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orecnepal.org
i
"cGj]ifL"
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf]
ljZn]if0ffTds
cWoog k|ltj]bg
@)^(
cf]/]s g]kfn
afns'df/L, nlntk'/
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orecnepal.org
ii
"cGj]ifL"
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf]
ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg
@)^(
© cf]/]s g]kfn
o; k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z ePsf ljifoj:t'x¿ dlxnf lx+;f cGTosf
nflu ul/g] s'g} klg cleofgsf] k|of]hgsf] lglDt ;|f]t v'nfO{ k|of]u
ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
n]vs 		 M 	 ;+lhtf ltlD;gf
;Nnfxsf/	 M	 8f= /]0f' /fhe08f/L
;Dkfbg 	 M 	8f= ljgfos /fhe08f/L
tYofÍ k|zf]wg	 M	 k|ljgf t08'sf/
cfj/0f÷n]cfp6 M 	 /d]z e08f/L÷ s[i0ff rf}w/L
d'b|0f 		 M	 Soflk6n sDKo'6/ Nof08 k|f=ln=
cfly{s ;xof]u M 	 ldh]l/o/, hd{gL
k|sfzs M 	 cf]/]s g]kfn
		kf]=a=g+= !#@##, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn
		Email: ics@worecnepal.org
		Website: www.worecnepal.org
ISBN: 9789937256728
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orecnepal.org
dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
ljifo;"rL
cfef/		 12
b'O{ zAb	 14
sfo{ut kl/efiff	 17
sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z	 21
kl/R5]b !M kl/ro	 27
!=! 	 k[i7e"ld 	 28
!=@	 cWoogsf] ;Ldf	 38
!=#	 cWoog ljlw 	 39
kl/R5]b @ M k|fKt kl/0ffdx¿ / ljZn]if0f	 40
@ 	 dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf cj:yf / ljZn]if0f	 41
@=!	 lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] If]qut l:ylt 	 41
@=@	 dlxnf lx+;fsf k|sf/x¿	 43
@=#	 dlxnf lx+;f / pd]/ 	 45
@=$	 dlxnf lx+;f / lzIff	 47
@=^	 k|efljtsf] hflt	 52
@=&	 k|efljt / kL8saLrdf /x]sf] ;DaGw 	 53
@=* 	k|efljtsf] k]zf 	 54
@=( 	 lx+;fsf sf/0f dlxnfx¿dfly k/]sf] c;/ 	 56
kl/R5]b # M 3/]n' lx+;f	 58
#=!	 dlxnf / 3/]n' lx+;f 	 59
#=@	 3/]n' lx+;fleqsf :j¿kx¿ 	 60
#=#	 3/]n' lx+;fsf k|sf/x¿	 62
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orecnepal.org
dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
#=$	 3/]n' lx+;fsf kL8ssf k|sf/ 	 62
#=%	 k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf 	 63
#=^	 k|efljtsf] pd]/ / 3/]n' lx+;f	 64
#=&	 k|efljtsf] lzIffsf] :t/ / 3/]n' lx+;f 	 64
#=*	 k|efljtsf] hft / 3/]n' lx+;f	 66
#=(	 k|efljtsf] k]zf / 3/]n' lx+;f	 67
#=!)	 k|efljtnfO{ k/]sf] c;/ 	 67
kl/R5]b $ M ;fdflhs lx+;f 	 71
$=!	 dlxnf / ;fdflhs lx+;f 	 72
$=@	 dlxnfdfly ;fdflhs ¿kdf ePsf lx+;fsf :j¿kx¿	 75
$=#	 ;fdflhs lx+;fsf kL8ssf k|sf/x¿	 75
$=$	 k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf	 76
$=%	 k|efljtsf] pd]/ / ;fdflhs lx+;f	 76
$=*	 k|efljtsf] k]zf / ;fdflhs lx+;f 	 79
$=(	 ;fdflhs lx+;fsf sf/0f k|efljtdf k/]sf] c;/	 80
kl/R5]b % M anfTsf/ 	 84
%=!	 anfTsf/ 	 85
%=@	 anfTsf/sf kL8ssf k|sf/	 87
%=#	 k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf	 88
%=$	 anfTsf/af6 k|efljtsf] pd]/ 	 88
%=% 	 anfTsf/af6 k|efljtsf] z}lIfs cj:yf	 89
%=^	 k|efljtsf] hflt 	 89
%=&	 k|efljtsf] k]zf	 91
%=*	 anfTsf/af6 k|efljtdf k/]sf] c;/	 91
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orecnepal.org
dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
kl/R5]b ^ M of}lgs lx+;f	 95
^=!	 of}lgs lx+;f 	 96
^=@	 k|efljtsf] pd]/ / of}lgs lx+;f	 97
^=#	 of}lgs lx+;fsf kL8ssf k|sf/	 97
^=$	 k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf 	 98
^=%	 k|efljtsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf	 99
^=^	 k|efljtsf] hflt 	 100
^=&	 k|efljtsf] k]zf	 101
^=*	 k|efljtnfO{ k/]sf c;/x¿ 	 101
kl/R5]b & M xTof	 104
&=!	 xTof 	 105
&=@	 k|efljtsf] pd]/ / xTof 	 106
&=$	 k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf 	 107
&=%	 k|efljtsf] z}lIfs :t/ / xTof 	 108
&=^	 k|efljtsf] hftL / xTof	 109
&=&	 k|efljtsf] k]zf / xTof 	 110
kl/R5]b * M dfgj a]rlavg÷cf];f/k;f/ 	 112
*=!	 dfgj a]rlavg÷cf];f/k;f/ 	 113
*=@	 k|efljtsf] pd]/ / a]rlavg÷cf];f/k;f/ 	 115
*=#	 k|efljt / kL8ssf] ;DaGw 	 115
*=$	 k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf 	 117
*=%	 k|efljtsf] z}lIfs cj:yf 	 117
*=^	 k|efljtsf] hflt 	 119
*=&	 k|efljtsf] k]zf 	 119
*=*	 k|efljtnfO{ k/]sf] c;/x¿ 	 120
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orecnepal.org
dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
kl/R5]b ( M kL8ssf] k[i7e"ld	 123
(=!	 kL8ssf] k[i7e"ld 	 124
(=@	 kL8ssf] pd]/ 	 124
(=#	 kL8ssf] n}lËs ljj/0f 	 126
(=$	 kL8ssf] z}lIfs cj:yf 	 127
(=%	 kL8ssf] j}jflxs cj:yf 	 129
(=^	 kL8ssf] k]zf 	 130
kl/R5]b !) M k|efljtnfO{ ul/Psf] ;xof]u	 132
!)=! 	 k|efljtsf] :jf:Yo kl/If0f 	 133
!)=@	 k|efljtnfO{ ul/Psf] ;xof]usf] ljj/0f	 134
kl/R5]b !! M ;~rf/ cg'udg	 138
;~rf/ cg'udgaf6 k|fKt dlxnf lx+;fsf] tYo 	 139
kl/R5]b !@ M lgisif{ / ;'emfjx¿	 144
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orecnepal.org
dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
lrqx¿sf] ;"rL
rf6{ g+= ! dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx?sf] If]qut l:ylt	 41
rf6{ g+= @ dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf k|sf/x?	 43
rf6{ g+= # dlxnfsf] pd]/ cg';f/ lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd	 45
rf6{ g++=$ dlxnfsf] z}lIfs cj:yfsf cfwf/df lx+;fsf kl/0fdx¿	 48
rf6{ g++=% dlxnfsf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yfsf cfwf/df lx+;fsf kl/0fdx¿	 48
rf6{ g+= ^ dlxnfsf] j} jflxs l:ylt / lx+;fsf] kl/ 0ffd	 50
rf6{ g+= & dlxnfsf] hftLo ljj/0f / lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd	 52
rf6{ g+=* dlxnfsf] j}jflxs l:ylt / lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd	 53
rf6{ g+= ( dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f / k]zf	 54
rf6{ g+= !) dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf sf/0f dlxnfdf k/]sf c;/x¿	 56
rf6{ g+= !! dlxnfdfly ePsf 3/]n' lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ k|ltztdf	 63
rf6{ g+= !@ 3/ ] n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿ / kL8ssf] ;DaGw	 63
rf6{ g+= !# 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] j}jflxs cj:yf / lx+;fsf
kl/0ffdx¿	 64
rf6{ g+= !$ 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] pd]/sf cfwf/df lx+;fsf
kl/0ffdx¿	 65
rf6{ g+= !% 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] z}lIfs cj:yf / lx+;fsf
kl/0ffdx¿	 65
rf6{ g+= !^ 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yf / lx+;fsf
kl/0ffdx¿	 66
rf6{ g+= !& 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] hfltut cj:yf / lx+;fsf
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orecnepal.org
dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
kl/0ffdx¿	 66
rf6{ g+= !* 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] k]zf / lx+;fsf] cj:yf	 67
rf6{ g+= !( 3/]n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿df k/]sf] c;/x¿ k|ltztdf	 68
rf6{ g+=@) dlxnfdfly x'g] ;fdflhs lx+;fsf k|sf/x¿	 75
rf6{ g+= @! ;fdflhs lx+;fsf k|efljtx¿sf] kL8s;Fusf] ;DaGw	 76
rf6{ g+= @@ ;fdflhs lx+;f k|efljtx¿sf] j}jflxs cj:yf	 77
rf6{ g+= @# pd] / sf cfwf/ df dlxnfdfly ePsf] ;fdflhs lx+;fsf] cj:yf 	 77
rf6{ g+=@$ z}lIfs cj:yfsf cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ePsf] ;fdflhs lx+;f	 78
rf6{ g+=@% lzIffsf] :t/sf cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ePsf] ;fdflhs lx+;f	 78
rf6{ g+=@^ hfltut cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ePsf] ;fdflhs lx+;fsf] cj:yf	 79
rf6{ g+=@& dlxnfsf] k]zf / ;fdflhs lx+;fsf] cj:yf	 80
rf6{ g+=@* ;fdflhs lx+;fsf sf/ 0f k|efljtdf k/ ] sf c;/ x¿	 81
rf6{ g+= @( anfTsf/ k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] kL8s;Fusf] ;DaGw	 87
rf6{ g+ #) anfTsf/ / k|efljtsf] j} jflxs cj:yf	 88
rf6{ g+= #! anfTsf/ k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] pd]/sf cfwf/df lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx¿		
	 89
rf6{ g+= #@ anfTsf/ k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] z}lIfs cj:yf / lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx¿	
	 90
rf6{ g+= ## anfTsf/ k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yf / lx+;fsf
kl/0ffdx¿	 90
rf6{ g+= #$ hfltut cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ePsf] ;fdflhs lx+;fsf] cj:yf	 91
rf6{ g+= #% k|efljtsf] k]zf / anfTsf/sf 36gfx?sf] cj:yf	 92
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orecnepal.org
dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
rf6{ g+= #^ anfTsf/ af6 k|efljtdf k/ ] sf c;/ x?	 92
rf6{ g+=#& pd] / sf cfwf/ df dlxnfdfly ePsf] of} lgs lx+;fsf] cj:yf 	 98
rf6{ g+= #* of} lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljtx¿sf]  kL8s;Fusf]  ;DaGw	 98
rf6{ g+= #( k|efljtsf] j} jflxs cj:yf / of} lgs lx+;f	 99
rf6{ g++=$) k|efljtsf] z} lIfs cj:yf / of} lgs lx+;fsf kl/ 0ffdx¿	 99
rf6{ g++=$! of} lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljtx¿ sf] ;fIf/ tfsf] cj:yf / of} lgs lx+;fsf
kl/ 0ffdx¿	 100
rf6{ g+= $@ k|efljtsf] hflt / of} lgs lx+;fsf kl/ 0ffx¿ 	 100
rf6{ g+= $# k|efljtsf] k] zf / of} lgs lx+;fsf kl/ 0ffdx¿ 	 101
rf6{ g+= $$ of} lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljtnfO} k/ ] sf c;/ x¿ 	 102
rf6{ g+= $% dlxnfsf] pd]/cg';f/ xTof cj:yf	 106
rf6{ g+= $^ k|efljt / kL8ssf] lardf /x]sf] ;DaGw	 107
rf6{ g+=$& k|efljtsf] j}jflxs l:yltsf cfwf/df xTof	 108
rf6{ g+= $* k|efljtsf] z}lIfs cj:yfsf cfwf/df xTof	 108
rf6{ g+= $( k|efljtsf] ;fIf/ tfsf] cj:yf / xTof	 109
rf6{ g+= %) k|efljtsf] hfltut cj:yfsf cfwf/df xTof	 109
rf6{ g+= %! k|efljtsf] k] zf / xTof	 110
rf6{ g+= %@ a]rlavg÷cf];f/k;f/af6 k|efljtsf] pd]/	 116
rf6{ g+=%# a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ af6 k|efljtx¿ sf]  kL8s;Fusf]  ;DaGw	 116
rf6{ g+= %$ a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ af6 k|efljtx¿ sf] j} jflxs cj:yf	 117
rf6{ g+= %% a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ af6 k|efljtx¿ sf] z} lIfs cj:yf	 118
rf6{ g+= %^ a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ af6 k|efljtx¿ sf]  ;fIf/ tfsf]  :t/ 	 118
rf6{ g+=%& a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ af6 k|efljtx¿ sf]  hfltut ljj/ 0f	 119
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orecnepal.org
dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
rf6{ g+= %* k|efljtsf]  k] zf /  a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ sf]  cj:yf	 120
rf6{ g+= %( dfgj a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ af6 k|efljtdf k/ ] sf]  c;/ x¿	 120
rf6{ g+ ^) kL8ssf] pd]/ ;d"x	 124
rf6{ g+ ^! kL8ssf] n}lËs ljj/0f 	 126
rf6{ g+ ^@ kL8ssf] z}lIfs cj:yf	 128
rf6{ g+= ^# kL8ssf] ;fIf/ tfsf] cj:yf 	 128
rf6{ g+ ^$ kL8ssf] j}jflxs cj:yf	 129
rf6{ g+ ^% kL8ssf] k]zfsf] ljj/0f	 130
rf6{ g+=^^ lx+;f kZrft :jf:Yo k/LIf0f l:ylt	 133
rf6{ g+= ^&	 lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿ sf nflu ;+:yfn] o; jif{ u/]sf ;xof]usf]
ljj/0f k|ltztdf	 137
rf6{ ^* kfFr ljsfz If]q / lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd 	 139
rf6{ g+ ^( dlxnf dfly ePsf lx+;fsf k|sf/x¿ -k|ltztdf _	 140
rf6{ g+= &) kfFr ljsfz If]q / lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd 	 140
rf6{ g+ &! dlxnf dfly ePsf ;fdflhs lx+;fsf k|sf/x¿	 141
rf6{ g+ &@ lx+;fsf] k|sf/ / kL8s;Fusf] ;DaGw 	 141
rf6{ g+ &# pd]/ ;d"x cg';f/ lx+;fsf] cj:yf 	 142
rf6{ g+ &$ kLl8tsf] hflt cg';f/ lx+;fsf] k|sf/ 	 142
rf6{ g+ &% k|efljtsf] a}jflxs cj:yf 	 143
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dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
11
of] k':ts tof/ ug'{sf p2]Zox¿
cf] / ] s g] kfnn] ljut % jif{b] lv dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf
36gfx¿sf]  clen] vLs/ 0fug{]  sfo{ ub{}  cfPsf]  5  . cf] / ] s g] kfnn] 
ljleGg / fli6«o b} lgs kqklqsfx¿df k|sflzt ePsf dlxnf
lx+;f ;DalGw 36gfx¿sf] cg'udg u/ L dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] 
cGTosf nflu ;Dk'0f{ ;/ f] sf/ jfnfx¿nfO{ hjfkmb] lx /  pQ/ bflo
aGgsf nflu k} / jL ug{]  p2] Zon]  x/ ] s dlxgf dfl;s k|ltj] bg
tof/ u/ L ;fj{hlgs ug{] sfo{ ub{} cfPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} cf] / ] s
g] kfnn] dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] cg'udg tyf
:ynut e|d0f u/ L dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tfnfO{ ;~rf/ 
dfWoddf / cGtlqmof sfo{qmd dfkm{t ;do ;dodf ;fj{hlgs ub{} 
;/ f] sf/ nfx¿sf]  Wofgfsif{0f u/ fpg]  sfo{ ;d] t ub{}  cfPsf]  5  .
