BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE AND EARTH AND SPACE STARTING POINTS THE TEACHING OF SCIENCE CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY MAED TEACHING SCIENCE

1. “Biological Science
Starting Points,and Earth
and Space Starting
Points"
By:
WELFREDO L. YU,JR.
MAEd-Science
Republic
CEBU TECHNO
Republic of the Philippines
CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

2. Objectives/Competencies:
1. Develop a working
definition of Biological
Science and introduced to a
range of alternative
conceptions in the broader
areas of Biological Science .

3. Objectives/Competencies:
2. Develop a working
definition of the Earth and
Space Science and introduced
to a range of alternative
conceptions in the broader
areas of Earth and Space
Science.

4. “Biological
Science
Starting
Points”

5. Biology is the science of life. Its
name is derived from the
Greek words "bios" (life) and
"logos" (study). Biologists
study the structure, function,
growth, origin, evolution and
distribution of living
organisms.

6. There are generally considered to be at least
nine "umbrella" fields of biology, each of which
consists of multiple subfields.
 Biochemistry: the study of the material
substances that make up living things
 Botany: the study of plants, including agriculture
 Cellular biology: the study of the basic cellular
units of living things
 Ecology: the study of how organisms interact
with their environment
 Evolutionary biology: the study of the origins
and changes in the diversity of life over time

7. Genetics: the study of heredity
Molecular biology: the study of biological
molecules
Physiology: the study of the functions of
organisms and their parts
Zoology: the study of animals, including
animal behavior

8. Adding to the complexity of this enormous
idea is the fact that these fields overlap. It is
impossible to study zoology without
knowing a great deal about evolution,
physiology and ecology. You can't study
cellular biology without knowing
biochemistry and molecular biology as well.

9. All the branches of biology can be unified within a
framework of five basic understandings about living things.
Studying the details of these five ideas provides the endless
fascination of biological research:
 Cell Theory: There are three parts to cell theory — the cell is the
basic unit of life, all living things are composed of cells, and all cells
arise from pre-existing cells.
 Energy: All living things require energy, and energy flows between
organisms and between organisms and the environment.
 Heredity: All living things have DNA and genetic information
codes the structure and function of all cells.
 Equilibrium: All living things must maintain homeostasis, a state
of balanced equilibrium between the organism and its
environment.
 Evolution: This is the overall unifying concept of biology.
Evolution is the change over time that is the engine of biological
diversity.

10. Biology is often studied in conjunction with
other sciences, such as mathematics and
engineering, and even social sciences. Here are
a few examples:
 Biophysics involves matching patterns in life and analyzing them with
physics and mathematics, according to the Biophysical Society.
 Astrobiology is the study the evolution of life in the universe, including
the search for extraterrestrial life, according to NASA.
 Biogeography is the study of the distribution and evolution of life
forms and the causes of the distribution, according to Dartmouth
College.
 Biomathematics involves creating mathematical models to better
understand patterns and phenomena within the biology world,
according to North Carolina State University.
 Bioengineering is the application of engineering principles to biology
principles and vice versa, according the University of California Berkeley.
 Sociologists often study how biology can shape social structures,
cultures, and interactions, according to the American Sociological
Association.

11. Our fascination with biology has a long
history. Even early humans had to study the
animals they hunted and know where to
find the plants they gathered for food. The
invention of agriculture was the first great
advance of human civilization. Medicine
has been important to us from earliest
history as well. The earliest known medical
texts are from China (2500 B.C.),
Mesopotamia (2112 B.C.), and Egypt (1800
B.C.).

12. In classical times, Aristotle is often
considered to be the first to practice
scientific zoology. He is known to have
performed extensive studies of marine life
and plants. His student, Theophrastus,
wrote one of the West's earliest known
botanical texts in 300 B.C. on the structure,
life cycle and uses of plants. The Roman
physician Galen used his experience in
patching up gladiators for the arena to write
texts on surgical procedures in A.D. 158.

