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Jack vanWijk
BIG DATA EXPO
Utrecht, 18 & 19 september, 2019
Visualization for
Transparent Decisions
More decisions…
• You qualify for our special offer
• You are not admitted to our education program
• Your job application is put aside
• Your mortgage request cannot be honored
• Your research proposal is rejected
• You should get vitrectomie
• Your probation request is declined
• You are fired
• You are arrested
More decisions…
• You qualify for our special offer
• You are not admitted to our education program
• Your job application is put aside
• Your mortgage request cannot be honored
• Your research proposal is rejected
• You should get vitrectomie
• Your probation request is declined
• You are fired
• You are arrested
Should we let
the computer
decide?
The challenge
• How to obtain transparency in
predictive analytics?
• How to present the evidence and
reasoning used, such that humans can
understand, validate, and judge the
results?
http://www.responsibledatascience.org/
Complex models
Increasing complexity:
• rules
• logistic regression
• decision trees
• support vector machines
• random forests
• neural networks
• deep learning networks
Size matters:
• 1000 rules?
• 100 variables?
• 50 layers?
• 10 dimensions?
• 100 trees?
• 1000’s of nodes?
• millions of nodes?
Approaches to explanation
• Model:
– White box: show how the model works
– Black box: use simplified model
• Scope:
– Global: explain for all possible cases
– Local: explain for selected cases
Case 1: Decision tree visualization
Problem:
• Support construction of decision trees
• Enable domain expert to bring in domain
knowledge
White box approach:
• Model explicitly shown
• Global
BaobabView
Stef van den Elzen, IEEEVAST 2011
Decision tree for
tumor location
head & neck
prostate
pancreas
stomach
lung
ovary
BaobabView
Stef van den Elzen, IEEEVAST 2011
Case 2: Polysomnography
• Measure brain signals during sleep
• Classify 30s intervals according to five stages
Humberto Garçia Caballero et al., EuroVis 2019
Classifying one night sleep
takes one hour of an expert
Classification with deep
learning: accuracy ± 85%
How to improve?
Classification of sleep stages
Humberto Garçia Caballero et al., EuroVis 2019
Classification of sleep stages
Humberto Garçia Caballero et al., EuroVis 2019
Case 3: RationaleVisualization for Safety and
Security
Approach:
• show strongly simplified model
• for one case
Roeland Scheepens, Steffen Michels et al., EuroVis 2015
Context
AIS-data,
radar data,
web data,
reports… on
vessels
Probabilistic first order
logic inference engine
Coast guard
Roeland Scheepens, Steffen Michels et al., EuroVis 2015
But why!?
AIS-data,
radar data,
web data,
reports… on
vessels
Probabilistic first order
logic inference engine
Coast guard
Roeland Scheepens, Steffen Michels et al., EuroVis 2015
Problem
Aha!
Roeland Scheepens, Steffen Michels et al., EuroVis 2015
Problem
Roeland Scheepens, Steffen Michels et al., EuroVis 2015
Example
Case 4: Insurance Fraud detection
MSc project Dennis Collaris
Support fraud detection team in
prioritization of cases
Approach:
• show strongly simplified model
• for one case
Start point
Data set:
– 38,138 insurance policies
– 49 attributes per policy
– 129 confirmed fraud
Model:
Bagging ensemble of
– 100 Random Forest models, each with
– 500 CART decision trees
Dennis Collaris, 2018
Dennis Collaris, 2018 violin plots feature importance
Dennis Collaris, 2018 dependence plots features
Dennis Collaris, 2018 derivation and visualization local rules
Observations Achmea case
• Deriving explanations is hard work
• Different techniques yield different explanations
• But, domain experts did not seem to care???
Dennis Collaris, 2018
Finally
• Explaining algorithms / data science / AI
• Transparency crucial
• Many challenges ahead
• Stop for red lights!

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Visualisatie voor transparante beslissingen - Big Data Expo 2019

  • 1. Jack vanWijk BIG DATA EXPO Utrecht, 18 & 19 september, 2019 Visualization for Transparent Decisions
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  • 4. More decisions… • You qualify for our special offer • You are not admitted to our education program • Your job application is put aside • Your mortgage request cannot be honored • Your research proposal is rejected • You should get vitrectomie • Your probation request is declined • You are fired • You are arrested
  • 5. More decisions… • You qualify for our special offer • You are not admitted to our education program • Your job application is put aside • Your mortgage request cannot be honored • Your research proposal is rejected • You should get vitrectomie • Your probation request is declined • You are fired • You are arrested Should we let the computer decide?
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  • 7. The challenge • How to obtain transparency in predictive analytics? • How to present the evidence and reasoning used, such that humans can understand, validate, and judge the results?
  • 9. Complex models Increasing complexity: • rules • logistic regression • decision trees • support vector machines • random forests • neural networks • deep learning networks Size matters: • 1000 rules? • 100 variables? • 50 layers? • 10 dimensions? • 100 trees? • 1000’s of nodes? • millions of nodes?
  • 10. Approaches to explanation • Model: – White box: show how the model works – Black box: use simplified model • Scope: – Global: explain for all possible cases – Local: explain for selected cases
  • 11. Case 1: Decision tree visualization Problem: • Support construction of decision trees • Enable domain expert to bring in domain knowledge White box approach: • Model explicitly shown • Global
  • 12. BaobabView Stef van den Elzen, IEEEVAST 2011
  • 13. Decision tree for tumor location head & neck prostate pancreas stomach lung ovary BaobabView Stef van den Elzen, IEEEVAST 2011
  • 14. Case 2: Polysomnography • Measure brain signals during sleep • Classify 30s intervals according to five stages Humberto Garçia Caballero et al., EuroVis 2019 Classifying one night sleep takes one hour of an expert Classification with deep learning: accuracy ± 85% How to improve?
  • 15. Classification of sleep stages Humberto Garçia Caballero et al., EuroVis 2019
  • 16. Classification of sleep stages Humberto Garçia Caballero et al., EuroVis 2019
  • 17. Case 3: RationaleVisualization for Safety and Security Approach: • show strongly simplified model • for one case Roeland Scheepens, Steffen Michels et al., EuroVis 2015
  • 18. Context AIS-data, radar data, web data, reports… on vessels Probabilistic first order logic inference engine Coast guard Roeland Scheepens, Steffen Michels et al., EuroVis 2015
  • 19. But why!? AIS-data, radar data, web data, reports… on vessels Probabilistic first order logic inference engine Coast guard Roeland Scheepens, Steffen Michels et al., EuroVis 2015 Problem
  • 20. Aha! Roeland Scheepens, Steffen Michels et al., EuroVis 2015 Problem
  • 21. Roeland Scheepens, Steffen Michels et al., EuroVis 2015 Example
  • 22. Case 4: Insurance Fraud detection MSc project Dennis Collaris Support fraud detection team in prioritization of cases Approach: • show strongly simplified model • for one case
  • 23. Start point Data set: – 38,138 insurance policies – 49 attributes per policy – 129 confirmed fraud Model: Bagging ensemble of – 100 Random Forest models, each with – 500 CART decision trees Dennis Collaris, 2018
  • 24. Dennis Collaris, 2018 violin plots feature importance
  • 25. Dennis Collaris, 2018 dependence plots features
  • 26. Dennis Collaris, 2018 derivation and visualization local rules
  • 27. Observations Achmea case • Deriving explanations is hard work • Different techniques yield different explanations • But, domain experts did not seem to care??? Dennis Collaris, 2018
  • 28. Finally • Explaining algorithms / data science / AI • Transparency crucial • Many challenges ahead • Stop for red lights!