o;/ L dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf]  clen] vLs/ 0fu/ L
To;sf] ljZn] if0ffTds cWoog ;lxtsf] jif{ k':ts tof/ ug'{sf
p2] Zox¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g M
•	 dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] l:yltsf] klxrfg u/ L dlxnfdfly x'g] 
lx+;flj?å / fHonfO{ plrt sfg'g, lglt lgod, of] hgf lgdf{0f
u/ L cfjZos ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug{ bafj lbg] tyf ;r] t
u/ fpg]   .
•	 lx+;faf6 k|efljtsf] Gofodf kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{ cfjZos kg{] 
If] qx¿sf] klxrfg u/ L sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;/ sf/ nfO{ clkn
ug{]   .
•	 lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] Gofodf kx'Fr a[l4 ug{sf nflu
pgLx¿sf] cfjZostf klxrfg u/ L ;xof] uL ;+oGqsf] ljsf;
/ To;df k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{ k} / jL ug{]  .
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dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
1212
cfef/
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] cGToljgf dlxnfclwsf/ sf] ;'lglZrttf
x'g ;Qm} g . ;fdflhs Gofo, ;dfgtf / b] zdf lbuf] zflGtsf nflu
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] cGTo cfjZos 5 . o;y{ o; cj:Yffsf] cGTo
;Dk"0f{ dlxnf clwsf/ tyf dfgj clwsf/ sf If] qdf lqmofzLn JolQm,
gful/ s ;dfhsf cu'jfx¿, / fhgLltsdL{x¿, ;+:yf / ;d"x ;a} sf] 
;xsfo{af6 dfq} ;Dej 5 .
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] jf:tljs oyfy{tf ha;Dd aflx/ cfpFb} g
ta;Dd o;sf] ;dfwfgsf] af6f] klxNofpg ufx|f] x'G5 / o;sf] cGTosf
nflu ul/Psf k|of;x¿ k|of;df dfq ;Lldt x'g k'Ub5g . o;y{
dlxnfdfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] cj:yfnfO{ lrq0f ug{] p2] Zon] dlxnflx+;f
lj?åsf]  cleofgdf lg/ Gt/  nflu/ xg]  w] / }  ;ª3;+:yf, dlxnf dfgj
clwsf/ sdL{x¿sf] ;+o'Qm k|of; xf] æcGj] ifLÆ sf] kfrf} + cªs .
lkQ[;QfTds ;f] r xfaL / x] sf] ;dfhdf cfkm"dfly ePsf] lx+;flj?å
af] Ng cem} klg dlxnfx¿nfO{ Tolt ;lhnf] 5} g . oBlk cfkm"dfly ePsf
lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ cGo dlxnfx¿n] ef] Ug' gk/ f] ; eGg] cfsf+ªIffsf
;fy cfkm"dfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] hfgsf/ L u/ fpg] ;fx; a6'Ng'x'g] 
;Dk"0f{ g] kfnL dlxnfx¿k|lt cf] / ] s g] kfn ljz] if s[t1tf JoQm ub{5 .
dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ aflx/ NofpFbf dlxnfx¿n] ;'/ Iff
/ cGo hf] lvdx¿sf] ;d] t ;fdgf ug'{kg{] l:yltsf] l;h{gf x'g] ub{5 .
oBlk ;d'bfo:t/ df lqmofzLn dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ / Ifsx¿n] 
cfkm"dfly kg{] hf] lvd / r'gf} ltsf] k|jfxljgf cfˆgf 3/ , l5d] s / 
lhNnfdf 36] sf dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿nfO{ aflx/ Nofpg
ug'{ePsf] ;fx;, w} o{ / sfdsf] pRr ;Ddfg ub{} cfkm"n] clen] vg
u/ ] sf 36gfx¿ cf] / ] s g] kfnsf]  tYofÍ zfvfdf k7fpg' x'g]  ;Dk'0f{
dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ / Ifsx¿k|lt xfdL ljz] if cfef/ k|s6 ug{
rfxG5f} +  .
cf] / ] s g] kfnsf lhNnf sfof{nox¿df / x] /  ;d'bfo:t/ af6 k|fKt dlxnf
lx+;fsf 36gfx¿nfO{ b:tfj] hLs/ 0f ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg'x'g] df] / Ë
zfvfsf zflGt bg'jf/ , pbok'/ zfvfsf / df du/ , l;/ xf zfvfsf
x] df sfsL{, wg'iff zfvfsf k|d] z d08n, s} nfnL zfvfsf ljg' / f0ff, /
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orecnepal.org
13
dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
13
bfË zfvfsf lx/ fdl0f rf} w/ LnfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5f} + .
o; k|ltj] bg tof/ ug{sf nflu tYofÍnfO{ ;dfof] hg, ljZn] if0f tyf
lrqx¿sf] tof/ L / k|ltj] bg n] vg u/ L dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{] 
cf] / ] s g] kfnsL sfo{qmd ;+of] hs ;+lhtf ltlD;gfnfO{ cf] / ] s g] kfn
cfef/ k|s6 ub{5 . o;sf ;fy} o; sfo{df ;3fp k'¥ofpg' x'g] tYofÍ
zfvfsf k|lagf t08'sf/ nfO{ klg cf] / ] s g] kfn ljz] if wGojfb JoQm
ub{5 . 36gf ;+sngdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' x'g] cf]/]s g]kfnsf snf
/fO{, lglndf /fO{, lbkf l3ld/] tyf ljg' e'h]nnfO{ ;d]t wGojfb lbg
rfxG5f}+ . ;xof]uo;} u/ L o; k':ts tof/ Lsf qmddf ;xof] u ug'{x'g] 
cf] / ] s g] kfnsf sfg'gL ;Nnfxsf/ clwjQmf bnaxfb'/ wfdLnfO{ klg
ljz] if wGojfb lbg rfxG5f} + .
cf] / ] s g] kfnsf ;+:Yffks cWoIf 8f=/ ] 0f' / fhe08f/ LnfO{ o; k':tsnfO{
d"t{ ¿k lbgsf nflu pxfFn] k|bfg ug'{ePsf] ;'emfj, lgb{] zg tyf
;xof] uk|lt ;+:yf cfef/ k|s6 ub{5 .
cf] / ] s g] kfnsf k|fljlws ;Nnfxsf/  8f= ljgfos / fhe08f/ LnfO{
cToGt} sd ;dodf klg ;Nnfx, ;'emfj / ;Dkfbg u/ L o; k':tssf] 
k|sfzgsf nflu dxTjk'0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ePsf] df ljz] if cfef/ k|s6
ub{5f} + . cfj/ 0f tyf ;fh;Hhf u/ L of] k|ltj] bgnfO{ cfsif{s agfpg
;xof] u ug'{ x'g] cf] / ]s g] kfnsf k|sfzg zfvfsf / d] z e08f/ L / 
s[i0ff rf} w/ LnfO{ ljz] if wGojfb glbO / xg ;lsb} g . ;fy} cGj]ifL d'b|0f
ug'{ x'g] ljsf; Jof~h' tyf Soflk6n sDKo'6/ Nof08 k|f=ln=, eQmk'/
k|lt xfdL cfef/L 5f}+ .
dfly pNn] v ul/ Psf JolQmx¿afx] s klg cGo ljleGg JolQmx¿sf] 
;xof] un] dfq of] k|ltj] bg tof/ ePsf] xf]  . o; k':ts tof/ Lsf
nflu k|ToIf / ck|ToIf ¿kn] ;3fpg' x'g] ;Dk"0f{ JolQmx¿nfO{ cf] / ] s
g] kfn wGojfb lbb} xflb{s cfef/ k|s6 ug{ rfxG5 .
	 afa'/ fd uf} td
sfo{sf/ L lgb{] zs
cf] / ] s g] kfn
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orecnepal.org
dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
1414
b'O{ zAb
dlxnfdfly ePsf]  lx+;fsf]  jf:tljstf af/ ] df hfgsf/ L lbg]  p2] Zn] 
tof/ kfl/ Psf] of] jif{ k':ts ÆcGj] ifLædlxnf cfGbf] ngsf nflu
Ps dxTjk"0f{ k|sfzg xf]  .
dlxnfdfly x'g]  lx+;f ;dfhsf x/ ] s ;+/ rgfdf h/ f]  uf8] /  / x] sf] 
lkQ[;QfTds d"NodfGotf / ;f] rsf] kl/ 0ffd xf]  . To;sf] kmn:j¿k
jif{} lg xhf/ f} + g] kfnL dlxnfx¿ ljleGg lsl;dsf zf/ Ll/ s,
dfgl;s, ;fdflhs / cfly{s ¿kdf lx+;f vKg afWo agfO{Psf
5g . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f / ltgsf cfofd / kl/ df0fx¿n] clxn] 
dlxnfx¿ cfqmfGt ePsf 5g . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fn] dlxnfsf] 
afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ , ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/ , oftgfd'Qm eO{ hLjg
hLpg kfpg] clwsf/ , :jtGq / ;'/ lIft ¿kdf hLjg ofkg ug{
kfpg] clwsf/ , :j:y jftfj/ 0fsf] clwsf/ h:tf cfwf/ e"t dfgj
clwsf/ sf] xgg u/ ] sf] 5 . 3/ b] lv ;fj{hlgs :yn;Dd ljleGg
lx+;fx¿ a9bf] s|ddf / x] sf] o; jif{ k':ts æcGj] ifLÆ n] b] vfPsf] 
5 . o;n] dlxnfsf] zf/ Ll/ s / dfgl;s :Jff:Yodf, JolQmTjdf,
cfTd;Ddfgdf, pTkfbgdf / kl/ jf/ df k|ToIf c;/ kf/ ] sf] 5 eg] 
b] zsf] ljsf;, pTkfbg / eljiosf ;Gtltx¿df ;d] t k|efj kfb{5 .
