Vegetables in agroforestry systems

vegetables + development Vegetable Research
Development Through www.avrdc.org
www.avrdc.org

AVRDC-WVC
Thursday Seminar, 12 June 2008

Can Vegetables Be
More Productive
Under Tree-Based
Systems?
Photo by Mandy Lin

Manuel C. Palada, Ph.D.
Crop & Ecosystem Management Specialist

07-2007 XYZ

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Outline
• Overview of the SANREM CRSP Vegetable
Agroforestry Project (VAF)
• Early studies on VAF
• Tree-vegetable crop interface/interactions
• Performance of AVRDC-WVC vegetable
varieties under VAF
• Other results from the Philippines, Indonesia
and Vietnam
• Summary
• VAF TMPEGS Team
07-2007 XYZ

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SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL
RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH SUPPORT PROGRAM
(SANREM CRSP)
Agroforestry and Sustainable Vegetable Production in
Southeast Asian Watersheds (2005-2009)

07-2007 XYZ

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Strong Partnership
De La Salle

UPLB
NCA&T
Don Bosco

UC Berkeley

07-2007 XYZ

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AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC – WVC
SANREM Team

Manny Palada Mubarik Ali

Liwayway Engle Greg Luther Flordeliza Faustino

07-2007 XYZ

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Problem Statement

Communities in many forest and vegetable
producing watersheds in Southeast Asia are
suffering from poverty, and forest, soil and water
resources degradation

07-2007 XYZ

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VEGETABLE AGROFORESTRY PROJECT SITES

Nghia Trung, Budang District,
Binh Phuoc Province Vietnam
May 11, 2006
07-2007 XYZ

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Nanggung, Indonesia
May 3, 2006

07-2007 XYZ

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Lantapan, Philippines
May 24, 2008
07-2007 XYZ

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VIETNAM

Binh Phouc Province

VAF: Cacao, cashew, coffee,
bananas, timber trees, vegetables

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Indonesia
Nanggung Sub-District
Near Jakarta

07-2007 XYZ

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Indonesia

VAF: Bananas, vegetables, mix trees

07-2007 XYZ

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Philippines
Lantapan, Bukidnon
Island of Mindanao

VAF: alley cropping, vegetables,
bananas, timber trees
07-2007 XYZ

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Response

TMPEGS
“TeaMPEGS”
07-2007 XYZ

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SANREM CRSP VAF TMPEGS

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Vegetable Agroforestry Systems in Southeast Asian Watersheds

TMPEGS
Stands for our TeaM’s
Philosophy

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PEGS
• A peg is a pin
forming a
projection that
may be used as a
support

TMPEGS Philosophy:
“We are ‘PEGS’ supporting small scale
farmers both women and men”
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TMPEGS

echnology
‘complementarity’

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TMPEGS

arketing
‘value chain’

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TMPEGS

olicy
‘incentives’

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TMPEGS

nvironmental &
conomic-social impact
‘it works’

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TMPEGS

ender
‘equity’
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TMPEGS

caling-up
‘contagiousness’

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Conceptual Framework
Technology
Baseline studies Vegetables
Complementary
agroforestry systems
Trees

Environmental and
Socio-Economic
Marketing
Impacts

Policy Gender Stakeholders
mainly Small Scale Scaling-up
Farmers both
Women and Men
Predominant flow
Feedback flow

07-2007 XYZ

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Overall hypothesis

In intensive vegetable
production system in the
uplands, monoculture
systems are not
sustainable, but
integrating trees is
feasible and offers better
prospects.

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Alley Cropping

Vegetable Agroforestry (VAF) systems is inevitably the most
appropriate technology for the uplands to enhance the productivity,
profitability and protective functions of vegetable production system in
a sustainable manner, while reducing production risks and
environmental hazards of vegetable production system.