13.  During the Renaissance, Leonardo da
Vinci risked censure by participating in human
dissection and making detailed anatomical
drawings that are still considered among the
most beautiful ever made. Invention of
the printing press and the ability to reproduce
woodcut illustrations meant that information was
much easier to record and disseminate. One of
the first illustrated biology books is a botanical
text written by German botanist Leonhard
Fuchs in 1542. Binomial classification was
inaugurated by Carolus Linnaeus in 1735, using
Latin names to group species according to their
characteristics.

14. Microscopes opened up new worlds for
scientists. In 1665, Robert Hooke, used a
simple compound microscope to examine a
thin sliver of cork. He observed that the
plant tissue consisted of rectangular units
that reminded him of the tiny rooms used
by monks. He called these units "cells." In
1676, Anton von Leeuwenhoek published
the first drawings of living single celled
organisms. Theodore Schwann added the
information that animal tissue is also
composed of cells in 1839.

15.  During the Victorian era, and throughout the 19th
century, "Natural Science" became something of a
mania. Thousands of new species were discovered
and described by intrepid adventurers and by
backyard botanists and entomologists alike. In 1812,
Georges Cuvier described fossils and hypothesized
that Earth had undergone "successive bouts of
Creation and destruction" over long periods of time.
On Nov. 24, 1859, Charles Darwin published "On
the Origin of Species," the text that forever changed
the world by showing that all living things are
interrelated and that species were not separately
created but arise from ancestral forms that are
changed and shaped by adaptation to their
environment.

16. While much of the world's attention was
captured by biology questions at the
macroscopic organism level, a quiet monk
was investigating how living things pass
traits from one generation to the
next. Gregor Mendel is now known as the
father of genetics although is papers on
inheritance, published in 1866, went largely
unnoticed at the time. His work was
rediscovered in 1900 and further
understanding of inheritance rapidly
followed.

17.  The 20th and 21st centuries may be known to future
generations as the beginning of the "Biological
Revolution." Beginning with Watson and Crick
explaining the structure and function of DNA in 1953,
all fields of biology have expanded exponentially and
touch every aspect of our lives. Medicine will be changed
by development of therapies tailored to a patient's
genetic blueprint or by combining biology and
technology with brain-controlled prosthetics.
Economies hinge on the proper management of
ecological resources, balancing human needs with
conservation. We may discover ways to save our oceans
while using them to produce enough food to feed the
nations. We may "grow" batteries from bacteria or light
buildings with bioluminescent fungi. The possibilities
are endless; biology is just coming into its own.

18. Sub Sciences Related to Zoology
• Carcinology - study of
crustaceans
• Conchology - shells
• Entomology – insects

19. Sub Sciences Related to Zoology
• Helminthology–
worms
• Herpetology –
reptiles and
amphibians
• Ichthyology - Fish

20. Sub Sciences Related to Zoology
•Mammalogy –
warm-blooded
animals
•Malacology –
mollusks

21. Sub Sciences Related to Zoology
• Parasitology – org. that
depends on a host for survival.
• Protozoology – Unicellular org
• Ornithology - birds

22. Sub Sciences of Botany
• Mycology – Fungi
• Phycology – algae
• Bacteriology -
microorganism

23. Origin of Life
• Man has always been curious
to find answers to the
mysteries posed by the
reality he lives in.
• One of the deepest and most
profound is the one that in
itself searches for the answer
to how he came to be, to
how his world originated, to
how and when he and all
living beings emerged from
the nature they live in.

24. Theories About the Origin of Life
1. Divine Creation
Theory – The first
form of life was
created by a SUPER
NATURAL BEING
called GOD.