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] cGTo lagf b] zdf ;fdflhs Gofo / lbuf] 
zflGtsf] :yfkg x'g ;Qm} g . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] cGTo lagf
b] zdf g t lbuf] zflGtsf] sNkgf ug{ ;lsG5 g t nf] stflGqs
u0ftGq g} lbuf] x'g ;Qm5 . dlxnfdfly x'g] x/ ] s k|sf/ sf lx+;fx¿
ck/ fw xf] / of] dfgj clwsf/ sf] xgg xf]  . JolQmut txb] lv
gLltut tx;Dd / x] sf] lje] bk"0f{ Pjd lkQ[;QfTds d"NodfGotf,
;f] r / wf/ 0ff dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] sf/ s tTj xf]  . jt{dfg
;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts d"No / dfGotfsf] cf8df dlxnfdfly
x'g]  h:tf] ;'s}  cdfgjLo /  lje] bk"0f{ Jojxf/ nfO{ klg 9fs5f] k ug] {
ul/ G5 . kmn:j¿k dlxnfsf] cfˆgf] z/ L/ dfly cfˆgf] lgoGq0f
5} g . of} g tyf k|hgg clwsf/ dlxnfnfO{ k|fKt x'g ;s] sf] 5} g .
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orecnepal.org
15
dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
15
^$ k|ltzt dlxnfx¿ cfˆgf] 3/ leq cfkmGt} af6 kLl8t ePsf] 
o; jif{sf] cWoogn] b] vfPsf] 5 . cGt/ f{li6«o:t/ df dlxnfdfly
x'g] lx+;fsf af/ ] df rrf{ ug{ yflnPsf] nfdf] ;do ePsf] ePtf
klg dlxnf lx+;f cGTo ug{sf nflu ;/ sf/ nfO{ lhDd] jf/ agfpg] 
sfo{ eg] Tolt ;kmn b] lvGg . ;/ sf/ cGt/ f{li6«o:t/ df k|lta4
b] lvP klg b] zdf tL k|lta4tfx¿nfO{ Jojxf/ df ptfg{ c;kmn
/ x] sf] o; k':tsdf k|sflzt dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] 
ljZn] if0fn] b] vfpF5 . oBlk s] xL ;sf/ fTds sfdx¿ eg] gePsf
xf] Ogg . 3/ ] n' lx+;f lj?4sf] P] g -@)^^_ / 3/ ] n' lx+;f lgodfjnL
-@)^&_ tyf @)^& ;fnnfO{ æn} +lËs lx+;f lj?4sf] jif{Æ egL
ul/ Psf] 3f] if0ffnfO{ log} pknlJwsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . g] kfnL
dlxnfx¿sf] lg/ Gt/ bafj / k} / jL tyf dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ 
/ Ifx¿sf]  @$ lbg]  ef] s x8tfn, æsfnf]  k] l6sf] 6Æ k|bz{gL u/ L
ul/ Psf] bafjd'ns sfo{qmdsf] pknlAwsf ¿kdf / x] sf oL sfg'g
tyf gLltx¿ 3f] if0ff ePtf klg kLl8t dlxnfx¿n] ;xof] u / Gofo
kfpg' cem} æcfsfz sf] kmn cfFvf t/ L d/ Æ ePsf] 5 . 3/ ] n' lx+;f
lj?4sf] sfg'g cfPtf klg To;df ePsf q'l6x¿sf sf/ 0f To;nfO{
k|of] u u/ L Gofok|fKt ug] { cfwf/ lkmtnf] 5 . 3/ ] n' lx+;f lj?4sf] 
-ck'/ f] _ sfg'g tyf cGo sfg'gx¿sf] k|of] u u/ L ck/ fwLnfO{ s] xL
xb;Dd ;hfo lbg ;lsg] cj:yf ePtf klg sfg'g sfof{Gjog
ug] { lgsfoleq / x] sf] lkt[;QfTds d'No / dfGotfsf sf/ 0f
w] / } dlxnfx¿n] o;sf] pkof] u ul/ Gofo kfPsf 5} gg . sfg'g
sfof{Gjog ug] { txdf / x] sf JolQmx¿sf]  ;f] r /  Jojxf/ sf sf/ 0f
w] / } dlxnfx¿ cfkm"dfly ePsf] lx+;f btf{ ug{ ;Sb} gg . btf{ u/ ] kl5
cfjZos kg] { ;xof] u -;'/ lIft jf;, ufF; / ;'/ Iff_ sf] cefjn] 
btf{ ug] { sfo{ yk hl6n ag] sf] 5 . s] xL ;fx;L dlxnfx¿n] 36gf
btf{ u/ L xfn] klg ax';+Vos d'2fx¿ cbfnt k'Ub} gg . k|foM h;f] 
36gfdf dlxnfnfO{ g} bf] ifL b] vfpg] , dlxnf ePkl5 ;xg' kb{5 eGg] 
l;sfpg] ul/ G5 . kmn:j¿k dlxnfx¿df ædf} gtfsf] ;+:s[ltsfÆ
ljsf; x'g] qmd a9bf] 5 .
PstGqLo Joj:yfaf6 nf] stflGqs u0ftGqfTds Joj:yfdf k|j] z
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orecnepal.org
dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
1616
u/ ] sf] b] zdf dlxnf clwsf/ ;'lglZrttf cleofgdf ;+nUg
b] zsf %! k|ltzt dlxnf gful/ sx¿ 3/ , kl/ jf/ / ;dfhaf6} 
lx+;fsf] hf] lvddf / x] sf 5g . b] z nf] stflGqs u0ftGqfTds
kl/ kfl6df ¿kfGtl/ t ePsf] % jif{ eO{;Sbf klg dlxnfx¿n] 
nf] stGqsf] cg'e"lt ug{ kfPsf 5} gg . b] zdf zflGt lgdf{0f k|lqmof
w] / } cufl8 uPsf] elgPtf klg zflGtsf] nfef+z kfpg' kg{] x¿
cfˆgf] clwsf/ af6 al~rt g} 5g . / fhgLlts kl/ jt{g kZrft
cfˆgf] cj:yfdf kl/ jt{g cfpF5 / cfˆgf clwsf/ x¿ ;'lglZrt
x'G5g eGg] df ljZjf; lnPsf dlxnfx¿ cem klg cfˆgf] clwsf/ 
;'lglZrt x'g] kvf{O{df g} 5g . o;y{ o; k|ltj] bgn] Psk6s km] l/ 
kl/ jt{gk|lt k|lta4 ;+j] bgzLn / fhg} lts kf6L{x¿ /  ;/ sf/ nfO{
cfkm"n] u/ ] sf sfo{x¿sf] ;dLIff ug{ / dfgj clwsf/ nfO{ ;'lglZrt
ug{] k|lta4tf cg'¿ksf] Jojxf/ ug{ 3R3Rofpg] 5 .
o; k':tsdf ;dfj] z ul/ Psf dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf] ljZn] if0fn] 
dlxnfdfly x'g]  lx+;fk|lt ;/ f] sf/ jfnfx¿nfO{ hjfkmb] xL /  pQ/ bfoL
aGgsf nflu k|] l/ t ub{5 . o; cWoog k|ltj] bgn] xfn ;Dd g] kfn
;/ sf/ n]  dlxnfdfly x'g]  lx+;f /  n} lËs ;dfgtfsf nflu u/ ] sf
sfo{x¿sf] ;dLIff ug{ / cfufdL lbgdf dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f lj?4
plrt sfg'g, gLlt lgod, of] hgf lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu cfjZos
kxnx¿sf af/ ] df uDeL/ eP/ ;f] Rgsf nflu ;d] t d2t ub{5
eGg] dnfO{ ljZjf; nfu] s] f 5 .
cGTodf, o; cWoog k|ltj] bgdf dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;faf/ ] hfgsf/ L
lbO{ dlxnf cfGbf] ngnfO{ ;zQm kfg{ phf{ yKg'x'g] ;a} df d xflb{s
awfO{ tyf s[t1tf 1fkg ug{ rfxG5' .
8f= / ] 0f' / fhe08f/ L
;+:yfks cWoIf, cf] / ] s g] kfn
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orecnepal.org
17
dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
17
sfo{ut kl/efiff
dlxnfdfly x'g] u/ ] sf lx+;fsf :j¿kx¿ ljleGg 5g . lx+;fsf
:j¿kx¿nfO{ & efudf juL{s/ 0f u/ L ljZn] if0f ul/ Psf] 5 .
s_ lx+;fsf k|sf/
3/]n' lx+;f
3/ leq kl/ jf/ sf Ps ;b:oaf6 cGo ;b:odfly ePsf lx+;fsf
36gfnfO{ 3/ ] n' lx+;fleq ;dfj] z ul/ Psf] 5 . >Ldfg tyf
kl/ jf/ sf cGo ;b:ox¿af6 ePsf zf/ Ll/ s, dfgl;s / cfly{s
¿kdf……. . o:tf] lx+;fleq s'6lk6, ax'ljjfx, 3/ lgsfnf, uflnunf} h,
efjgfTds rf] 6 k'¥ofpg] sfo{ tyf ljleGg 8/ , qf; b] vfO{ ePsf
dfgl;s lx+;fsf 36gfx¿nfO{ ;dfj] z ul/ Psf] 5 .
;fdflhs lx+;f
dlxnf a;] s] f ;dfhsf JolQmx¿af6 ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿nfO{
;fdflhs lx+;fleq ;dfj] z ul/ Psf] 5 . ;fdflhs lx+;fleq
ljz] ifu/ L af] S;Lsf]  cf/ f] kdf dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿,
5'jf5't, afnljjfx, bfO{hf] sf sf/ 0fn] ePsf lx+;fx¿, dlxnfdfly
;dfhsf JolQmx¿af6 ;fdflhs / dfgl;s c;/ kf/ ] sf
36gfx¿nfO{ ;dfj] z ul/ Psf] 5 .
of}lgs l+x;f
dlxnfsf] O{R5f ljk/ Lt ha/ h:tL of} g cªux¿ tyf ;+j] bglzn
cx¿df 5'g] , ;'D;'Dofpg] , cZnLn zAbx¿sf] k|of] u ug{] , lh:sfpg] ,
cZnLn lrq, b[Zo jf lkmNdx¿ b] vfpg] h:tf 36gfx¿nfO{o;
k|ltj] bgdf of} lgs lx+;fleq / flvPsf 5g .
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orecnepal.org
dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
1818
anfTsf/
anfTsf/ , ;fd"lxs anfTsf/  /  anfTsf/ sf]  k|of;nfO{ anfTsf/ sf] 
kl/ efiffleq ;dfj] z ul/ Psf] 5 . o;df dlxnfnfO{ nnfO{kmsfO{
jf ha/ h:tL zlQm k|of] u u/ L ePsf anfTsf/ sf 36gfx¿nfO{
o;df ;dfj] z ul/ Psf 5g .
a]rlavg÷cf];f/k;f/
bf;tf, afWofTds >d -aFw'jf dhb'/ L jf C0fL agfOPsf JolQmx¿sf] 
>dnufot_ / bf;tfk"0f{ Jojxf/ sf nflu s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ 8/ ,
wfs b] vfO{, hfnem] n u/ L jf zlQm/kbsf]  b'¿kof] u u/ L sfddf
nufpg'÷cf] ;f/ k;f/  ug'{÷Ps 7fpFaf6 csf{] 7fpFdf n} hfg' jf
n} hfgsf nflu ;xof] u ug'{ jf cf>o lbg' jf c?åf/ f To:tf] sfdsf] 
lglDt ;xof] u k|fKt ug'{ a] rlavg xf]  . a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/  tyf
a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ sf] nflu k|of; ePsf 36gfx¿nfO{ o;df
;dfj] z ul/ Psf]  5  .
xTof
xTofleq dlxnfnfO{ dg;fok"j{s ljleGg tj/ af6 dfl/ Psf tyf
dfg{] k|of; ul/ Psf 36gfx¿nfO{ ;d] l6Psf] 5 .
cGo
ckx/ 0f, cnkq÷ j] kQf, cfTdxTofsf 36gfx¿nfO{ o;df / flvPsf] 
5 .
v_ k|efljt÷kL8ssf] j}jflxs l:ylt
o; cGtu{t ljjflxt, cljjflxt, Psn, 5'l§P/ a;] sf] , ;Fu} a;] s] f
/  kf/ kfr's]  nfO{ ;d] l6Psf]  5  .
u_ k|efljt÷kL8ssf ;d"xx¿
lognfO{ lgDglnlvt ;d"xx¿df afFl8Psf] 5 .