07-2007 XYZ

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Vegetable Agroforestry Systems in
Southeast Asian Watersheds

Early Studies on Vegetable
Agroforestry Systems
• International Institute of Tropical Agriculture
(IITA) Nigeria (1985-90)
• University of the U.S. Virgin Islands, St. Croix (1991-2001)
• Center for Subtropical Agroforestry,
University of Florida (2002-2005)

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IITA, Nigeria
No alley
No alley

With alley With alley

No alley With alley
Alley cropping Leucaena with leafy Chinese cabbage (Pai-tsai)
Chen, Y.S., B.T. Kang and F.E. Caveness. 1989. Alley cropping vegetable
crops with Leucaena in Southern Nigeria. HortScience 24(5):839-940.

IITA, Nigeria
Alley cropping with amaranthus,
celosia, tomato and okra

Treatments:
Alley (+Fertilizer) Palada, M.C., B.T. Kang and S.L. Claassen.
Alley (-Fertilizer) 1992. Effect of alley cropping Leucaena
No Alley (+Fertilizer) leucocephala and fertilizer on yield of
No Alley (-Fertilizer)
vegetable crops. Agroforestry Systems
19:139-147.
Leucaena hedgerows: 4 m
Alley width: 4 m

St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands

Pruning hedgerows Pruning applied as mulch

Hedgerow intercropping pigeonpea with bell pepper
Palada, M.C., S.M.A. Crossman and C.D. Collingwood. 1992. Effect
of pigeonpea hedgerows on soil water and yield of intercropped
pepper. Proc. Caribbean Food Crops Soc. 28:517-532.


Alley cropping Moringa with medicinal plants and culinary herbs
Palada, M.C., B.N. Becker, J.M. Mitchell and P.K.R. Nair. 2003. Cultivation of
medicinal plants in alley cropping system with Moringa oleifera in the Virgin
Islands. Pp. 60-76 In: Y.N. Clement and C.E. Seaforth (eds). Proc. 6th Int’l
Workshop on Herbal Medicines for the Caribbean. Univ. of the West Indies,
St. Augustine, Trinidad & Tobago.


Rao, M.R., M.C. Palada and B.N. Becker. 2004. Medicinal and aromatic plants
in agroforestry systems. Agroforestry Systems 61:107-122.
Palada, M.C., J.M. Mitchell, B.N. Becker and P.K.R. Nair. 2005. The integration
of medicinal plants and culinary herbs in agroforestry systems for the
Caribbean: A study in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Acta Hort. 676:147-153.

Hedgerow intecropping eggplant and sweet corn with Leucana, Gliricia, Moringa and Pigeonpea.
Palada, M.C., J.J. O’Donnell, S.M.A. Crossman and J.A. Kowalski. 1994. Influence of
four hedgerow species on yield of sweet corn and eggplant in an alley cropping system.
Agron. Abst. 1994:7.

Maize in Moringa hedgerows

Maize in Leucaena hedgerows


No hedgerow plot

5m

Morinda hedgerows

Hedgerow/alley plot
1m Row 2
Row 3

Hot pepper
Row 4 Row 1

Palada, M.C., B.N. Becker and J.M. Mitchell. 2004. Growth and yield of hot
pepper in hedgerow intecropping with Morinda (Morinda citrifolia L.) during
early establishment. Proc. Caribbean Food Crops Soc. 40:22-28.

Photo by Mandy Lin

Palada, M.C., S.M.A. Crossman and J.J. O’Donnell. 2004. Integrating
high value horticultural crops into agroforestry systems in the tropics
with focus on alley cropping. Proc. Symp. On Celebrating Minority
Professionals in Forestry and Natural Resources Conservation. Florida
A&M Univ. Tallahassee, Florida.

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TMPEGS

Technology objective:
Develop economically viable and ecologically-
sound vegetable-agroforestry (VAF) systems
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Evolution of the AF system in Southern Philippines (Mindanao)
(hedgerow intercropping)
1970-90: 1990-2000: NVS – 2000- present:
Pruned hedgerow Natural Veg. Strips commercial trees

Positive
Control soil erosion
Provide organic fertilizer
Positive
Very cheap to establish
Control soil erosion
?
Potentials:
Fodder for animal
Negative effectively Productivity/Profitability
Labor intensive Negative Sustainability
Competes with crops: Diversity
space, growth resources, No economic benefits
labor, etc Environmental services