25. Theories About the Origin of Life
2. Spontaneous
Generation Theory –
held that living
organisms are generated
by decaying organic
substances,
e.g. that mice
spontaneously appear in
stored grain or maggots
spontaneously appear in
meat.
• That plant lice arise
from the dew which
falls on plants,
• that fleas are
developed from
putrid matter,
• that mice come
from dirty hay, and
so forth

26. The theory was refuted by the
following scientist:
• 1. Francesco Redi,
• 2. Lazzaro Spallanzani,
• 3. Louis Pasteur

27. Theories About the Origin of Life

28. Pasteur

29. Theories About the Origin of Life
3. Marine Life
Theory – the
first form of
life originated
from the sea.

30. Theories About the Origin of Life
 4. Cosmozoic =
Interplanetary = known
also as Panspermia is a
of life are prevalent
throughout the Universe,
and furthermore that life
on earth began by such
seeds landing on Earth
and propagating.
• Panspermia can be said
to be either interstellar
or interplanetary.
hypothesis that the seeds • There is as yet no
compelling evidence to
support or contradict it,
although the consensus
view holds that
panspermia - especially
in its interstellar form -
is unlikely given the
challenges of survival
and transport in space.

31. Theories About the Origin of Life
5. Physico-Chemical Theory = Oparin’s Theory
– life came from a series of chemical
reaction.
Aleksander Oparin and JBS Haldane who in the
1920’s postulated that life formed as a result
of "chemical evolution," where natural
reactions between the chemicals present on
the early earth eventually formed life.

32. Oparin’s Theory
Formation of the
Galaxy
Formation of
the Solar
System
Formation
of the
Earth
Formation of
atmosphere &
Prebiotic
Synthesis
Polymerization
Chemical Origins of
Life
(“Pre-RNA” World)
RNA World DNA / Protein
World
Bacteria, Invertebrates, Fish, Amphibians,
Reptiles, Birds, Mammals, Primates, Human
Big Bang

33. Chemical Reaction Series
H + C
0 + H
C + 0
N + H
CH4
H2O
CO2
NH3
C6H12O6
Carbohydrates Protein
Amino Acid
PLANTS ANIMALS

34. Differentiate Living from Non Living Things
• 1. Metabolism – The vital life processes which
includes all the changes that the materials taken
as food undergoes.
The two Phases
A. Anabolism – constructive phase, building up
phase Ex. Assimilation of food, photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O + Sunlight --- C6H12O6 + energy
B. Catabolism – Destructive phase, breaking down
phase Ex. Digestion, respiration
C6H12O6 - CO2 + H2O

35. 2.Reproduction – the
ability of organism to create
another organism of the
same kind
Kinds of Reproduction
1. Sexual
2. Asexual
Differentiate Living from Non Living Things

36. Differentiate Living from Non Living Things
3. Growth – any
increase in size
Accretion – external
growth
Intussusceptions –
internal growth
4. Form and Size
Shape and
structure
LT - definite
NLT – vary

37. Differentiate Living from Non Living Things
• 5. Organization – arrangement of materials
system organs tissues cell
Atoms Molecules/Compounds
Mixture/Complex
Molecules
organism
communitypopulation Ecosystem
Biosphere

38. Differentiate Living from Non Living Things
6. Chemical Composition – what
matter is made of
LT – organic compounds
- oil, fats, sugar. Carbohydrates, Nucleic
acids, protein
NLT – inorganic compounds
- Acid, base, salt, metals, water

39. Differentiate Living from Non Living Things
7. Irritability
– ability of organisms
to react to changes
in the
environment.
Stimuli
– anything that will
cause an organism
to react/respond
• Tropism
– plants
• Taxis
– animals
•Kinds of Irritability
4.Phototropism
5.Thermotropism
6.Thigmotropism
7.Geotropism

40. Phototropism

41. Thermotaxis

42. Differentiate Living from Non Living Things
• 8. Life Span/Life cycle– period
of existence
9.adaptation/evolution
10.Movement