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orecnepal.org
19
dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
19
kxf8] hghflt M hghflt u'?Ë, du/ , / fO{, lnDa', ls/ fFt,
yfdL, 5gTofn, tfdfË, z] kf{, nfdf, ef] 6] , g] jf/ , lh/ ] n,
ysfnL, / fp6] , r] kfª, s';'G8f, bg'jf/ , cflb .
t/fO{ hghflt M yf?, / fhj+zL, tfhk'l/ of, u+ufO{, l;+x, wfg's,
lwdfn, ;Gyfn, d'G8f, ;tf/ , emfFu8, bg'jf/ , ls;fg, sf] r] 
cflb .
t/fO{ blnt M rdf/ , xl/ hg, / fd, d';x/ , b';fw, kf;jfg,
kf;L, tTdf, vTj] , wf] aL, ;/ bf/ , lrldbf/ , 8f] d, xNvf] / ,
s';jflbof, sn/ , vflts, sf] O/ L cflb .
kxf8] blnt M bdfO{, sfdL, ;fsL{, 9f] nL, ufO{g] , jfbL cflb .
t/fO{ u}/ blnt M ofbj, t] nL, u'Ktf, sfdt, dnfxf, dxtf] ,
;fx, 7fs'/ , / fhe/ , dfnL, s'dL{, xnjfO{, s] jt, g'lgof, sx/ ,
w] l8of/ , wlgof, nf] wf, xhfd, cflb .
a|fXd0f
If]qL
3_ k|efljt÷kL8ssf] k]zfx¿
s[lif, 3/ fo;L sfd, dhb'/ L, Joj;fo, cgf} krfl/ s If] qdf sfo{/ t,
u} / ;/ sf/ L hflu/ , ;/ sf/ L hflu/ , ;fdflhs ;] jf, j} b] lzs / f] huf/ 
ª_ k|efljtnfO{ k/]sf] c;/x¿
zf/ Ll/ s c;/ , dfgl;s c;/ , cfly{s c;/ , ;fdflhs c;/ 
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dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
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dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
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5 . To;} u/ L / fli6«o kqklqsfx¿df k|sflzt ePsf hDdf #(*
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Himalayan Times, The Kathmandu Post, Republica
gf]6 M ;+:yfn] k|ToIf ¿df clen]vLs/0f u/]sf 36gfx?nfO{ ;+rf/ cg'udgdf
;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g .
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dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
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u/ L o; k':tsdf ;dfj] z ul/ Psf] 5 .
cWoogaf6 k|fKt glthfx¿ ;ªIf]kdf
!= ljsf; If]qdfdlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf] cj:yf
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ubf{ dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ ;a} eGbf a9L k"jf{~rnaf6
k|fKt ePsf] 5 . o; jif{ k"jf{~rnaf6 ^$Ü, dWodf~rnaf6 !*Ü,
;'b"/ klZrdf~rn / dWoklZrdf~rnaf6 (÷(Ü /  klZrdf~rnaf6
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hgf lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] !)!( hgf_ dlxnfx¿dfly
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5g . &(Ü dlxnfx¿ cfkmg} >Ldfgaf6 / @!Ü dlxnfx¿
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dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
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jif{pd] /  ;d"xsf#(Üdlxnfx¿ / x] sf 5g eg]  $)Ü;fIf/ 
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;fdflhs lx+;f bf] ;|f] :yfgdf / x] sf] 5 . o; jif{ !^Ü -!%*!
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kfO{Psf] 5 . h;dWo] ;a} eGbf a9L -$#Ü_of} lgs lx+;fsf
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dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
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JolQmx¿af6} ePsf 5g . To:f} u/ L@&Ü l5d] sLaf6, !&Ü
s'g} klg ;DaGw gePsf JolQm / !# Ü dlxnfx¿ cfkmg} 
3/ kl/ jf/ sf ;b:ox¿af6 lx+;fdf k/ ] sf]  kfO{Psf]  5  . ;fIf/ 
dlxnfx¿dfly -#)Ü_ / !^–@% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf -%(Ü_
dlxnfx¿dfly of} lgs lx+;fa9L ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 .
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5 eg]  !Ü -!*hgf_ dlxnfx¿dfly xTofsf] k|of; ePsf] 
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l5d] sLaf6 /  $Ü ;DaGw gePsf] JolQmaf6 dlxnfx¿sf] xTof
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dlxnfx¿sf] xTofa9L ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 .
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kfOof]  . ;fIf/ dlxnfx¿ $%Ü / !^–@% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf
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dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
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kl/ Psf]  kfOPsf] ]  5  .
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k|fKt tYofÍsf] cfwf/ df o; jif{ ;a} eGbf a9L !^–@% jif{ pd] / 
;d"xsf dlxnfx¿ lx+;fdf kfl/ Psf] ] kfO{Psf] 5 . o; ;d"xsf
dlxnfx¿df #%Ü lx+;f ePsf] 5 . o:t} ul/ @^–#% jif{ pd] / ;d"xdf
##Ü, #^–$% jif{ pd] / ;d"xdf !^Ü, !^ jif{ d'lgsf aflnsfdf &Ü,
$^–%% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf dlxnfdf %Ü / %^ jif{ eGbfa9L pd] / 
;d"xsf dlxnfx¿df $Ü lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 .
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dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f / k|efljtsf] lzIffsf] :t/ nfO{ ljZn] if0f ubf{
&*Ü ;fIf/ dlxnfx¿dfly ;a} eGbf a9L lx+;f ePsf] kfOof] ]  .
lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] @@Ülg/ If/  dlxnfx¿ / x] sf]  kfOof]   .
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/  %Ü pRr dfWolds txeGbf a9L cWoog u/ ] sf dlxnfx¿dfly
lx+;f ePsf] kfOof]  .
%= j}jflxs cj:yf / dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f
dlxnfdfly ePsf] lx+;f / dlxnfsf] j} jflxs cj:yfnfO{ ljZn] if0f
ubf{ lx+;fk|efljt dlxnfx¿df ;a} eGbf a9L -*)Ü_ ljjflxt
dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . !$% cljjflxt
dlxnfx¿df, $Ü Psn dlxnfx¿df / @Ü >Ldfg;Fu 5'l§P/  a;] sf
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k|efljt 5g / ;a} eGbf a9L dlxnfx¿dfly ljjfx kZrft >Ldfg
åf/ f lx+;f x'g] xF'bf+ klg ljjflxt dlxnfx¿dfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] ;+Vof
a9L ePsf] xf]  .
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dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
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^= k]zf / dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f
s'g k] zfdf ;+nUg slt dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ePsf] 5 elg o;
jif{ k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf/ df ljZn] if0f ubf{ s[lif k] zfdf ;+nUg
dlxnfx¿dfly ;a} eGbf a9L lx+;f ePsf] kfO{of]  . lx+;f k|efljt
dlxnfx¿dWo]  $$Ü dlxnfx¿ s[lif k] zfdf ;+nUg / x] sf, @!Ü
dlxnfx¿ 3/ fo;L sfddf, !@Ü dlxnfx¿ dhb'/ Ldf, !)Ü
dlxnfx¿ Joj;fodf cfa4 / x] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . To;} u/ L s'g} klg
sfo{df ;+nUg gePsf ^Ü dlxnfx¿, cgf} rfl/ s If] qdf sfo{/ t @Ü
dlxnfx¿, /  ;/ sf/ L If] qdf sfo{/ t, j} b] lzs / f] huf/ L, u} / ;/ sf/ L
If] qdf sfo{/ t / ;fdflhs ;] jf ug{] dlxnfx¿df a/ fa/ -!-!Ü_
lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .
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lx+;fsf sf/ 0f dlxnfx¿dfly k/ ] sf c;/ nfO{ o; k':tsdf$ ;d"xdf
ljefhg u/ L ljZn] if0f ul/ Psf] 5 . dlxnfx¿dfly s'g} klg k|sf/ sf] 
lx+;f x'Fbf ;a} eGbf a9L -%@Ü_ dfgl;s c;/ k/ ] sf] kfOof]  . @)%
dlxnfx¿nfO{ zf/ Ll/ s c;/  k/ ] sf] , !*Ü dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;fdflhs
c;/  /  !)Ü dlxnfx¿nfO{ cfly{s c;/ k/ ] sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
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dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf ljleGg k|sf/ x¿ / dlxnfsf] hftLotfsf
cfwf/ df ljZn] if0f ubf{ o; jif{ ;a} eGbf a9L kxf8] hghflt / 
To;kl5 If] qL dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ePsf] kfOof]  . lx+;f k|efljt s"n
dlxnfdWo]  @(Ü kxf8] hghflt, !%Ü If] qL, !%Ü t/ fO{ hghflt,
, !#Ü a|fXd0f, !)Ü t/ fO{ u} /  blnt, (Ü kxf8] blnt, &Ü t/ fO{
blnt / @Ü d'l:nd dlxnfx¿ / x] sf 5g .
!)= kL8s / k|efljtsf] ;DaGw
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dlxnfdfly ;a} eGbf a9L lx+;f ug{] -%#Ü_>Ldfg ePsf] kfOof]  .
To:f} u/ L @)Ü dlxnfx¿cfkm" a;] s} ;dfhsf l5d] sLaf6 lx+;fdf
k/ ] sf]  kfOof]   . !*Ükl/ jf/ sf;b:o ,%Ü ;fyLaf6 / $Ü ;DaGw
gePsf JolQmx¿af6 dlxnfdfly lx+;f ePsf] kfOof]  .
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kl/R5]b !
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dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
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!=! k[i7e"ld
"dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;f ;fj{hlgs jf lghL hLjgdf lnËsf cfwf/
df x'g] lx+;fhGo sfo{ xf] , h;n] dlxnfnfO{ zf/Ll/s, of}ghGo
jf dfgl;s Iflt jf kL8f k'¥ofpF5 jf k'¥ofpg] ;Defjgf x'G5 .
o;cGt/ut To:tf] sfo{ ug{] wDsL, bafj / :j]R5frf/L ¿kdf
dlxnfsf] :jtGqtfdf aGb]h ug{] sfo{;d]t kb{5 ."2
"dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f dlxnf ePs} sf/ 0fn] dlxnfdfly ul/ g] 
;Dk"0f{lje] bk"0f{ Jojxf/ x¿nfO{ hgfpF5 . o; kl/ efiffn] dlxnf
ePs}  sf/ 0fn]  dlxnfdfly x'g]  zf/ Ll/ s, dfgl;s /  of} ghGo lx+;f,
tyf 8/ , qf;, wDsL b] vfOg'sf ;fy} cGo clwsf/ x¿af6 al~rt
u/ fOg] lqmofsnfkx¿ ;d] t hgfpFb5 ."3
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f ljZjJofkL ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf / x] sf] 5 . g] kfndf
klg of] ;d:of a9bf] 5 . of] jif{dfq !%*! hgf dlxnfx¿ ljleGg
lx+;fx¿ vKg afWo ePsf] cf] / ] s g] kfndf cfPsf 36gfx¿n] 
b] vfpFb5g . of] tYofÍ ;d:ofsf] cg'kftdf w] / } sd 5 .b] zdf w] / } 
dlxnfx¿ ljleGg k|sf/ sf si6 / oftgfx¿vKb} vt/ fk"0f{ hLjg
latfpg afWo 5g . t/ pgLx¿n] cfkm"dfly ePsf lx+;fx¿ aflx/ 
Nofpg ;s] sf 5} gg . g] kfn ljZj dfgjlrqdf dfgj ljsf;
;"rsfÍsf b[li6n] !%& cf} + :yfgdf / n} lÍs c;dfgtf ;"rsfÍdf
(Gender Inequality Index_ !!# cf+} :yfgdf / x] sf] 5 .4
g] kfnL dlxnfx¿sf] of] cj:yfn] ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfgtfdf
2 dlxnflj?4sf] lx+;f pGd'ng ug{] ;DaGwL 3f]if0ffkq, ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª3 !((#	
3 CEDAW General Recommendation No. 19, llth session, 1992
4 o" Pg 8L kL, dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg @)!!
kl/R5]b !M kl/ro
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dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
29
ljZjf; / fVg] x/ ] s g] kfnLnfO{ lrlGtt agfPsf] 5 .
b] z / fhgLlts ¿kn] nf] stflGqs k|0ffnLtkm{ ¿kfGtl/ t x'g] qmddf
5 t/ b] zdf;fdflhs, cfly{s ;+/ rgf; ;dfhdf h/ f]  uf8] /  / x] sf] 
lkQ[;QfTds d"NodfGotf, ;f] r, wf/ 0ff; tyfcGwlaZjf;df cfwfl/ t
;+:s[ltnfO{ ;+qmd0fsfnLg ;/ sf/ åf/ f ;Daf] wg ug{ ;s] sf]  5} g  .