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Environmental services

Effect of different hedgerowsoil loss..
Reduction of types on soil loss
===============================
Hedgerow systems Soil loss (Mg ha-1)
-----------------------------------------------------
Grasses 2.20 c
Forage legumes 9.80 c
Shrubs 5.70 c
Trees 6.50 c
Contour cultivation 40.0 b
Traditional cultivation 350.0 a
(up & down the slope)
Tolerable rate 12.0
=============================================
Rainfall: 3000 mm annually
“The greatest immediate impact of timber hedgerow system is reducing soil loss about 55 times than
traditional up and down the slope cultivation thus making soil nutrients that will become available
to the food crops”.

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Relative yield of maize over six cropping periods as influenced by
different timber tree species as hedgerows spaced at 8m x 3m

Yield of control

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Tree-Crop Interaction
in
Hedgerow Intercropping

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Schematic diagram of tree-crop interaction in hedgerow intercropping system

N 2 - fixation
C0 2 - fixation

Net benefit = 2T+ (Y2-2Y1)-2D
where:
T = value of tree products (inc
above and below C stocks, N2
fixation)
Y1 = yield loss
Y2 = yield gain
D = value of displaced crop
reduction of negative effects through
silvicultural management
Y2 + Yield of control
(monocropping
Y1 Y1 systems)
- -

tree-crop nutrient transfer through pruning leaching of nutrients to lower depths 0 - 100 cm depth
D and roots and nodules turn-over.

+ Safety-net zone
> 100 cm depth
uptake from safety- net zone
(nutrient pumping below root
+ = fertility, micro-climae, erosion control, nutrient pumping, safety-
net, tree biomass and soil C stocks
zone of annual crops)
- = competition: light, water nutrient

Schematic diagram of tree-crop interaction under parkland system
N 2 - fixation
Scenario 1. Competition
C0 2 - fixation
- Tree is competitive

+

0 - 100 cm depth -
> 100 cm depth + uptake of H20, nutrients
leaching of nutrient

Scenario 2. Com plem entary

+ +

Net benefit = T + (Y 2 - D)

Schematic diagram of tree-crop interaction under boundary planting system

Y = T + (Y2 - Y1) - D

+ Y2

Y1 -

0 - 100 cm depth

> 100 cm depth

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Vegetable Agroforestry System Research
Goal:

Tree-vegetable integration on farm
with minimal negative interaction but
optimal positive interaction, thus
increasing productivity, economic
profitability, nutrient use efficiency and
environmental services

07-2007 XYZ

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Tree integration on intensive vegetable based
systems with minimal negative interaction

Approaches:
• Tree-vegetable
matching
• Tree management
• Crop management

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Methodology
1. Assessment of existing VAF systems covering 21 farms, 2 AF
systems, 6 tree species, 8 vegetables, 4 aspects. Data collected
were tree parameters (stem diameter, tree height, canopy height and width), spatial
performance of vegetables (height, stem diameter, crown width, biomass), spatial
light transmission (fish eye photography/quantum light meter)

2. Focus group discussion with 15 VAF farmers on various ways of
integrating trees on vegetable farms and their practices and experiences on tree and
vegetable management addressing tree-vegetable competition and complementarity
3. Evaluation of 5 commercial, 20 indigenous, and 5 tree
vegetables under tree-based system.

07-2007 XYZ

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Eucalyptus- tomato interaction under boundary planting system

T omato height Average
150 height at
140 neutral
130 zone
120
110
100
height (cm)

90
80
70
60
50 C ompetition C omplementarity Neutral
40
30
20
10
0
0 3 6 9 12 15
D istance from the tree (m)
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Three zones of tree-crop interaction in vegetable agroforestry systems

White bean yield under Maesopsis eminii hedge trees

20
Competition zone Complementarity zone Neutral zone
15 Average
yield
Beans (g/plt)

10

5

0
0 5 10 15 20
M. eminii hedge
Distance from the tree (m)

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Net complementarity as a simple tool in assessing
appropriate tree-vegetable integration
• Net complementarity = degree of complementarity-degree of
competitiveness