43. • Cosmic evolution — the origin of time, space and matter
(essentially referring to the Big Bang).
• Stellar and planetary evolution — Origin of stars and planets.
• Chemical evolution — the origin of higher elements from
hydrogen.
• Organic evolution — Origin of life from inanimate matter.
• Macroevolution — Origin of major 'kinds' (for a creationist
treatment see Created kinds).
• Microevolution — Variations within 'kinds'.
• The first four of the above definitions are taken from disparate
fields of science, including cosmology, astronomy, geology, and
chemistry, and have little to do with the more restrictive
definition of biological evolution as per the modern synthesis.
Biologists who have responded to creationist criticism dispute
that there is any meaningful difference between the last two
types, noting that microevolution over a longer span of time is
macroevolution. Many creationists currently accept the sixth
aspect as being fact (microevolution is defined by them as the
creation of new breeds of dog or the divergence of the human
races) but tend to reject some or all of the rest.

44. Biological Science Starting
Points

45. Early Evidence for
Human Reliance Upon
a Natural Perspective

46. Prehistoric Period
• Learning by trial and error
• Rich natural history knowledge
• Information not written down
(paper & writing developed ~5K
years ago)
• Crops Domesticated

47. When did the study of science begin?
Paleolithic paintings on cave walls and
recordings on bones- observations
32,000 years ago

48. When did the study of science begin?
Mesopotamian
7,000 B.C. to 6th century B.C.
Bronze surgical knives
Medical text
Astronomy

49. Ancient Greece
Hippocrates (460 – 370? B.C.)
• Greek physician
• Diseases have natural causes
• Rejected view that disease caused by evil
spirits
• Believed that the brain was area of higher
thought and emotion, not heart
• Program for good health: rest, good
nutrition, and exercise.
• Started “Western Medicine”

50. Hippocrates’ Four Humors
Blood: considered to be made by the liver.
Phlegm: associated with the lungs.
Yellow bile: associated with the gall
bladder.
Black bile: associated with the spleen.

51.  Sanguine: Disease, excess blood
 Phlegmatic: Disease, excess phlegm
 Choleric: Disease, excess yellow bile
 Melancholic: Disease, excess black bile
Imbalances of the Humors
Cause Disease

52. Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
• Scientific method (observation,
inductive reasoning)
• Described hundreds of marine
species
• Dolphin is a mammal
• The earth is round
• Biology (spontaneous
generation)- disproved by
Francesco Redi (1668), an Italian
doctor who proved maggots
came from flies.
Ancient Greece

53. Galen (130 - 200 A.D.)
• Anatomy & Physiology
• disease resulted from an internal
imbalance of the four humors
• Mistakes in understanding circulation
• Research based on ape dissection
• Textbook used for 1000 years
Roman Times

54. Dark Ages- 200 to 1200 A.D.
• Sad time
• Little new knowledge
• Taboo against dissecting human
cadavers continued
• Avoided actual involvement
• Authority prevails

55. da Vinci(1452-1515)
• Anatomy & Physiology
Renaissance

56. Renaissance
Vesalius dissects a female
cadaver in his anatomy lab
Vesalius (1514-1564)
• Anatomy & Physiology
• Followed Galen’s
writings, but later found
he was wrong

57. Medieval Human Anatomy Before Vesalius
A late thirteenth-century illustration of the venous system within the body.

58. Medieval Human Anatomy Before Vesalius
This early representation (c. 1300) of a dissection shows a surgeon and a monk.

