then heated to a temperature of 58 degrees Celsius. What is the new volume if the
temperature remains constant?
#3. Gay-Lussac’s Law - 1802
The pressure and Kelvin temperature of a gas are directly proportional, provided that the
volume remains constant.
Example Problem
The gas left in a used aerosol can is at a pressure of 103kPa at 25 degrees Celsius. If this
can is thrown onto a fire, what is the pressure of the gas when its temperature reaches 928
degrees Celsius?
7
8. #4. The Combined Gas Law
The combined gas law expresses the relationship between pressure, volume and
temperature of a fixed amount of gas.
The combined gas law contains all the other gas laws!
If the temperature remains constant...
If the pressure remains constant...
If the volume remains constant...
Example Problem
The volume of a gas filled balloon is 30.0 L at 40 degrees Celsius and 153kPa pressure.
What volume will the balloon have at standard temperature and pressure?
8
9. Name __________________________________ Date ___________________________
14-2 Section Review
1. State Boyles law, Charles law, and Guy-Lussac’s law.
2. Explain how the combined gas law can be reduced to the other three gas laws.
3. Write the mathematical equation for Boyle’s law and explain the symbols. What
must be true about the temperature?
4. A given mass of air has a volume of 6.00 L at 101 kPa. What volume will it
occupy at 25.0 kPa if the temperature does not change?
9
10. Section 14.3
Ideal Gases
OBJECTIVES:
Compute the value of an unknown using the ideal gas law.
Compare and contrast real an ideal gases.
5. The Ideal Gas Law #1
Equation:
Pressure times Volume equals the number of moles (n) times the Ideal Gas
Constant (R) times the Temperature in Kelvin.
R = 8.31 (L x kPa) / (mol x K)
The other units must match the value of the constant, in order to cancel out.
The value of R could change, if other units of measurement are used for the other
values (namely pressure changes)
We now have a new way to count moles (the amount of matter), by measuring T,
P, and V. We aren’t restricted to only STP conditions:
Ideal Gases
We are going to assume the gases behave “ideally”- in other words, they
____________________________________________________under all
conditions of temperature and pressure
An ideal gas does not really exist, but it makes the math easier and is a close
approximation.
Particles have no volume? ______________________
No attractive forces? __________________________
There are no gases for which this is true (acting “ideal”); however,
Real gases behave this way at
a) __________________________________________
b) __________________________________________
Because at these conditions, a gas will stay a gas
Example Problem
You fill a rigid steel cylinder that has a volume of 20.0 L with nitrogen gas (N2) (g) to a
final pressure of 2.00 x 104 kPa at 28 degrees Celsius. How many moles of N2 (g) does
the cylinder contain?
10
11. Example Problem 2
A deep underground cavern contains 2.24 x 106 L of methane gas (CH4) (g) at a pressure
of 1.50 x 103 kPa and a temperature of 42 degrees Celsius. How many kilograms of CH4
does this natural gas deposit contain?
#6. Ideal Gas Law 2
Equation:
Allows LOTS of calculations, and some new items are:
m = mass, in grams
M = molar mass, in g/mol
Molar mass =
Density
Density is mass divided by volume
so,
Real Gases and Ideal Gases
Ideal Gases don’t exist, because:
1. Molecules ___________ take up space
2. There _______________ attractive forces between particles
- otherwise there would be no liquids formed
11
12. Real Gases behave like Ideal Gases...
When the molecules are ___________________________
The molecules do not take up as big a percentage of the space
We can ignore the particle volume.
This is at ____________________________________
When molecules are moving fast
This is at ______________________________________
Collisions are harder and faster.
Molecules are not next to each other very long.
Attractive forces can’t play a role.
12
13. Name ____________________________________________ Date _________________
14.3 – Section Review
1. How is it possible to determine the amount (moles) of a gas in a sample at given
conditions of temperature, pressure and volume?
2. What is the difference between an ideal gas and a real gas?
3. Explain the meaning of this statement: “No gas exhibits ideal behavior at all
temperatures and pressures.” At what conditions do real gases behave like ideal
gases? Why?
4. Determine the volume occupied by 0.582 mol of a gas at 15 degrees Celsius if the
pressure is 81.8 kPa
5. If 28.0 g of methane gas (CH4) are introduced into an evacuated 2.00 L gas
cylinder at a temperature of 35 degrees Celsius, what is the pressure inside the
cylinder? Note that the volume of the gas cylinder is constant.
13
14. Section 14.4
Gases: Mixtures and Movements
OBJECTIVES:
Relate the total pressure of a mixture of gases to the partial pressures of
the component gases.
Explain how the molar mass of a gas affects the rate at which the gas
diffuses and effuses.
#7 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
For a mixture of gases in a container,
PTotal = _____________________________
• P1 represents the “partial pressure”, or the contribution by that gas.
• Dalton’s Law is particularly useful in calculating the pressure of gases collected
over water.
If the first three containers are all put into the fourth, we can find the
pressure in that container by adding up the pressure in the first 3:
14
15. Sample Problem
Air contains oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and trace amounts of other gases. What is
the partial pressure of oxygen (PO ) at 101.3 kPa of total pressure if the partial pressures
2
of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and other gases are 79.10 kPa, 0.040 kPa, and 0.94 kPa
respectively?
Diffusion is:
• Molecules moving from areas of ____________
concentration to ___________ concentration.
Example: perfume molecules spreading across the
room.
• Effusion: Gas escaping through a tiny hole in a container.
• Both of these depend on the
_______________________________________________,
which determines the speed.
Effusion: a gas escapes through a tiny hole in its container
-Think of a nail in your car tire…
Diffusion and effusion are explained by the next gas law: Graham’s Law
8. Graham’s Law
The rate of effusion and diffusion is ___________________________________
to the square root of the molar mass of the molecules.
Sample Problem
15
16. Compare the rates of effusion of the air component nitrogen (molar mass = 28.0 g) and
helium (molar mass = 4.0 g)
With effusion and diffusion, the type of particle is important:
Gases of lower molar mass diffuse and effuse _______________________
than gases of higher molar mass.
Helium effuses and diffuses __________________________ than nitrogen – thus,
helium escapes from a balloon quicker than many other gases
Name __________________________________________ Date ___________________
16
17. 14.4 – Section Review Questions
1. How is the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture calculated?
2. Determine the total pressure of a gas mixture that contains oxygen, nitrogen, and
helium if the partial pressures of the gases are as follows PO2 = 20.0 kPa, PN2 =
46.7 kPa, and PHe = 26.7 kPa
3. How is the rate of effusion of a gas calculated?
4. Compare the rates of effusion of helium and oxygen
5. At the same temperature, the rates of diffusion of carbon monoxide and nitrogen
are vitually identical. Explain how this happens?
17