PillPower The Art and Science of Pharmaceutical Tablets. pptx.

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“The Art and Science
of Pharmaceutical
Tablets“
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Table of Content
• Introduction
• History Of Tablet Dosage Form
• Definition
• Size and Shape
• Objective
• Advantage of Tablet
• Disadvantage of Tablet
• Good Quality of a Tablet
• Types of Tablet:
1. Oral Tablets for ingestion
2. Tablet for Oral Cavity
3. Tablet Used for Prepare Solution
4. Tablet Administration for other route

• Tablet Manufacturing Process:
1. Formulation development
2. Granulation
3. Compression
4. Coating
5. Quality control and regulatory compliance
• Conclusion

Introduction
Tablets have long been a cornerstone of
modern medicine, serving as a trusted
and widely utilized form of medication
delivery. They offer a multitude of
advantages, ranging from ease of
administration to precise dosage control.
Tablets simplify medication management
for both patients and healthcare
professionals, contributing to better
treatment outcomes and improved
patient adherence.

Tablets have a rich history dating back thousands of
years. Ancient tablets made of clay were used for
recording information. In ancient Egypt, medicinal
substances were mixed with binders to create tablet-
like preparations. Greek physician Hippocrates
described compressing herbs into tablets. During the
Middle Ages, pharmacists manually ground and
compressed medicinal substances. The Industrial
Revolution brought mechanization with the invention
of the rotary tablet press in 1843. The Welcome
Company for the first time in history introduced the
term tablet for compressed dosage form.
Granulation techniques and improved tablet presses
enhanced tablet quality. Computer-controlled
manufacturing further improved precision. Today,
tablets are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry
due to their convenience and effectiveness. They
continue to evolve with advancements in formulation
technology and personalized medicine. Tablets have
come a long way from simple clay tablets to the
sophisticated dosage forms we have today.
History of Tablet Dosage form

A tablet, in the context of pharmaceuticals, is a solid
dosage form that contains one or more active
pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) along with
excipients. It is designed to be administered orally
and is typically compressed into a flat, disc-shaped or
oval-shaped form. Tablets are intended to deliver a
specific dosage of medication to the body and are
often coated to facilitate swallowing and enhance
stability. They are manufactured through processes
such as formulation development, granulation,
compression, and coating. Tablets provide a
convenient and accurate means of medication
delivery, allowing for precise dosage control and
ease of administration for patients. They are one of
the most common and widely used dosage forms in
the pharmaceutical industry.
Definition

Tablets come in various sizes and shapes, including:
Sizes:
• Small: Diameter of 3-6 mm, commonly used for low-dose medications.
• Medium: Diameter of 6-9 mm, suitable for average doses.
• Large: Diameter exceeding 9 mm, used for high-dose medications or
combining multiple active ingredients.
Shapes:
• Round: Circular shape, easy to manufacture and swallow.
• Oval/Elliptical: Elongated circle shape, facilitates swallowing and
accommodates larger doses.
• Rectangular: Straight edges and flat surface, used for higher doses or
specialized scoring.
• Square: Four equal sides, aids in storage and packaging efficiency.
• Triangle: Three-sided shape, less common but used for specific
applications or branding.
• Custom/Unique: Tablets can be manufactured in custom shapes, based
on logos, symbols, or unique designs.
• Sizes and shapes vary based on dosage requirements, patient
preferences, ease of swallowing, manufacturing capabilities, and
branding considerations.
Size and Shape

The objective of tablet dosage forms is to
provide convenient, accurate, and safe
delivery of medications, ensuring precise
dosing, ease of administration, and
medication stability, while promoting
patient compliance and enabling
targeted drug delivery.
Objective

Advantage of Tablet
Tablet is a unit dosage form.
They offer themselves at the greatest dose precision and least content variability.
The cost is lowest over all other dosage form.
They are the highest and most compact than all other oral dosage form.
They are in general the easiest and cheapest to package, shipment than all other
dosage form.
Product identification is potentially is simplest when employing an embossed or
monogram punch face.
They lend themselves to contain special release profile products, such as: enteric
coated tablet, delayed action tablet etc.
They are better suited to large scale production than other unit oral dosage form.
They have the best combined properties of chemical, mechanical and
microbiological stability than other oral dosage form,
Tablet is an essentially tamper proof dosage form,
Self administration is possible,
Long expiry period and minimum microbial spillage owing to lower moisture content.