of] l:yltn]  dlxnfx¿dfly yk lx+;f x'g]  cfwf/  t} of/  u/ ] sf]  5  . b] zdf
a9b}  uPsf]  / fhgLltsf]  ck/ fwLs/ 0f /  ck/ fwssf]  / fhgLlts/ 0fn] 
lx+;f ug{] nfO{ an k'u] s] f 5 . b] zdf a9b} uPsf] b08xLgtfsf] 
l:yltn] lx+;f k|efljtn] Gofo kfpg] ;Defjgf lbg lbg} IfL0f xF'b} 
uPsf] 5 . åGåsfndf ljleGg k|sf/ sf lx+;faf6 kLl8t dlxnfx¿
Gofo kfpg] ;Defjgf lbglbg} sd x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . / fhg} lts kl/ jt{g
kl5 / fhgLltdf dlxnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf a9] sf] 5 . dlxnf clwsf/ 
;'lglZrt ug{] egL ;/ sf/ åf/ f / fli6«o / cGt/ fli6«o txdf ljleGg
k|lta4tfx¿hgfOPsf]  5  . t/  b] zdf h/ f]  uf8L/ x] sf]  dlxnf
k'?ifsf] aLrdf / x] sf] c;dfg zlQm ;DaGw ;Daf] wg x'g ;s] sf] 
5} g . cGtl/ d ;+ljwfgåf/ f dlxnfx¿sf] k|hgg / of} g clwsf/ 
;'lglZrt ul/ Psf] ePtf klg Jojxf/ df dlxnfx¿n] oL clwsf/ x¿
k|fKt ug{ ;s] sf 5} gg . cfkmgf] z/ L/ dfly pgLx¿sf] cfkmgf] 
lgoGq0f 5} g . x/ ] s If] qsf ;+/ rgfx¿df ljBdfg c;dfgtfn] 
dlxnfdfly lje] b ePsf] 5 . hfltut; ;fdflhs / cfly{s ju{;
of} lgs /  n} lËs klxrfg; tyf wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts / k/ Dk/ fsf
cfwf/ df dlxnfdfly lx+;f x'g] ub{5 . dlxnfdfly x'g] lje] bk"0f{
cGTo / ;dfgtfsf nflu lje] bsf ;+/ rgfut sf/ stTjx¿sf] 
klxrfgnfO{ :jLsf/ ug'{ jt{dfg kl/ j] zdf cfjZos 5 . 5
dlxnflj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ug{] dxf;lGw
cGtu{tsf] g]kfnsf] rf}yf] / kfFrf} ;+o'Qm cfjlws k|ltj]bgdfly
5 Report of the Special Rapporteur on violenceagainst women, its
causes and consequences,Rashida Manjoo, 2011, UN Human Rights
Council
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dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
3030
dlxnflj?4 e]befj pGd"ng ;ldltn] lbPsf] lgisif{ / ;'emfjx¿
o; k|sf/ 5g M
s_ 	3/ ] n' lx+;f lgoGq0f P] g / cGo sfg'gx¿sf] k|efjsf/ L
sfof{Gjog ;'lglZrt ug{] / To:tf lx+;fsf bf] ifLx¿nfO{ d'2f
rnfpg] / ;hfo lbg]  .
v_ 	dlxnflj?4 ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] / fi6«JofkL tYofÍ;Íng
k|0ffnL lgdf{0f ug{]  .
u_ 	ha{h:tL s/ 0fL / cGo of} ghGo s;"/ df d'2f ug{ cbfntdf
dlxnfsf] k|efjsf/ L kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{ of} ghGo lx+;fsf d'2f
btf{sf] nflu xbDofb ;DaGwL sfg'g vf/ ] h ug{ tTsfn sbd
rfNg]   .
3_ 	3/ ] n' lx+;f tyf of} g lx+;f;DaGwdf k|x/ L, ;/ sf/ L jlsn,
cbfnt / cGo ;Da4 ;/ sf/ L lgsfox¿sf cltl/ Qm
:jf:YosdL{x¿nfO{ cfjZos tflnd lbg] / blnt ;d'bfo
nufotsf ;a} ;d'bfodf vf;u/ L k'?if / afnsx¿nfO{ nlIft
u/ L Jofks hgr] tgf clea[l4 sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{]  .
ª_ 	 j}jflxs anfTsf/df ;hfo a9fpg] u/L tof/ kfl/Psf] d:of}bf
sfg'gnfO{ l9nfO{ gu/L kfl/t u/L nfu" ug{] / o; ;DaGwdf
agfOPsf gofF sfg'gL Joj:yfsf ;DaGwdf r]tgf clea[l4
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{] .
b] zsf] / fhgLlts cl:y/ tfn] dlxnfdfly lx+;f ug{ an ldn] sf] 
5 . dlxnfdfly x'g] x/ ] s k|sf/ sf] lx+;f ck/ fw xf] / of] dfgj
clwsf/ sf] pNn3g xf]  . ;dfhdf ljBdfg c;dfg zlQm ;DaGw,
JofKt ?l9jfbL ;f] r / ;fdflhs d"No dfGotfn] o:tf ck/ fw
x'g k|f] T;fxg ub{5 . o:tf 36gfx¿df x'g] / fhgLlts x:tIf] k,
kL8snfO{ ;+/ If0f ug{] k|rng, k|efljtnfO{ g} bf] lif b] vfpg] 
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dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
31
;fdflhs ;f] r h:tf s'/ fx¿n] dlxnfdfly yk lx+;f ug{sf nflu
an k|bfg ub{5 . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f lje] bk"0f{ ;fdflhs ;+/ rgfsf] 
kl/ 0ffd xf]  . dlxnfnfO{ lje] b ug{] , kL8f lbg] tTjx¿ 3/ , kl/ jf/ ,
;dfh b] lv ;/ sf/ sf ;a} ;+/ rgfx¿df h/ f] ufl8 a;] sf x'G5g .
To;} n] dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f cGTo x'g] jftfj/ 0fsf] l;h{gf/ o:tf
;+/ rgfx¿df kl/ jt{g lagf ;Dej 5} g . o;sf ;fy} ;dfhdf
:yflkt cGwljZjf;, lje] bk"0f{ ?l9jfbL Jojxf/ x¿n] dlxnfdfly
lx+;f x'g] jftfj/ 0fnfO{ yk an k'¥ofpF5 .
dlxnfdfly x'g]  h:tf] ;'s}  cdfgjLo /  lje] bk"0f{ Jojxf/ nfO{
klg ;fF:s[lts d"NodfGotfsf gfddf 9fs5f] k ug] { ul/ G5 .6
;f] xL sf/ 0f b] zdf dlxnfnfO{ af] S;Lsf]  cf/ f] k nufO{ xTof ug{] ,
cfFvf lgsfNg] h:tf ljleGg ck/ fwx¿ ul/ Psf 5g . dfly eg] em} +
o:tf ck/ fwx¿sf] cGTo b] zdf cfd"n / fhg} lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs
/ ;f+:s[lts gLlt Pj+ ;+/ rgfx¿sf kl/ jt{g lagf ;Dej 5} g .
o:tf ;+/ rgfx¿df kl/ jt{gsf nflu / fHosf ;a} lgsfox¿df
dlxnfsf] ;dfg'kflts ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ul/ g'kb{5 . o;sf nflu
/ fhg} lts k|lta4tf af] nL / Jojxf/ b'j} df nfu" x'g' cfjZos 5
eg] Jojxf/ df k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf nflu cfjZos kg{] ;xof] uL
;+oGqx¿sf] lj:tf/ ug'{kb{5 . o;/ L t} of/ ul/ Psf ;+oGqx¿df
dlxnfsf] ;xh kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ul/ g'kb{5 . To;f] ePdf dfq lx+;fsf
;DaGwdf dlxnfx¿leq / x] sf]  "df}gtfsf] ;+:s[lt" cGTo x'g ;Qm5 .
lx+;f lgoGq0f ug{ gLlt / of] hgfx¿ agfpg d2t ldNb5 .
cf] / ] s g] kfnåf/ f :yflkt ;xof] uL ;+oGqx¿åf/ f lbOg]  ;xof] u
/ ;] jfsf sf/ 0f dlxnfx¿df cfkm"dfly ePsf lx+;fx¿sf] lj?4
s] xL xb;Dd "df}gtfsf] ;+:s[lt" e+u ePsf] 5 . of] k':ts
dlxnfx¿åf/ fcfkm"dfly ePsf lx+;fx¿sf]  ph'/ LnfO{ ljZn] if0f u/ L
t} of/ ul/ Psf] xf]  . oL ;"rgfx¿n] dlxnf lx+;f cGTosf nflu
6 The Special Rapporteur on violenceagainst women, Yakin
Turkey,VAW causes and consequences, UN Human Rights Council
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dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
3232
cfjZos kg{] Jofjxfl/ s gLlt / ;xof] uL ;+oGq ljsf; ug{] of] hgf
agfpg d2t ug{] 5 eGg] ljZjf; ul/ Psf] 5 .
dlxnf lj?4sf] x'g] /f]syfdsf nflu ePsf cGt/fli6«o
k|of;x¿
dlxnf clwsf/sf] af/]sf] ;a} eGbf klxnf] ;fd'lxs k|of; ;]g]sf
kmN; 3f]if0ffkq–!*$* nfO{ lng] ul/G5 . hxfF dtbfg ug]{ clwsf/
sf] af/]df ;f] 3f]if0ffkqn] a9L hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 tyfkL ;f] 3f]
if0ffkqdf cfly{s ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf] af/]df s]
lx dfqfdf cfjfh p7fPsf] kfOG5 . tTkZrft ljZjel/ lgs} w]/}
dlxnf clwsf/sld{x¿n] dlxnf clwsf/sf] af/]df cfjfh p7fpb}
cfPsf sf/0f ;fd'lxs ¿kdf dlxnf clwsf/sf] cfjfh a'nGb x'b}
cfof] . dlxnf clwsf/ eGg] ljlQs} dlxnf lx+;f /f]syfd ePsf]n]
dlxnf lx+;fnfO{ /f]syfd ug{sf nflu cGt/fli6«o :t/df 7"nf] k|of;
ePsf] 5 . h;df vfzul/ ;+o'Qm /fi6«sf] :yfkgf kZrft o;n]
b:tfj]hLs/0fdf al9 dfGotf kfPsf] Oltxf;n] b]vfp5 . vfzul/
dlxnfsf] ;jfn ;DaGwL /fi6« ;+l3o cfof]u -Commission on the
Status of Women_, !($% n] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 leq dlxnf clwsf/sf
af/]df lgs} 7"nf] of]ubfg lbPsf] 5 . o;n] dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL
ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq !($* sf] d:of}bf agfpg] b]lv lnP/ dlxnf
lj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd'ng ;DaGwL dxf;GwL !(&( b]
lv a]OlhË hf]8 kfrf}+ ;Dd]ng ;DdnfO{ of]ubfg lbPsf] kfOG5 .
dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;fsf ;jfndf ;a}eGbf ljz]if cGt/fli6«o b:tfj]
h eg]sf] dlxnf lj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd'ng ;DaGwL
dxf;GwL !(&*-CEDAW_ xf], h;n] dlxnf clwsf/sf] ;jfndf
;Ddfg, ;+/If0f / kl/k"0f{ ug{sf ;a}eGbf a9L hf]8 lbG5 . o;n]
dlxnf clwsf/sf ;jfndf s]an dlxnf lx+;f tyf lje]bsf af/]df
dfq s'/f ub}{g ls o;n] ;a} k|sf/sf dlxnf dfly x'g] e]befjnfO{
pGd'ng ug{sf nflu cGt/fli6«o ¿kdf jsfnt ub{5 ;fy} ;a} kIf
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dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
33
/fi6«x¿nfO{ sfof{Gjogsf nflu afWosf/L ub{5 .
o; dxf;GwLn] dlxnf / k'?if ljrsf] lje]bnfO{ jf:tljs ;dfgtfdf
hf]8 lbG5 . sfg"gL ¿kdf dfq lje]bsf] cGteGbf klg sfg"gsf
;fy;fy} jf:tljs ;dfgtfdf jsfnt o; dxf;GwLn] ub{5 . wf/f
$ n] dlxnf / k'?if ljrsf] jf:tljs ;dfgtfnfO{ a9fpg kIf /
fi6«x¿4f/f rflnPsf c:yfoL ljz]if pkfox¿nfO{ of] dxf;GwLdf
kl/eflift ul/Psf] e]befj dflgg] 5}g t/ o;sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k
pTkGg ePsf c;dfgtf tyf km/s :t/x¿nfO{ s'g} xfntn] klg
sfod /fVg' cfjZos x'g] 5}g, ;dfg cj;/ / ;dfg Jojxf/ k|fKt
ug]{ p4]Zox¿ xfl;n e};s]kl5 lt pkfox¿nfO{ /f]lsg]5g elg
JofVof u/]af6 jf:tjdf dlxnfx¿sf clwsf/ ;+/If0f ug{sf nflu
k'?if ;/xsf] :t/df k'/ofpgsf nflu c;dfgtfsf cfwf/df k|s[of
cufl8 a9fP/ eP klg dlxnf / k'?ifsf] :t/ ;dfg k'/ofOg] 5
eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 .
l;8f] sldl6n] klg ;a} kIf /fi6«x¿nfO{ l;kmfl/; ug]{ qmddf xfn
e}/x]sf ;a} k|sf/sf dlxnf lj?4sf lx+;f /f]syfd ug{sf nflu
lglZrt /fli6«o of]hgf agfO{ ;f] nflu pko'Qm tl/sfn] sfof{Gjog
ug{sf nflu lglZrt ;+/rgfx¿ :yfkgf ug]{ / lt ;+/rgfx¿n] sfo{
u/]gu/]sf] plrt cg'udgsf] k|s[ofåf/f ;lx tl/sfn] sfof{Gjog
ug{df hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;f /f]syfdsf
nflu tof/ kfl/g] of]hgfdf dlxnf lx+;fsf] ljleGg ¿kx¿df 3/]
n' lx+;f, ha/h:tLs/0fL, a]rljvg nufPtsf ¿kx¿nfO{ /f]syfd
ug{ cem k|fyldstf lbg' kg]{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf] 5 .