59. Medieval Human Anatomy Before Vesalius

60. Medieval Human Anatomy Before Vesalius

61. Vesalius’ Images

62. The female pelvic anatomy. From
Vesalius's De Corporis Humani
Fabrica, 1543.
Vesalius’ Images

63. 1578-1657
William Harvey
Discoveries
• Disproved Galen that blood not
made from the liver
• Heart is a pump not a suction
device
• Showed closed circuit circulation
• Showed existence of valves in
veins

64. Circulation

65. Ptolemy (170 A.D.)- geocentric universe
Ptolemy

66. 1473 - 1543 C.E.
Heliocentric universe; not accepted
until 100 years after his death

67. 1564 - 1642
physicist, astronomer, scientific method

68. Galileo
Telescope

69. 1632 - 1723
Invented a simple microscope
Discovered bacteria, protists, sperm cells, blood
cells…

70. Leeuwenhoek’s Microscope

71. Leeuwenhoek’s
“Animalcules”

72. 1635 - 1703

73. Cells in Cork

74. Impact of Leeuwenhoek and Hooke on the
Development of Biological Science
• Developed the microscope.
• Their observations led to the
development of the Cell Theory.
• However, their observations were of
little practical significance to their
peers.
• Nothing immediately developed from
their work.

75. Botany
Travel to find new plants
Medicinal plants
1600: 6,000 species known
Classification added

76. Age of Systematics
Flair for creative simplicity
1700s
Carl Linnaeus
Incurable classifier

77. Linnaeus
Back to Sweden as a doctor
Born in Sweden
Medical school in Holland
14 books in 3 years
Fish book: 3,000 pages

78. Linnaeus
Goal: academic position
Professor of Medicine
& Natural History
Held the position for 30 years

79. Linnaeus
1753: published book
describing World’s plants
Start of naming process
ID: flowers - number &
structure of the parts

80. Linnaeus
Descriptions: “poetic precision”
Result: easily applied system
2 word names:
“binomial nomenclature”

81. Binomial Nomenclature
2 word name (genus + species)
1st level classification
Loxodonta africanas
Elephas maximus

82. Tiger = Panthera tigris
Leopard = Panthera pardus
Lion = Panthera leo

83. Panda Bear = Ailuropoda melanoleuca
Black Bear = Ursus americanus
Polar Bear = Ursus maritimus

84. Classification system
Implies relationships between species
Linnaeus’ ideas were not useful
“National hero”
Linnaeus
But… retarded botany for a century

85. Epic Voyages
18th & 19th centuries
Discover new species
Sponsored by governments and
wealthy individuals

86. Sauerkraut
Epic Voyages
Chronometer with
temperature compensation
Prevent scurvy:
Fresh fruits & vegetables
Navigation (longitude):

87. Epic Voyages
Lt. James Cook
Southern Hemisphere
1769: transit of Venus
King funds the Royal Society
HMS Endeavor

88. Cook (1700’s)- sailed twice around the world
1st European to visit Hawaii
Cook

89. Cook’s First Voyage
Passengers: Joseph Banks + 9
Stopped in Tahiti
Named the “Society Islands”
NZ & Australia
Botany Bay

90. Banksia

91. Other Epic Voyages
Capt. Fitzroy
1831: HMS Beagle
Chas. Darwin

92. Darwin- HMS Beagle (1831);
Subsidence theory
Origin of Species (1859)
Galapagos Islands, Ecuador

93. Modern Science
Crick & Watson 1953- DNA
• Wegener (1880-1930)-
plate tectonics
Human Genome
Project
Rosalind Elsie Franklin
(1900’s)- DNA

94. Science Disciplines
Physical Sciences Biological or Life Sciences
Physics
Astronomy
Chemistry
Geology
Botany
Zoology
Oceanography
Marine biology
Embryology
Anatomy
Ecology
Genetics
Microbiology
Biochemistry
Biophysics
Biomath
Bioengineering
Aerospace
Engineering
Agronomy
TECHNOLOGY

95. Questions:
• Linnaeus developed a classification scheme
that uses ________ nomenclature.
• The invention of the microscope contributed
to the ______ theory.
• Cook’s primary mission in 1769 was to
______.
• Vitamin C prevented __________.
• Two theories proposed by Darwin are:
• Galen’s anatomy text book was based on the
anatomy of ______.