Disadvantage of Tablet
Tablets are not suitable for emergency case.
Sometimes they are not recommended for patients have swallowing problem.
Some drugs resist compression into dense compact, owing to their amorphous
nature. flocculent property, or low density character. These types of drugs may
not formulate as a tablet.
Drugs with poor wetting, slow dissolution properties may be difficult to formulate
and manufacture as a tablet.
Bitter testing drug, drug with disagreeable odor may require additional coating.
Coated tablet may increase in weight and also increase in cost accordingly.
Drugs that are sensitive to oxygen and moisture may require encapsulation.
The main disadvantage of tablet as dosage form concern the bioavailability of
poorly water soluble or poorly absorbable drug.
Tablets administered orally experience first pass metabolism, as a result
bioavailability of medicinal substance may be lessen than that administered
parenterally.
Tablet swallowing for pediatric and geriatric patient may be difficult.
For unconscious and vomiting patient tablet swallowing orally is not possible.

Types
of
Tablet
Oral Tablets for
ingestion
Tablet for Oral
Cavity
Tablet
Administration
for other route
Tablet Used for
Prepare
Solution

Tablets for oral ingestion are solid dosage forms
containing active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and
excipients. They are designed to be taken by mouth,
disintegrate upon ingestion, release the medication for
absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, and provide a
convenient and accurate method of delivering
medications to patients.
1.Tablet for Oral Ingestion

Compressed
tablets.
Film-coated
tablets..
Chewable
tablets..
Multiple
compressed
tablets
Delayed-action
and enteric-
coated tablets.
Sugar and
chocolate-
coated tablets.
Repeat-action
tablets.
Types of Oral Ingestion Tablet

Compressed tablets are solid dosage forms made by
compressing a blend of active pharmaceutical ingredients
(APIs) and excipients. They are a popular and convenient
means of medication delivery, designed for oral
ingestion. Compressed tablets are manufactured to
provide accurate dosing, easy administration, and proper
disintegration for effective drug absorption.
Compressed Tablets

Multiple Compressed Tablets
These are compressed tablets made by more than one compressed cycle.
The result may be a multiple layered tablet or a tablet within a tablet, the
inner tablet being the core ant outer tablet portion being the shell. Tablets in
this category are usually for one or two reason. These are ---
To separate physically or chemically incompatible ingredients.
To produce repeat-action or prolonged action product.
This process is best used when separation of active ingredients is needed
for stability purposes, or if the mixing process is inadequate to guarantee
uniform distribution of two or more active ingredients.
There are two classes of multiple compressed tablets. These are ---
Layered tablets
Compression coated tablets.

Layered tablets are a type of tablet dosage form where
multiple layers of different drug formulations or
excipients are stacked. Each layer serves a specific
purpose, such as immediate or delayed release, taste
masking, or providing a protective barrier. Layered
tablets allow for complex drug delivery profiles and
targeted release mechanisms.
Layered Tablets

Compression coated tablets are a unique type of oral
dosage form that consists of a core tablet surrounded
by one or more layers of compressed coating material.
The primary purpose of the coating is to provide
specific functionalities, such as taste masking,
moisture protection, modified drug release, or
protection of the active ingredient from gastric
irritation. The coating layers are applied using
compression techniques, creating a durable and
uniform coating that enhances the overall
performance and patient acceptability of the tablet.
Compression Coated Tablets

Repeat action tablets, also known as extended-release or
sustained-release tablets, are oral dosage forms designed
to release medication gradually over an extended period
of time. These tablets utilize specialized formulations
and technologies to control the drug release, allowing for
a prolonged therapeutic effect and reducing the
frequency of dosing. The tablet is typically formulated
with a combination of immediate-release and delayed-
release layers to provide an initial dose followed by a
sustained release of the drug, ensuring optimal
therapeutic efficacy and patient convenience.
Repeat Action Tablets

Delayed-action tablets, also known as enteric-coated
tablets, are oral dosage forms designed to delay drug
release until the tablet reaches the small intestine. They
are coated with a special enteric coating that is resistant
to gastric fluids, allowing the tablet to pass through the
stomach without disintegrating. Once in the alkaline
environment of the small intestine, the enteric coating
dissolves, and drug release occurs. This delayed release is
beneficial for medications that are sensitive to gastric
acid, prone to degradation, or require specific absorption
conditions in the intestine. Delayed-action tablets ensure
optimal drug delivery and can minimize gastrointestinal
side effects.
Delayed Action Tablets