l;8f] sldl6n] kfl/t u/]sf] ;fwf/0f l;kmfl/; g+ !( df dlxnf
lj?4sf] lx+;fnfO{ lnËdf cfwfl/t lje]b elg kl/efiff u/]sf] 5
h;df lnËdf cfwfl/t lx+;f eg]sf] Tof] lje]b xf] hxfF dlxnfn]
cfkmgf] clwsf/nfO{ k'?if;/x :jtGq ¿kdf pkef]u ug{ gkfpg'
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dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
3434
xf] . ;f]lx l;kmfl/; g+ !( df clwsf/ / :jtGqttf eg]sf hLjg,
:jtGqtf / ;'/Iff, oftgfaf6 d'Qm, ;dfg ;+/If0f, sfdsf] clwsf/,
kfl/jfl/s clwsf/ cflb x'g eg]sf] 5 . lo clwsf/x¿ :jtGq
¿kdf k|of]u ug{ kfpg' g} dlxnfsf] g};lu{s xs xf] / of] g} dlxnf
lj?4sf] lx+;f pGd'ngsf] ;a}eGbf pQd k|of]u xf] .
dlxnf ;DalGw rf}yf] a]OlhË ;Dd]ng !((% n] a]OlhË Kn]6kmfd{
ckm PS;g kfl/t ul/ dlxnf lj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf lx+;fx¿nfO{
pGd'ng ug{sf nflu ;Dk"0f{ txdf e}/x]sf lje]bx¿sf ;jfndf
lglZrt sfg"g lgdf{0f ug{ / ltgnfO{ nfu' ug{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf]
5 . o;n] kIf /fi6«x¿nfO{ dlxnf lj?4 e}/x]sf ;a} k|sf/sf e]
befjx¿nfO{ pGd'ng ug{sf nflu bjfj k/]sf] 5 eg] cfh;Dd
cfO{k'Ubf sfof{Gjogsf] ;jfndf geP klg sfg"g lgdf{0f aGg] txdf
eg] lgs} k|ult ePsf] klg 5 .
a]OlhË 3f]if0ffkqn] dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;fsf] af/]df eg]sf] 5 ls
dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;f ;du| ;dfgtf, zfGtL tyf ljsf;sf] afws
ag]sf] 5 . dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;fn] dlxnfsf ;du| dfgj clwsf/
tyf df}lns :jtGqtfdfly g} wfjf af]ln/x]sf] 5 .
dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;f lgoGq0fsf nflu ePsf /fli6«o k|of;x¿
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !# / @) n] qmdzM
;dfgtfsf] xs / dlxnfsf] xsnfO{ df}lns xsdf ;dfj]z u/]sf]
5 . dlxnfsf lj?4 ul/g] e]befj b08gLo x'g], 5f]/f5f]/Lsf ljr k}
lqs ;DklQdf a/fa/ xs nfUg] clwsf/nfO{ df}lns xssf ¿kdf
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To;}ul/ d'n'sL P]gsf ljleGg lzif{sx¿df
dlxnf ;dfgtfsf af/]df sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . c+za08fsf]
dxn, nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] dxn, ljjfxjf/Lsf] dxn, ha/h:tLs/0fLsf]
dxn nufPtdf dlxnf lj?4 x'g] lx+;f, dlxnf / k'?if ljr ul/g]
lje]bxsf] cGt tyf dlxnfsf clwsf/nfO{ yk ;'/lIft ug{sf nflu
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dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
35
sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . dfgj a]rljvg tyf cf];f/k;f/
lgoGq0f P]g @)^$ tyf lgodfjnL, 3/]n' lx+;f -lgoGq0f / /f]
syfd_ P]g @)^^ tyf lgodfjnL dlxnf lj?4 lx+;f /f]syfdsf
nflu NofOPsf pbfx/0fLo sfo{ x'g .
kl5Nnf] k6s g]kfn ;/sf/n] dlxnf lj?4 xg] lx+;f lgoGq0f ug{
s]lx ;sf/fTds sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]usf] u7g
b]lv cnUu} dlxnf dGqfno nufPtsf ;+u7gfTds sfo{x¿sf
cnfjf sfg"g, gLlt lgdf{0fx¿df klg ;sf/fTds sbd rfn]sf]
kfOG5 . lnËdf cfwfl/t lx+;fsf af/]df /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf tof/
kfl/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] @)!) nfO{ n}lËs lx+;f lj?4sf] aif{ 3f]if0ff
ul/ o;nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] lyof] .
To;} sfo{of]hgfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ qmddf k|wfgdGqL sfof{no
cGt/ut /xg] ul/ n}lËs lje]b ;DaGwL OsfO{ :yfkgf u/]sf] 5
o;n] /fli6«o :t/df gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u ug{sf ;fy} ljleGg
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿;+Uf klg ;xsfo{ ul/ lnËsf cfwf/df ul/g] eb]
efjnfO{ cGTo ug{ cufl8 al9 /x]sf] 5 . To;}ul/ dfgj a]rljvg
ljzif ul/ dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfx¿sf] a]rljvg tyf cf];f/k;f/
lj?4sf] /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf @)^* cufl8 NofO{ sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf
/x]sf] 5 .
dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;f dWo]sf] Ps 7"nf] ;d:of dlxnf a]rljvgsf]
;jfn clxn] hNbf]aNbf] ¿kdf cufl8 cfPsf] 5 . ljZjsf] cfs8fn]
klg ck/flws sf/f]af/ dWo]sf] dfgj a]rljvg ;a}eGbf al9 x'g]
u/]sf] b]vfp5 eg] g]kfndf klg dlxnf a]rljvgsf] ;jfn hl6n
;d:ofsf] ¿kdf cufl8 cfPsf] 5 . clxn] ljleGg axfgfdf g]
kfnL dlxnfx¿nfO{ ef/t nufPt t];|f] b]zdf n}hfg] k|a[lQ a9]sf]
5 . a}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] gfddf, ljleGg sfddf nufO{lbg] gfddf
g]kfnL dlxnfx¿ clxn] a]rljvgsf] lzsf/ e}/x]sf 5g . o;}
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dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
3636
;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfgsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] dfgj a]rljvg tyf
cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0f P]g @)^$ sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . o;n]
cGo sfg"geGbf s8fO{ tyf leGg tl/sfn] sfo{ljlw klg lgwf{/0f
u/]sf]n] ;s];Dd cleo'QmnfO{ xb};Ddsf] ;hfo xf]; eGg] cfzo
o; P]gsf] /x]sf] 5 . dfgj a]rljvg / cf];f/k;f/sf]sf] kl/efiff
leGgfleGg} ul/ s'g} klg p4]Zon] a]Rg] lsGg], s'g} klg kmfObflnO{
jf glnO{ a]Zofj[lQdf nufpg], k|rlnt sfg"gdf afx]s c+u lemSg]
/ a]Zofudg ug]{ ;d]tnfO{ a]rljvg eg]sf] 5 eg] lsGg] jf a]Rg]
p2]Zon] dflg;nfO{ ljb]zdf n}hfg], j]Zofj[lQdf nufpg] jf zf]if0f
ug]{ p2]Zon] s'g} k|sf/n] nnfO{ kmsfO{, k|nf]egdf kf/L, e'mSofO{,
hfn;fh u/L, k|k~r ldnfO{, hah{:tL u/L, s/sfkdf kf/L, ckx/0f
u/L, z/L/ aGws /fvL, gfh's l:yltsf] kmfObf lnO{, a]xf]; kf/L,
kb jf zlQmsf] b'¿kof]u u/L, cleefjs jf ;+/IfsnfO{ k|nf]
egdf kf/L, 8/, qf;, wfs, wDsL lbO{ jf s/sfkdf kf/L s;}nfO{
al;/x]sf] 3/, :yfg jf JolQmaf6 5'6fO{ nUg] jf cfk"m;Fu /fVg] jf
cfˆgf] lgoGq0fdf lng] jf s'g} :yfgdf /fVg] jf g]kfnleqsf] Ps
7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf jf ljb]zdf n}hfg] jf c? s;}nfO{ lbg] sfo{
cf];f/k;f/ x'g] eg]sf] 5 .
dlxnf dfly x'g] lx+;f dWo]sf] ha/h:tL s/0fL klg Ps xf] . o;af/]
df d'n'sL P]gsf] ha/h:tL s/0fLsf] dxndf s;}n] s'g} dlxnfnfO{
lghsf] d~h"/L glnO{ s/0fL u/]df jf ;f]x| jif{eGbf sd pd]/
sL aflnsfnfO{ lghsf] d~h"/L lnO{ jf glnO{ s/0fL u/]df lghn]
hah{:tL s/0fL u/]sf] 7x5{ elg kl/efiff u/]sf] 5 . o;df 8/
wfs, wDsL qf; tyf cg'lrt k|efjdf kfl/ u/]sf] sfo{nfO{ klg
;d]6]sf] 5 . of] o:tf] of}ghGo ck/fw xf] ls h;af6 dlxnf :jo+
lkl8t t x'lG5g g} o;n] p;sf] kl/jf/ tyf ;dfhdf g} c;/ k5{
To;}n] o; ck/fwnfO{ h3Go ck/fwsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . ha/h:tL
s/0fLsf] ck/fw g]kfnsf] sfg"g cg';f/ s]an dlxnf dfly dfq
x'g] ck/fw dflgG5 . ha/h:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fw s]an k'?ifn] dfq
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37
dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
37
ug]{ xf]Og ls dlxnfn] klg k'?ifdfly ha/h:tLs/0fLsf] ck/fw ug{
;Sg] ePsf]n] e]befj eof] elg bfo/ u/]sf] Zofds[i0f df:s]sf]
d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] g]kfnL ;dfh cg';f/ dlxnfn] k'?ifnfO{
ha/h:tLs/0fL ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf /xb}g elg vf/]h ul/lbPsf] 5 .
To;}ul/ dL/f 9'+ufgfsf] Pp6f d'2fdf a}jflxs anfTsf/nfO{ dfGotf
lbO{ kltn] klg kTgLsf] d~h'/L ljgf of}gsfo{ u/]df ha/h:tL s/0fL
x'g] elg ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] km};nf u/]sf] 5 .
ha/h:tL s/0fLsf] d2fdf cleo'Qmaf6 plrt cfly{s If]ltk"lt{
lbnfO{ lbg], o;sf nflu d'2f bfo/ ubf{ v]l/ g} cleo'Qmsf] c+z
afktsf] ;DklQ /f]Ssf /fVg' kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
;kgf k|wfg dNnsf] Ps d'2fdf ha/h:tLs/0fL ;DaGwL #% lbg]
xbDofbsf] ;DaGwdf ;/sf/sf gfddf lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z lbO{ pQm
;do pko'Qm gePsf]n] pQm xbDofbsf] ;do a9fpg' eg]sf] 5 .
hLts'df/L k+u]gLn] a}jflxs anfTsf/sf] ck/flwnfO{ x'g] elgPsf]
s}b ;hfo Go"g ePsf]n] cGo ck/fwLnfO{ eP ;/x x'g'kg]{ dfubflj
;lxt bfo/ u/]sf] Pp6f d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;f] af/]df klg
af]n]sf] kfOG5 eg] Hof]lt nD;fn kf}8]nn] bfo/ u/]sf] Ps d'2fdf
;a} :jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿df anfTsf/ lkl8t dlxnfnfO{ lgMz'Ns pkrf/
tyf k/fdz{ lbO{g] Joj:yf ug'{ eGg] ;jf]{Rrn] cfb]z lbPsf] 5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] dfgj a]rljvg tyf cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0f tyf
/f]syfd P]g / 3/]n' lx+;f /f]syfd tyf lgoGq0f P]g cGt/ut
5'66f5'66} ;'/lIft cfjf; s]Gb|x¿ ljleGg lhNnfdf :yfkgf ul/
lkl8t dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;]jf lbg] tyf k'g{:yfkgfsf nflu ljleGg
sfg"gL k/fdz{ ;xof]u tyf cGo k/fdz{sf sfo{x¿ ub}{ cfPsf]
kfOG5 . o;sf ;fy} ljleGg u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] klg 3/]n' lx+;fdf
k/]sf ;'/Iff cfjf; cfjZostf k/]sf dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;]jf k|bfg
ul//x]sf 5g . cf]/]s g]kfnn] g]kfn el/ ljleGg & lhNnfdf dlxnf
;'/Iff cfjf; s]Gb|x¿ ;+rfng ub}{ cfO{/x]sf] 5 .
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dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
3838
dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;f /f]syfdsf nflu ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L If]
qaf6 lgs} k|of;x¿ ePsf eP klg cem sfof{Gjogsf] ;jfndf
Tolt /fd|f] k|ult x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . cf/]s g]kfnn] dfl;s ¿kdf /
fli6«o :t/sf kqklqsf 5flkPsf 36gfnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ tof/ kfg]{
dlxnf lx+;f ;DaGwL k|ltj]bgdf s'g} dlxgf 36gf a9]sf] b]vfPsf] 5
eg] s'g} dlxgf yf]/} . ;+VofTds lx;fan] x]bf{ k|lt dlxgf 36gfsf]
b/ a9b} uPsf] b]vfPsf] 5 . h:tf] pQm tYofÍdf x]bf{ @)^( ;fn
a}zfvdf !)%, h]i7 @)^( df !$!, c;f/df !^) tyf efb|df (^
dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gf 36]sf 5g . o;n] klg s] b]vfp5 eg] dlxnf
lx+;fsf 36gf lbg k|ltlbg a9b} u}/x]sf 5g .