• Degree of complementarity = relative yield (at complementary
zone) -1 x distance of influence (0= no complementarity)

• Degree of competitiveness = 1- relative yield (at competition
zone) x distance of influence (0= no competition)

• Relative yield at complementarity zone = yield at
complementarity zone divided by yield at neutral zone

• Relative yield at competition zone = yield at competition zone
divided by yield at neutral zone

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Influence of timber tree species on VAF net
complementarity under farmer management
(tree-vegetable matching)

Tree species Net complementarity

Acacia mangium -0.23

Eucalyptus robusta 0.48

Eucalyptus torillana -0.30

Gmelina arborea -0.85

Maesopsis emini -1.67

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Influence of vegetable crops on net complementarity
under farmers management (tree-vegetable matching)

Vegetables Net complementarity index
Bell pepper 0.14

Brocolli -7.54

Cabbage 0.98

Cauliflower 0.44

Chinese cabbage 0.57

Tomato -0.48

White beans -1.67

Maize -1.55
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Influence of aspects on VAF net complementarity

North

North (vegetable on south side) South (vegetable on north side)

West (vegetable on east side) East (vegetable on west side)

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Influence of aspects on net complementarity
under farmer’s crop management

Aspects Net
complementarity
East (vegetable on west side) -2.09
West (vegetable on east side) - 0.54
North (vegetable on south side) -1.06
South (vegetable on north side) -1.74

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Relationship between tree height (m) and
net complementarity

20
y = 0.3034x + 12.696
18
R 2 = 0.14
16

14
eig t )
ree h h (m

12
10

8
T

6

4

2

0
(10.00) (5.00) - 5.00 10.00

Net complementarity

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Re lationship be twe e n proportion of canopy le ft
afte r pruning v s ne t comple me ntarity

120
Proportion of canopy left (%)

y = 2.0991x + 62.359 100
R 2 = 0.03
80

60

40

20

0
(10.00) (5.00) - 5.00 10.00
Net complementarity

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Relationship between tree canopy width and net
complementarity

900

800

700
idth (cm)

600

500
y = -14.254x + 560.37
Canopy w

R 2 = 0.08 400

300

200

100

0
(10.00) (5.00) - 5.00 10.00
Net complementarity

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Vegetable-tree matching
• Evaluation of 5 commercial, 20
indigenous (from AVRDC GRSU),
and 5 tree vegetables under tree-
based system involving leafy,
fruit and root vegetables.
• Vegetables were planted 2 rows
perpendicular to the 6-year old
Eucalytus torillana tree row 25 cm
from tree trunk.
• Vegetable entries were arranged
in RCB design replicated 3 times.
• Vegetables were harvested
spatially row by row.
• Zones of interaction were
calculated in each plot.

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Promising vegetables at competition zone (4.5 ±1.2 m from tree hedge)

Adaptability
Type Species Scientific name Variety index
Leafy Amaranthus (5) Amaranthus caudatus TOT 2272 0.80 a
Jute (4) Corchorus olitorius TOT 4721 0.53 c
Cabbage Brassica oleracea Resest crown 0.73 ab
Chinese cabbage Brassica rapa Blues 0.63 b
Fruit Eggplant (3) Solanum melongena S00- 633 0.67 b
Bellpepper Capsicum annuum 9950-5197 0.80 a
Okra Abelmoschos esculentus 0.60 b
Tomato Lycopersicon esculentumWVCT-1 0.73 ab
Climbing Alugbati (3) Basella alba TOT 5274 0.73 ab
Yardlong bean (3) Vigna unguiculata TVO 2074 0.40 d
Tree (4) Malunggay M oringa oleifera local 0.57 bc
Chinese malunggay Sauropus androgynous local 0.80 a
Root Carrots Daucus carota local 0.80 a