Sugar and chocolate-coated tablets are oral dosage forms
where the tablet core is coated with a layer of sugar or
chocolate. The coating serves multiple purposes,
including improving taste and palatability, masking the
bitter or unpleasant flavor of the medication, and
facilitating swallowing. Sugar coating provides a smooth
and sweet outer layer, while chocolate coating offers a
pleasant taste and can add an additional layer of flavor.
These coatings not only enhance patient acceptability but
also protect the tablet from moisture and physical
damage. Sugar and chocolate-coated tablets make
medication administration more enjoyable and
convenient for patients.
Sugar and chocolate-coated Tablets

Chewable tablets are oral dosage forms that are
designed to be chewed or crushed before
swallowing. They are formulated to have a pleasant
taste and texture, making them easier to consume,
particularly for individuals who have difficulty
swallowing whole tablets. Chewable tablets often
come in various flavors to enhance palatability,
especially for pediatric patients. They are commonly
used for medications such as vitamins, antacids,
and certain over-the-counter drugs. Chewable
tablets offer a convenient and enjoyable way to
administer medications, promoting better
compliance, especially in populations where
swallowing difficulties may be a challenge.
Chewable Tablets

Film-coated tablets are oral dosage forms where a thin,
protective film coating is applied to the tablet surface.
The film coating is typically made of polymers and
provides multiple benefits. It helps improve the tablet's
appearance, making it smooth and visually appealing.
The coating also serves as a barrier, protecting the tablet
from moisture, light, and air, which can degrade the
medication. Additionally, film coating can mask the taste
or odor of the medication, making it more palatable for
patients. Film-coated tablets are easy to swallow,
enhance stability, and improve patient acceptability of
the medication.
Film-Coated Tablets

Tablets used in the oral cavity, often referred to as buccal
or sublingual tablets, are designed to be placed in the
mouth where they dissolve or disintegrate to deliver
medication. Buccal tablets are placed against the cheek,
while sublingual tablets are placed under the tongue.
These tablets are formulated to rapidly dissolve or
disintegrate in the moist environment of the oral cavity,
allowing the medication to be absorbed directly into the
bloodstream through the buccal or sublingual mucosa.
This route of administration provides a quick onset of
action and avoids first-pass metabolism. Buccal and
sublingual tablets are commonly used for medications
such as nitroglycerin, hormone therapy, and certain pain
medications.
2. Tablets used in oral cavity

Types of Tablets used in oral cavity
Buccal
tablets
Sublingual
tablets
Lozenges,
Troches
Dental
Cones

Buccal tablets are a type of oral dosage form
designed to be placed against the cheek or gum for
local or systemic drug delivery. These tablets are
formulated to slowly dissolve or disintegrate in the
buccal cavity, allowing the medication to be
absorbed through the buccal mucosa. Buccal
tablets offer several advantages, including
bypassing first-pass metabolism, providing a
controlled release of the medication, and offering a
convenient and non-invasive route of
administration. They are commonly used for
medications such as hormone therapy, pain relief,
and treatment of oral conditions. Buccal tablets
offer targeted drug delivery and improved patient
compliance.
Buccal Tablets

Sublingual tablets are a type of oral dosage
form designed to be placed under the tongue
for rapid absorption of medication. These
tablets are formulated to quickly dissolve or
disintegrate in the sublingual region, allowing
the medication to directly enter the
bloodstream through the rich network of blood
vessels. Sublingual administration bypasses the
digestive system and first-pass metabolism,
resulting in fast onset of action and higher
bioavailability. Sublingual tablets are commonly
used for medications such as nitroglycerin for
angina, certain pain medications, and hormone
therapy. They offer convenient and efficient
drug delivery, particularly in situations where
quick absorption is desired.
Sublingual Tablets

Lozenges and troches are oral dosage forms
designed to be dissolved slowly in the mouth for
local or systemic effects. Lozenges are typically
sweetened and flavored, while troches are
unflavored. They are formulated with active
ingredients dispersed in a solid, slowly dissolving
base. Lozenges and troches are commonly used
for treating localized conditions in the mouth or
throat, such as sore throat, cough, or oral
infections. They provide a soothing effect and
deliver medication directly to the affected area.
Lozenges and troches offer a convenient and
targeted approach for oral and throat-related
treatments, promoting patient comfort and
efficacy.
Lozenges and Troches