!=@	 cWoogsf] ;Ldf
o; k':tsdf ljleGg lhNnfx¿df ;d'bfo:t/ df lqmofzLn dlxnf
dfgj clwsf/  / Ifsx¿n]  36gf clen] vLs/ 0f u/ L k7fPsf
36gfx¿, :ynut ¿kdf cg';Gwfg tyf clen] vLs/ 0f ul/ Psf
36gfx¿, ;+:yfn] ;'/ lIft cfjf;, sfg'gL k/ fdz{ tyf sfg'gL
;xof] u, :jf:Yo pkrf/ nufotsf ;xof] u k'¥ofPsf] 36gfx¿nfO{
;dfj] z u/ L ljZn] if0f ul/ Psf] 5 . / fli6«o kqklqsfx¿df k|sfzg
ePsf dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] cg'udg u/ L pQm cg'udgsf
cfwf/ df ul/ Psf] ljZn] if0fnfO{ klg o; k':tsdf ;dfj] z ul/ Psf] 
5 .
o; k':ttsdf % j6} ljsf; If] qdf dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf
36gfx¿nfO{ ;dfj] z ug{] k|of; ul/ Psf] 5 . tfklg ;dfhdf n's] / 
/ x] sf / cem klg aflx/ cfpg g;s] sf, dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ 
/ Ifsx¿ / ;+:yfsf] kx'FreGbf aflx/ / x] sf 36gfx¿ o; k':tsdf
;dfj] z ug{ ;lsPsf] 5} g .
o; k':tsn] g] kfnsf] ;du| dlxnfx¿sf] cj:yfnfO{ k|ltljlDjt
ug{ g;s] klg g] kfnsf] dlxnf lx+;fsf] cj:yfsf] :j¿k eg] lrq0f
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39
dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
39
ub{5 eGg] ljZjf; lnOPsf] 5 .
!=#	 cWoog ljlw
clen] vLs/ 0fsf]  ;Lk k|fKt tyf cf] / ] s g] kfnåf/ f clen] vLs/ 0fsf] 
tflnd lbOPsf JolQmx¿af6 36gf clen] vLs/ 0f ul/ Psf] lyof]  .
clen] vLs/ 0f ul/ Psf 36gfx¿sf]  uf] kgLotf sfod ug{ x/ ] s
36gfx¿df sf] 8 g+Da/ / fvL P;=lk=P;=P;= ;km6j] / eh{g
!!=% tYofÍnfO{ Jojl:yt / ;+ul7t ug{] sfo{ ul/ Psf] lyof]  .
/ pQm ;km6j] / s} dfWodaf6 36gfx¿nfO{ ljZn] if0f u/ L k|fKt
tYofÍx¿nfO{ o; k':tsdf ;dfj] z ul/ Psf] 5 .
;+rf/ dfWoddf k|sfzg ePsf dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf
36gfx¿nfO{ klg df ljZn] if0f ul/ Psf] lyof]  .
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kl/R5]b @
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41
dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
41
@ 	 dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf cj:yf / ljZn]if0f
@=!	 lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] If]qut l:ylt
of] jif{ -@)!! h'nfO{ b] lv @)!@ h'g;Dd_ cf] / ] s g] kfnleqhDdf
!%*! j6fdlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fx¿ clen] vLs/ 0f ul/ Psf lyP .
tL 36gfx¿ b] zsf % j6} ljsf; If] qaf6 ;+slnt ul/ Psf x'g .
If] qut¿kdf lx+;fsf] l:ylt lgDg / x] sf] 5 .
rf6{ g+= ! dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx?sf] If]qut l:ylt
o; jif{ k|fKt tYofÍsf cg';f/ ;a} eGbf a9L dlxnfdfly ePsf] 
lx+;fsf 36gf k"jf{~rn ljsf; If] qaf6 clen] vLs/ 0f ePsf] 5 .
k"jf{~rn ljsf; If] qaf6 ^#Ü, dWodf~rn ljsf; If] qaf6 !*Ü,
;'b"/ klZrdf~rn / dWoklZrdf~rn ljsf; If] qaf6 a/ fa/ L (Ü
/ klZrdf~rnaf6 !Ü dlxnfx¿dfly ePsf ljleGg k|sf/ sf
lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf clen] vLs/ 0f ePsf 5g . -rf6{ !_
kl/R5]b @ M k|fKt kl/0ffdx¿ / ljZn]if0f
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dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
4242
ljZn]if0f
hxfF ;"rgf / lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf nflu ;xof] uL ;+oGq
dlxnfsf] kx'Frdf 5 ToxfF lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ a9L dfqfdf aflx/ 
cfpg] u5{g / l/ kf] l6Ë a9L x'g] ub{5 eGg] tYonfO{ of] tYofÍn] 
k'li6 ub{5 . k"jf{~rn ljsf; If] qdf dflg;sf] lzIffsf] :t/ , ;~rf/ 
;~hfn, dfgj clwsf/ df sfd ug{] ;ª3;+:yfx¿sf] ;xeflutf
cGo ljsf; If] qdfeGbf a9L / x] sf] kfO{G5 . ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/ x¿klg
k"jf{~rnljsf; If] qdf cGo ljsf; If] qsf] t'ngfdf a9L ljsl;t
5g . g] kfn ;/ sf/ n] !% lhNnfdf ;+rfng u/ ] sf ;'/ lIft cfjf;sf] 
;] jf k"jf{~rn ljsf; If] qsf $ j6f lhNnfx¿df 5g . o;sf ;fy} 
cf] / ] s g] kfn o; If] qdf ljut !* jif{b] lv sfo{/ t 5 . o; cjlwdf
;d'bfo:t/ b] lv g} dlxnf ;d"xx¿sf] ;~hfn lj:tf/ ul/ Psf] 5 .
dlxnfx¿sf] dfgj clwsf/ , dlxnf clwsf/ , lx+;f h:tf s'/ fx¿sf] 
a'emfO{df :ki6tf cfPsf] kfOG5 . !) jif{b] lv] la/ f6gu/ , pbok'/ 
/  wg'iffdf ;'/ lIft cfjf;sf]  cjwf/ 0ffdf ";'/ Iff cfjf;" x¿
;+rflnt 5g . o;sf/ 0f of] If] qdf dlxnfx¿cfkm"dfly ePsf] 
lx+;f aflx/ NofPdf ;xof] u k|fKt x'G5 eGg] s'/ sdf 9'Ss eO{
lx+;fsf]  ph'/ L lnP/  cf] / ] s g] kfn /  k|x/ LsxfF hfg]  ub{5g  . o;
ljsf; If] qdf dlxnfx¿ ;d'bfo:t/ b] lv ;+ul7t eO{ ;lqmo¿kdf
sfo{ ub{} 5g . o:t} u/ L k"j{sf lhNnfx¿df dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ 
/ Ifsx¿sf]  ;d'bfo;Fusf]  ;dGjosf sf/ 0f klg ;d'bfo:t/ b] lvsf
36gfx¿ aflx/ cfpg] u/ ] sf 5g . To;} n] klg o; ljsf; If] qaf6
dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ x/ ] s jif{ cGo ljsf; If] qsf] 
t'ngfdf a9L clen] lvs/ 0f xF'b} cfPsf] kfO{G5 .
klZrdf~rn, dWo klZrdf~rn / ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ljsf; If] qaf6
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ k"jf{~rn / dWodf~rn ljsf;
If] qsf t'ngfdf sd clen] vLs/ 0f ePsf] 5 . t/ o;sf] cy{
o; ljsf; If] qdf 36gf klg sd x'g] ub{5 eGg] x} g . ef} uf] lns
ljs6tf, ;"rgfdf kx'Frsf] sdL, ;] jf s] Gb|x¿sf] k"jf{wf/ df sdL
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43
dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
43
/ lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sfnflu ;xof] uL ;+oGqx¿sf] sdL h:tf
sf/ 0fn] klg dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] ph'/ L jf
l/ kf] l6ª o; If] qaf6 sd ePsf] x'g ;Sb5 .
@=@	 dlxnf lx+;fsf k|sf/x¿
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf :j¿kx¿ ljleGg / x] sf 5g . o; k':tsdf
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fnfO{ d'Votof & efudf juL{s/ 0f u/ L ljZn] if0f
ul/ Psf] 5 . k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf/ df dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf
k|sf/ nfO{ rf6{ @ n] k|:t't ul/ Psf] 5 .
rf6{ g+= @ dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf k|sf/x?
o; jif{ clen] vLs/ 0f ul/ Psf] hDdf !%*! j6f 36gfx¿ df
;a} eGbf a9L -!)!(_ hgf dlxnfx¿ 3/ ] n' lx+;faf6 k|tfl8t
x'g'k/ ] sf] tYo k|fKt ePsf] 5 . dlxnflj?4 x'g] lx+;fsf] ^$Ü efu
3/ ] n' lx+;fn]  cf] u6] sf]  5  . bf] ;|f]  :yfgdf ;fdflhs lx+;f / x] s] f
5 . s"n ;+Vofdf @%! -!^Ü_ hgf dlxnfx¿dfly ljleGg k|sf/ n] 
;fdflhs ¿kdf lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . s"n ;+Vofsf] $Ü -!!)
j6f_ anfTsf/ sf 36gfx¿ / @Ü -#^j6f_ anfTsf/ sf k|of;sf
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dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
4444
36gfx¿ ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . ^# hgf -#Ü_ dlxnfx¿dfly of} lgs
lx+;f ePsf] 5 . @* hgf dlxnfx¿sf] xTof ePsf] 5 eg] !* hgf
dlxnfx¿dfly xTofsf] k|of; ePsf] 5 . To;} u/ L @% hgf dlxnfx¿
a] rlavgdf k/ ] sf 5g eg] * hgf dlxnfx¿sf] a] rlavgsf] k|of;
ePsf] 5 . cGo 36gfx¿df o; jif{ !@ hgf dlxnfx¿n] ljleGg
lx+;fsf sf/ 0fn]  cfTdxTof u/ ] sf]  tYofÍ k|fKt ePsf] 5 eg] @ hgf
dlxnfx¿ j] kQf agfO{Psf / ( hgf dlxnfx¿ cfkmg} kl/ jf/ sf
;b:ox¿åf/ f cnkq cj:yfdf kfl/ Psf]  kfO{Psf]  5  .
ljZn]if0f
dlxnfdfly x'g]  u/ ] sf]  lx+;fsf k|sf/ x¿nfO{ x] bf{ ;a} eGbf a9L-^$Ü_
dlxnfx¿ 3/ ] n' lx+;fdf k/ ] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . dlxnfdfly ;a} eGbf
a9L cfkmg}  >Ldfgaf6 %#Ü /  3/kl/jf/sf ;b:oaf6 @)Ü lx+;f
ePsf] kfO{G5 -rf6{ g+= *_ . o; tYofÍnfO{ ljZn] if0f ubf{ ';a}
eGbf a9L dlxnfx¿ cfkmg} 3/df c;'/lIft 5g . dlxnfx¿ cfkm
gf elgPsf JolQmx¿af6 g} a9L dfqfdf lx+;fdf kg{] u/]sf 5g
/ glhssf cfkmGtx¿af6} g} dlxnfx¿nfO{ vt/f 5' eGg]  ;+s] t
o; tYofÍn] k|:t't u/ ] sf] 5 . lkQ[;Qfn] xfjL ePsf] jt{dfg
;fdflhs ;+/ rgfsf sf/ 0f g] kfndf dlxnfnfO{ cfh klg bf] ;|f] 
bhf{sf]  gful/ ssf]  ¿kdf Jojxf/ ul/ G5 . kmn:j¿k dlxnfx¿sf] 
cfkmgf]  z/ L/  /  of} lgstfdf ;d] t cfkmgf]  clwsf/  sfod x'g ;s] sf] 
5} g . lkQ[;QfTds d"NodfGotf, k/ Dk/ f / ;+:sf/ sf cfwf/ df
dlxnfsf] z/ L/ dfly c?sf] lgoGq0f sfod ul/ Psf] 5 . ljjfxk"j{
5f] / L kl/ jf/ sf]  clwgdf /  ljjfxkZrft dlxnfdfly >Ldfgsf] 
clwsf/  / xg]  lkQ[;QfTds ;f] r ;dfhdf h/ f]  uf8] /  / x] sf]  5  .
oxL ;f] rcg'¿k dlxnfnfO{ 3/  kl/ jf/  /  >Ldfgsf]  ;DklQsf]  ¿kdf
lnOG5 . 3/ sf] OHht wfGg] d"n cfwf/ sf] ¿kdf lrlqt ul/ G5 .
kmn:j¿k dlxnfx¿ cfkmgf] 3/ kl/ jf/ / >Ldfgn] rfx] cg'¿ksf
sfo{x¿ ug{ afWo kfl/ G5g . pgLx¿sf] gt ;DklQdf xs x'G5 gt
cfkmg} :jcfh{gdf . o:tf] l:yltdf olb dlxnfn] cfkmgf] clwsf/ 
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45
dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
45
vf] lhg, jsfnt ul/ g eg] pgLdfly lx+;f x'g hfG5 . dflg;sf
nflu ;a} eGbf ;'/ lIft :yfg 3/ / ;xof] uL JolQm eg] sf cfkmgf] 
kl/ jf/ sf ;b:o x'G5g ,t/ dlxnfsf nflu ltg} c;'/ lIft 5g .