In a column, means having a common letters are not significantly different by
by Tukey's test at 5% level
Adaptability index = Yield at competition zone (Y1) / yield at neutral zone (Y0)
Where: 1 = adapted
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Promising vegetables at complementarity zone
(from 5 – 15 (±2) m from tree hedge)
Complementarity
Leafy Amaranthus (5) Amaranthus caudatus TOT 2272 Taiwan 2.10
Jute (4) Corchorus olitorius TOT 6667 2.70
Cabbage Brassica oleracea Resest crown 1.33
Chinese cabbage Brassica rapa Blues 1.60
Fruit Eggplant (3) Solanum melongena S00- 633 1.50
Bellpepper Capsicum annuum 9950-5197 1.57
Okra Abelmoschos esculentus 1.57
Tomato Lycopersicon esculentum WVCT-1 1.33
Climbing Alugbati (3) Basella alba TOT 5274 1.87
Yardlong bean (3) Vigna unguiculata TVO 2141 Philippines 2.27
Tree Malunggay (4) Moringa oleifera local 1.43
Chinese malunggay Sauropus androgynous local 1.17
Katuray Sesbania grandiflora local 3.37
Root Carrots Daucus carota local 1.57

Complementarity index = Yield at complementarity (Y2) / yield at neutral zone (Y0)
Where: 1= no complementarity effect
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Net complementarity indices of selected vegetables planted
perpendicular to the tree line (researcher-managed)
Net complementarity
abc
Leafy Amaranthus (5) Amaranthus caudatus TOT 2272 1.30
a
Jute (4) Corchorus olitorius TOT 6667 2.40
bc
Cabbage Brassica oleracea Resest crown 0.60
bc
Chinese cabbage Brassica rapa Blues 0.97
abc
Fruit Eggplant (3) Solanum melongena S00- 168 1.27
c
Bellpepper Capsicum annuum 9950-5197 0.50
bc
Okra Abelmoschos esculentus 0.97
bc
Tomato Lycopersicon esculentum WVCT-1 0.67
abc
Climbing Alugbati (3) Basella alba TOT 1578 1.13
ab
Yardlong bean (3) Vigna unguiculata TVO 2141 1.97
bc
Tree (3) Malunggay Moringa oleifera local 0.83
abc
Alikway Sauropus androgynous local 1.03
a
Katuray Sesbania grandiflora local 3.10
bc
Root Carrots Daucus carota local 0.77
In a column, means having a common letters are not significantly different
by Tukey's test at 5% level
Net complementarity index = Y2-Y1
Where: 0 = no benefit
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INDONESIA
•Effect of shading on yields
of vegetables under mixed-
tree species

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Indonesia – mixed tree species

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Adaptation of vegetables under different shading regimes in
multi-storey agroforestry system in Indonesia.
Increase in yield over no shade

Vegetables Medium light
(%)
Amaranth spp 180
Kangkong 90
Eggplant 71
Chili 9
Tomato 5
Note: Under heavy shade (Low light: 32-174*1000 lux), the growth and yield of 10 vegetables
evaluated were negatively affected. (Medium light: 43-540*1000 lux). Adapted from Manurong et al
2008. Can vegetables be productive under tree shade management in West Java?

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Vegetable Agroforestry Systems in Southeast Asian Watersheds

VIETNAM
•Shading effect on yield of vegetables
•Termite Biocontrol on Cacao
Seedlings: Vetiver Grass Application

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Vietnam - Cashew

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Vietnam: Cashew - Vegetables

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Vietnam: Cashew - Vegetables

1. Amaranth, kangkong, okra, and
bitter gourd achieved highest yield
under full sun light condition
2. Mustard and French bean have
highest yield under medium
light condition
3. Average yield of cashew trees
located between two vegetable
rows was recorded to be 17%
more than average yield without
vegetables planted.

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Biocontrol of Termite in Cacao Trees

Vetiver grass
Termite damage on cacao tree
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Percent mortality in cacao seedlings due to termite
damage as influenced by biocontrol methods

Treatment Site 1 Site 2
Mortality (%) Mortality (%)
Manure 39 70
Farmer’s Practice 0 70
(Chemical)
Manure + Lime 17 70
Manure + Vetiver 0 33
grass compost +
Vetiver plants

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PHILIPPINES
•Vegetable variety trials
•Drip irrigation
•Minimum tillage – cover crop

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Tomato Variety Trial

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Evaluation of Indigenous Vegetables

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Indigenous Vegetables

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Conventional Vegetables

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Medicinal Trees

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Vegetable farmers performing
evaluation of the performance of
different tomato superior lines
against tomato leaf curl virus under
tree based system during the
farmers’ field day at Claveria,
Misamis Oriental, Philippines. These
tomato lines were provided by
AVRDC.