Dental cones, also known as dental sticks or dental
floss picks, are oral hygiene tools designed for
cleaning and maintaining oral health. They typically
consist of a small plastic handle with a pointed or
rounded end. The pointed end is used for removing
food particles and plaque from between the teeth,
while the rounded end is used for gentle gum
massage. Dental cones often have a textured
surface or dental floss attached to aid in cleaning
between the teeth. They offer a convenient and
portable solution for oral hygiene, promoting
healthy gums, preventing tooth decay, and
enhancing overall dental care.
Dental Cones

Tablets used for preparing solutions, often
referred to as effervescent tablets, are designed
to dissolve rapidly in water to create a solution.
These tablets typically contain a combination of
active ingredients, buffering agents, and
effervescent agents such as citric acid and
sodium bicarbonate. When added to water, the
tablet undergoes a chemical reaction, resulting
in the release of carbon dioxide bubbles, causing
the solution to effervesce. Effervescent tablets
are commonly used for medications, dietary
supplements, and electrolyte replenishment.
They offer convenience, accurate dosing, and
improved palatability, making them popular for
individuals who have difficulty swallowing pills
or prefer liquid forms of medication.
3. Tablet Used for Prepare Solution

Effervescent
tablets
Hypodermic
tablets
Tablet
triturates
Dispensing
tablets
Types of Tablet Used for Prepare Solution

Effervescent tablets are a type of oral dosage form that
are designed to dissolve rapidly in water, releasing
carbon dioxide bubbles and creating an effervescent
solution. These tablets typically contain a combination
of active ingredients, buffering agents, and effervescent
agents such as citric acid and sodium bicarbonate. When
the tablet comes into contact with water, a chemical
reaction occurs, resulting in the release of carbon
dioxide gas. The effervescence enhances the palatability
of the solution and can aid in the absorption of the
medication. Effervescent tablets are commonly used for
medications, dietary supplements, and electrolyte
replenishment, offering convenience and improved
patient compliance.
Effervescent Tablet

A hypodermic tablet is a water-soluble tablet that
contains a specified amount of medication and is
intended for hypodermic administration. It is a
compressed or molded tablet that dissolves completely
in water to form an injectable solution. These tablets
are soft and readily soluble and were originally used by
physicians in extemporaneous preparation of
parenteral solutions. Hypodermic tablets are molded
tablets made from completely and readily water-
soluble ingredients and formerly were intended for use
in making preparations for hypodermic injection.
Hypodermic Tablet

Dispensing tablets, also known as unit-dose
tablets, are oral dosage forms that are specifically
designed for use in dispensing medication. These
tablets are typically larger in size compared to
regular tablets and are manufactured with features
that facilitate easy handling and dispensing by
pharmacists or healthcare professionals. They may
have scored lines or perforations that allow for
easy splitting or breaking to achieve accurate
dosing. Dispensing tablets are commonly used in
institutional settings or pharmacies to ensure
precise and efficient medication dispensing,
especially when dealing with multiple patients or
specific dosing requirements.
Dispensing Tablet

Tablet triturates, also known as triturate
tablets or triturates, are a type of solid dosage
form that are prepared by triturating or
grinding the active ingredient with a small
amount of excipients. The resulting mixture is
then compressed into tablet form. Triturates
are typically used for potent drugs or
substances that require precise dosing and
rapid dissolution. They offer advantages such
as improved uniformity of dose and enhanced
dissolution properties. Triturate tablets are
commonly used in compounding pharmacies or
for specialized medications where accurate
dosing and fast absorption are crucial, such as
sublingual or buccal administration.
Tablet Triturates

Implantation tablets or depot tablets are
designed for subcutaneous implantation
in animals or man. Their purpose is to
provide prolonged drug effects, ranging
from one month to a year. They are
usually designed to provide as constant a
drug delivery release rate as possible.
These tablets are usually small,
cylindrical, or rosette shaped forms, and
are typically not more than 8mm in length.
4. Tablet Administration for other route

The tablet manufacturing process involves
several key steps. First, the active
pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and excipients
are weighed and blended to form a uniform
mixture. This blend is then compressed under
high pressure into tablet form using a tablet
press. The compressed tablets are then
subjected to quality control checks, including
hardness, thickness, weight variation, and
disintegration or dissolution testing. If
necessary, the tablets may undergo additional
processes such as coating, where a thin layer is
applied to improve stability, taste, or
appearance. Finally, the finished tablets are
packaged and labeled for distribution and use.
Tablet Manufacturing Process