96. “Earth and
Space Science
Starting
Points”

97. In the one hundred years since
AGU (american geophysical
union) was founded in 1919, the
field of Earth and space science –
often influenced by large-scale
geopolitical events and
technological innovation – has
advanced by leaps and bounds.

98. The period between the end of World War I
in 1918 and the start of the hostilities of
World War II (1939) was particularly fruitful:
In 1926, Robert Goddard became the first
person to launch a liquid-fuel rocket
In 1930, Clyde Tombaugh discovered Pluto,
a new planet predicted 25 years earlier by
Percival Lowell, and seismologist Inge
Lehmann, discovered Earth's inner core; and
In 1935 Charles Richter developed the
Richter magnitude scale as a mathematical
device to compare the size of earthquakes

99. As global tensions arose with the advent of the
Cold War in 1947, scientific study continued
unabated and the space race began in earnest:
The first International Geophysical Year was
proclaimed in 1957, the same year Sputnik I
was successfully launched by the Soviet Union
In 1964, the deep-sea submersible Alvin –
capable of diving to 13,000 feet – is launched
In 1969, in an event that was once only science-
fiction, Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong
and Buzz Aldrin walk on the moon

100. After the moon landing, atmospheric
research, and in particular the depletion
of the ozone layer, received renewed
attention.
In 1981, NASA reported satellite evidence
that the stratospheric ozone layer was
being depleted globally
Eight years later, in 1989, the Montreal
Protocol to phase out stratospheric
ozone-destroying chlorofluorocarbons
went into effect

101. With the dawning of the new millennium, researchers
employed even more powerful tools and technologies to
chart the heavens and track threats posed by natural
disasters and anthropogenic climate change.
The Hubble Space Telescope – named after astronomer
Edwin Hubble who first discovered galaxies beyond our
own 66 years earlier - was launched into orbit in 1990
In 2013, NASA landed the Curiosity rover on our nearest
celestial neighbor, Mars
A year later, in 2014, the European Space Agency’s Philae
lander touched down on the Churyumov–Gerasimenko
comet
In 2017, a Delaware size iced shelf collapsed off of the
Larsen C Ice Shelf in Antarctica.

102. Clearly, the scientific achievements that
were needed to overcome the challenges
our global society experience over the
last century demanded innovation,
creativity, and cooperative effort – all
things in which the Earth and space
science community excels. AGU’s
Centennial is about using that energy to
advance the next century of Earth and
space science for the benefit of
humanity.

103. Earth and Space Science
- the scientific study of geology, oceanography,
meteorology, environmental science and astronomy

104. Earth and Space Science
Earth is generally thought of being made of four “spheres”:
1. Geology - Lithosphere
- the hard outer crust (rocks) which covers 30% of our planet
- two types:
a. continental crust (rock type granite - old)
b. oceanic crust (rock type basalt - young)

105. Earth and Space Science
2. Oceanography - Hydrosphere
- the combined volumes of water on Earth (i.e. Oceans,
lakes, rivers, glaciers, groundwater)
- 70% of Earth’s surface is covered by water (of which 97%
is salt and only 3% freshwater)

107. Earth and Space Science
3. Meteorology - Atmosphere
- the layer of gasses which surround Earth (i.e. air)
- 99% of air is made up of only two elements (79% nitrogen and 20% oxygen)
- other gasses include argon 0.9% and carbon dioxide 0.03%
Weather is the atmospheric conditions in a particular location over a short
period of time.
Climate is the average weather conditions in a region over a long period of time.

108. The Atmosphere

109. Earth and Space Science
4. Environmental Science - Biosphere
- the global community of living organisms and their
environment
- life has been found ranging from 41 km above Earth’s
surface to a depth of 5 km into Earth’s crust

110. References
 https://www.livescience.
com/44549-what-is-
biology.html
 https://centennial.agu.or
g/earth-space-science-
history/?fbclid=IwAR2H
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