AVRDC tomatoes and eggplants evaluated under tree based system were
shown to vegetable farmers during farmers’ field day at Lantapan, Bukidon,
Philippines.

Farmers posed at the experimental billboard after evaluating different tomato lines which
are resistant to tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV) during the farmers field at Claveria,
Misamis Oriental, Philippines

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Henry Binahon
Outstanding Agroforestry Farmer

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Binahon Farm
Model Vegetable Agroforestry Farm

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Drip irrigation

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Miniumum tillage with cover crop

Perennial peanut (Arachis pintoi)
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Taiwan

AVRDC-WVC Vegetable Agroforestry
Research Field ( Established in 2005)

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Tropical Fruit Trees
Species Common name
Anona reticulata Bullock’s Heart
Rollinia mucosa Biriba
Baccaurea ramiflora Mafai
Tamarindus indica* Tamarind
Artocarpus heterophyllus* Jackfruit
Eugenia brasiliensis Brasil cherry
Eugenia uniflora Surinam cherry
Psidium littorale Raddi Strawberry guava
Syzygium samarangense* Nam Pheung Honey
Chrysophyllum caimito* Star Apple
Pouteria campechiana* Canistel
Pouteria caimito Radlk* Abiu
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Pouteria camechiana - Canistel

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Pouteria caimito - Abiu

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Chrysophyllum caimito – Star Apple

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Artocarpus heterophyllus – Jack Fruit

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Tamarindus indica - Tamarind

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Syzygium samarengense – Wax Apple

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Sequential cropping of vegetable crops

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Question

Can Vegetables Be More
Productive Under Tree-Based
Systems?

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Answer

Of course, the answer
is YES!

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Summary and Recommendations
Can Vegetables Be More Productive Under Tree
Based Systems? Yes!

3 ways of improving economic viability of vegetable

1. Reduce competition between trees and vegetables (Y1) by:
• - Using vegetables that have high adaptability indices, adapted
to low light environment, at competition zone (up to 4.5m from tree
line)
• - Using trees which are less competitive
- Employing tree root pruning and root barrier (chili yield was
significantly higher in with root barrier treatment)

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3 ways of improving economic viability of vegetable

2. Increase tree-vegetable complementarity (Y2)
-Using vegetables with high complementarity response indices at
complementarity zone (4.6 – 15 m away from the tree line)
- Employing appropriate pruning regime, leaving 40- 60% of the
tree canopy- favorable for both trees and crops
- Using optimum tree lines/hedges spacing, 25-30 meters apart
and 3 meters between trees, having approximately 110- 130
trees per hectare
3. Use valuable trees (T)
- Premium timber trees (indigenous species)
- Adapted fruit trees (Taiwan)
- Rubber trees

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Acknowledgement

This study was funded and supported by the
Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resources
Management – Collaborative Research Support
Program (SANREM-CRSP) under U.S. Agency for
International Development (USAID).

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TMPEGS VAF Collaborators
• Agustin Mercado, Jr. - World Agroforestry entre
• Caroline Duque World Agroforestry Centre
• Manuel Palada – World Vegetable Centre
• Liwayway Engle - World Vegetable Centre
• Flordeliza Faustino - World Vegetable Centre
• Gregory Luther - World Vegetable Centre
• Gerhard Manurong - World Agroforestry Centre
• James Roshetko - World Agroforestry Centre
• Bambang Purwoko - Bogor Agricultural University
• Anas Susila - Bogor Agricultural University
• Try Van My - Nong Lam University, Vietnam
• Manuel Reyes - North Carolina A&T State University

07-2007 XYZ

www.avrdc.org

Thank you for joining us!
SANREM CRSP VAF TMPEGS
07-2007 XYZ

www.avrdc.org

Photo by Mandy Lin

07-2007 XYZ

Vegetables in agroforestry systems

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