Formulation development of a tablet involves the
systematic design and optimization of a
formulation to deliver the desired therapeutic
effect. It begins with selecting suitable excipients
and determining the optimal drug-to-excipient
ratio based on the drug's physicochemical
properties and therapeutic requirements.
Formulation development includes preformulation
studies, compatibility testing, and prototype
formulation development. The goal is to achieve a
stable, bioavailable, and manufacturable tablet
formulation. Factors considered include drug
solubility, stability, release profile, and patient
acceptability. Formulation development also
involves characterization, stability studies, and
regulatory compliance to ensure a safe, effective,
and commercially viable tablet product.
1. Formulation Development

Granulation of a tablet is a process that
involves the formation of granules from a
blend of active pharmaceutical ingredients
(APIs) and excipients. It aims to improve the
flowability, compressibility, and uniformity of
the powder mixture. Granulation can be
achieved through wet or dry methods. Wet
granulation involves the addition of a liquid
binder to the powder blend, followed by
mixing, granulation, and drying. Dry
granulation involves compaction of the
powder blend without the use of liquids.
Granulation enhances the material's ability to
be compressed into tablets with consistent
weight, hardness, and content uniformity,
ensuring the production of high-quality tablets
with desired drug release characteristics.
2. Granulation

Compression of a tablet is a key step in
tablet manufacturing where a powdered or
granulated mixture is subjected to high
pressure to form a solid tablet. The process
involves feeding the blend into a tablet
press machine, which contains a die and
punches. The punches apply pressure to the
blend, compacting it within the die cavity.
This compression force promotes particle
bonding, resulting in a tablet with desired
hardness, weight, and thickness.
Compression ensures uniformity, dose
accuracy, and facilitates easy handling and
administration of the tablet. It is a critical
process in producing high-quality
pharmaceutical tablets.
3. Compression

Coating of a tablet refers to the process of
applying a thin layer of coating material onto the
surface of a tablet. The coating serves several
purposes, including protecting the tablet from
moisture, light, and air, improving its appearance,
enhancing swallow ability, and modifying the drug
release profile. The coating material can be a
polymer-based film or sugar-based substance. The
process involves spraying or dipping the tablets in
a coating solution, followed by drying or curing to
form a smooth and uniform coating layer. Coating
ensures tablet stability, enhances patient
acceptability, and provides controlled drug release
characteristics when required.
4. Coating

Quality control and regulatory compliance are crucial aspects
of the pharmaceutical industry. Quality control involves
implementing processes and systems to ensure that products
consistently meet established quality standards. This includes
conducting rigorous testing of raw materials, in-process
samples, and finished products to assess factors such as
identity, purity, potency, and stability. Quality control also
encompasses adherence to standard operating procedures,
equipment calibration, and thorough documentation.
Regulatory compliance involves adhering to applicable laws,
regulations, and guidelines set forth by regulatory authorities
such as the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) or EMA
(European Medicines Agency). It encompasses various
aspects, including manufacturing practices, product labeling,
safety protocols, and documentation requirements.
Compliance ensures that pharmaceutical companies meet the
necessary regulatory standards to ensure the safety, efficacy,
and quality of their products.
Both quality control and regulatory compliance are essential
for maintaining product integrity, protecting public health,
and building trust with consumers. They contribute to the
overall reputation and success of pharmaceutical companies
by ensuring that products are safe, effective, and of high
quality.
5. Quality control and Regulatory compliance

tablets are a widely used and versatile dosage form in
the field of pharmaceuticals. They offer numerous
advantages, such as ease of administration, accurate
dosing, and patient convenience. The formulation
development process plays a crucial role in designing
tablets that meet specific therapeutic requirements,
while granulation and compression techniques ensure
the formation of robust and uniform tablets.
Additionally, coating and other specialized tablet
forms provide added benefits such as controlled
release, taste masking, and targeted drug delivery.
Quality control and regulatory compliance are
paramount in ensuring the safety, efficacy, and quality
of tablets. The continuous advancement in tablet
development and emerging trends contribute to the
ongoing improvement and innovation in the field.
Overall, tablets remain a vital and effective means of
delivering medication to patients worldwide.
4. Conclusion

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