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8	 Premarital Socio-Economic Roles and the Timing of Family
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49
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51
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53
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9	 Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women,
its causes and consequences, Rashida Manjoo, A/HRC/11/6/Add.5
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10	 Violence Agaist Women Online Resource, The facts about
domestic violence, http://www.vaw.umn.edu/documents/inbriefs/
domesticviolence/domesticviolence.html
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11 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs239/en/index.
html	
12	 Allan Rosenfield, Caroline Min and Joshua Bardfield, pp.
3-4 “Global women’s health and human rights: an introduction”, in
Women’s Global Health and Human Rights, edited by Padmini Murthy
and Clyde Lanford Smith, Jones & Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury, Mas-
sachusetts (2010)
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13	 UNFPA, 1999, UNICEF, 2000; 2005
14	 National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, fact
sheet,Washington, DC 20009
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!Ü dlxnfx¿dfly j} jflxs anfTsf/ ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 -rf6{ g++ !!_.
#=$	 3/]n' lx+;fsf kL8ssf k|sf/
3/ ] n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] &(Ü dlxnfx¿ cfkmg} >Ldfg
af6 / @! Ü dlxnfx¿ cfkmg}  3/ kl/ jf/ sf ;b:ox¿af6 lx+;fdf
kg{] u/ ] sf] tYofÍn] b] vfPsf] 5 -rf6{ g+ !@_ .
18	 3/]n' lx+;f -s;"/ / ;hfo_ P]g, @)^^ tyf 3/]n' lx+;f -s;"/ /
;hfo_ lgodfjnL, @)^& sf] kl/efiff
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63
dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
63
rf6{ g+= !! dlxnfdfly ePsf 3/]n' lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ k|ltztdf
rf6{ g+= !@ 3/ ] n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿ / kL8ssf] ;DaGw
#=%	 k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf
3/ ] n' lx+;faf6 k|efljtx¿sf]  j} jflxs cj:yfsf af/ ] df ljZn] if0f
ubf{ Psn, cljjflxt / 5'l§P/ a;] sf dlxnfx¿eGbf ljjflxt
dlxnfx¿ 3/ ] n' lx+;fsf]  pRr hf] lvddf / x] sf]  tYofÍn]  b] vfPsf] 
5 . o; jif{ (!Ü ljjflxt dlxnfx¿ / Psn, cljjflxt / 5'l§P/ 
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dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
6464
a;] sf dlxnfx¿ a/ fj/  #Ü 3/ ] n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt ePsf] kfO{of] 
-rf6{ g+= !#_ .
rf6{ g+= !# 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] j}jflxs cj:yf /
lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx¿
#=^	 k|efljtsf] pd]/ / 3/]n' lx+;f
k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf/ df ljZn] if0f ubf{ 3/ ] n' lx+;faf6 k|efljtx¿dWo] 
;a} eGbf a9L @^–#% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿ k|efljt ePsf] 
kfO{Psf] 5 . @^–#% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf #(Ü dlxnfx¿ o; jif{
3/ ] n' lx+;fsf] lzsf/ ePsf 5g . To;} u/ L !^–@% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf
dlxnfx¿ #^Ü, #^–$% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf !^Ü, $^–%% jif{ pd] / 
;d"xsf %Ü, %% jif{eGbf dflysf pd] / ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿ #Ü / 
!^ jif{ d'lgsf pd] / ;d"xsf !Ü dlxnfx¿dfly 3/ ] n' lx+;f ePsf] 
kfO{{Psf] 5 -rf6{ g++ !$ _ .
#=&	 k|efljtsf] lzIffsf] :t/ / 3/]n' lx+;f
dlxnfx¿dfly ePsf] lx+;f / dlxnfsf] z} lIfs cj:yfnfO{ ljZn] if0f
ubf{ lg/ If/ dlxnfx¿eGbf b'O{ u'0ff a9L -^&Ü_ ;fIf/ dlxnfx¿dfly
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65
dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
65
3/ ] n' lx+;f ePsf] kfO{of] -rf6{ g++ !%_ .
rf6{ g+= !$ 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] pd]/sf cfwf/df
lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx¿
rf6{ g+= !% 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] z}lIfs cj:yf /
lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx¿
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dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
6666
rf6{ g+= !^ 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yf
/ lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx¿
#=*	 k|efljtsf] hft / 3/]n' lx+;f
o; jif{ k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf/ df ljZn] if0f ubf{ 3/ ] n' lx+;f k|efljt
dlxnfx¿leq klg ;a} eGbf a9L kxf8] hghftL dlxnfx¿ -#)
Ü_ lx+;fdf / x] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . To;kl5 kxf8] blnt !(Ü, t/ fO{
hghftL !^Ü, If] qL !#Ü, a|fXd0f !)Ü, t/ fO{ u} /  blnt /  d'l:nd
a/ fj/ L ^–^Ü 3/ ] n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt / x] s] f kfO{of] -rf6{ g++ !&_ .
rf6{ g+= !& 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] hfltut cj:yf /
lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx¿
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67
dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
67
#=(	 k|efljtsf] k]zf / 3/]n' lx+;f
s[lif k] zfdf ;+nUg / x] sf dlxnfx¿ a9L dfqfdf 3/ ] n' lx+;fsf
k|efljt / x] sf] o; jif{sf] tYofÍn] b] vfPsf] 5 . k|fKt tYofÍsf
cfwf/ df #!Ü s[lif, @(Ü s'g} klg sfo{df ;+nUg g/ x] sf, !#Ü
3/ fo;L sfd, (Ü Joj;fo, &Ü dhb'/ L, %Ü cgf} krfl/ s If] qdf
sfo{/ t, u} / ;/ sf/ L ;+:yfdf hflu/  ug{]  /  ;fdflhs ;] jfdf ;+nUg
dlxnfx¿ a/ fj/ L -@–@Ü_ lx+;fdf k/ ] sf 5g -rf6{ g++ !*_ .
rf6{ g+= !* 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] k]zf / lx+;fsf]
cj:yf
#=!)	 k|efljtnfO{ k/]sf] c;/
3/ ] n' lx+;fdf klg ;a} eGbf a9L dlxnfx¿ zf/ Ll/ s ¿kdf lx+;fdf
kg{]  u/ ] sfn]  dlxnfx¿df a9L dfqfdf zf/ Ll/ s c;/  k/ ] sf]  kfO{G5  .
oBlk dlxnfdfly s'g} klg k|sf/ sf] lx+;f x'Fbf dlxnfsf] hLjgdf
km/ s km/ s lsl;dsf c;/ x¿ kg{] ub{5g . k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf/ df
ljZn] if0f ubf{ 3/ ] n' lx+;fsf k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] ;a} eGbf a9L
#%Ü dlxnfx¿dfly zf/ Ll/ s c;/  k/ ] sf]  kfO{Psf]  5 eg]  #)Ü df
cfly{s c;/ , !(Ü dfgl;s c;/ , !)Ü df ;fdflhs c;/ / ^Ü
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dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
6868
dlxnfx¿df dfly pNn] lvt ;a}  k|sf/ sf c;/ x¿ k/ ] sf]  kfO{of] 
-rf6{ g+=!(_ . ;a} k|sf/ sf lx+;fdf dfgl;s c;/ kb{5 . To;sf/ 0f
;a} k|sf/ sf lx+;f k|efljtx¿nfO{ dfgl;s c;/ k/ ] sf] 5 .
rf6{ g+= !( 3/]n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿df k/]sf] c;/x¿
k|ltztdf
ljZn]if0f
•	 3/ ] n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] %%Ü dlxnfx¿dfly
zf/ Ll/ s lx+;f ePsf] 5 eg] #%Ü dlxnfx¿df 3/ ] n' lx+;fsf
sf/ 0f zf/ Ll/ s c;/  k/ ] sf]  5  . TTo;} u/ L (!Ü ljjflxt
dlxnfx¿dfly 3/ ] n' lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . o;n] s] b] vfpF5
eg]  æ3/ h;nfO{ a:gsf nflu ;'/lIft :yfg dflgG5 dlxnfx¿
ToxL 3/leq c;'/lIft 5g .Æ æcfkmg} kl/jf/af6 dlxnfx¿
a9L hf]lvddf 5g Æ eGg] tYonfO{ o;n] :ki6 kfb{5 . g] kfnL
dlxnfx¿ ;a} eGbf a9L cfkmg} gftfuf] tfsf JolQmx¿af6
lx+;fdf kg{] u/ ] sf] tYofÍn] atfpF5 . o;/ L dlxnfx¿ lx+;fdf
kg'{sf] d'Vo sf/ 0f jt{dfg ;fdflhs ;+/ rgfn] dlxnfsf nflu
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69
dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
69
lgwf{/ 0f u/ ] s] f e"ldsf k|d'v / x] sf] 5 . ;fdflhs e"ldsfn] 
dlxnf / k'?ifn] ug{] sfo{sf] ljefhg u/ ] sf] 5 . dlxnfn] of] 
sfo{ ug'{x'G5, of] ug'{x'b} +g eg] / dlxnfnfO{ ;fdflhs lglt
lgodn] lgb{] lzt u5{ . dlxnfx¿ ;xgzLn x'g'k5{, 7"nf] 
:j/ n]  af] Ng' x'b} +g, xf:g' x'b} +g, cfkmgf]  kl/ jf/ nfO{ h:tf] ;'s} 
b'Mvdf klg v';L kfg{] ;Lk x'g] dlxnf g} c;n dlxnf xf] 
eGg] h:tf ;f] r cem klg ;dfhdf xfaL 5 . o:tf ;f] rx¿n] 
dlxnfdfly lx+;f ug{sf nflu kL8snfO{ k|z:t ;xof] u ePsf] 
kfO{G5  . afa'n]  5f] / Ldfly lx+;f ubf{ d] / }  5f] / L xf] , o;n]  s] xL
ug{ ;lQmg eGg] olsgsf ;fy cfkmg} afa'af6 dlxnfdfly
lx+;f ePsf] 5 . d} n] ljjfx u/ ] / NofPsf] t xf] lg o;nfO{,
d] / f] lj?4 af] ln eg] ef] ln sxfF uP/ afRg ;S5] / sxfF hfG5] 
/ eGg] ;f] rsf sf/ 0f cfkmg} >Ldfgaf6 dlxnfx¿ lx+;fdf
k/ ] sf 5g . 3/ leq ePsf 36gfx¿nfO{ aflx/ nfg' x'b} +g eGg] 
e|d cem klg dlxnfx¿df / x] sf] 5 . h;sf sf/ 0f h:tf] ;'s} 
oftgf cfkm"n] vKg' k/ ] klg dlxnfx¿ To;nfO{ ;xg] k|of;
u5{g . h;n] kL8ssf] dgf] andf cem an yKg] sfo{ePsf] 
5 / dlxnfx¿ emg hf] lvddf kg{] u/ ] sf 5g .
•	 3/ ] n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo]  ^&Ü ;fIf/ dlxnfx¿
/ xg'n] 36gfx¿ lg/ If/ jf gk9] sf dlxnfx¿dfly dfq x'G5
eGg] e|dnfO{ uNtL ;flat u/ ] sf] 5 . dlxnfsf] ;fIf/ tfsf] 
cj:yfn] klg lx+;fnfO{ lgwf{/ 0f ub{5 . g] kfndf xfn klg
k'?ifx¿sf] t'ngfdf dlxnfsf] ;fIf/ tf b/ sd g} 5 . o;n] 
xfn klg kl/ jf/ df 5f] / LnfO{ w] / }  k9fpg' xF'b} +g eGg]  ;f] r xfaL
/ x] s] f b] vfpF5  . dlxnfx¿sf]  z} lIfs :t/  a9fpg ;lsof]  eg] 
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf 36gfx¿df s] xL xb;Dd ePklg sdL
Nofpg ;lsg] tYofÍn] b] vfpF5 .
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dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
7070
•	 s[lif k] zf / 3/ fo;L sfddf ;+nUg / x] sf dlxnfx¿sf] t'ngfdf
cGo If] qdf-aflx/ sf] sfddf_ ;+nUg dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f sd
ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . o; tYonfO{ ljZn] if0f ubf{ g] kfnL dlxnfx¿
;a} eGbf a9L 3/ leqsf] sfddf ;+nUg / x] sf] / o;nfO{ sfo{sf] 
¿kdf klxrfg u/ L "s'g} klg d"Nosf] lgwf{/ 0f x'g g;Sbf" oL
If] qdf sfo{/ t dlxnfx¿dfly lje] b ul/ Psf] 5 . a9Ldfqfdf
3/ kl/ jf/ sf]  sfddf ;dlk{t dlxnfx¿dfly 3/ ] n' lx+;f ePsf] 
5 .
•	 dlxnfsf]  z/ L/ dflysf]  lgoGq0f gx'Fbf dlxnfdfly 3/ ] n' lx+;f
x'g] ub{5 . h;sf] k|efj dlxnfsf] zf/ Ll/ s -#%Ü_, cfly{s -#)
Ü_, dfgl;s -!(Ü_, / ;fdflhs hLjgdf -!)Ü_, kg{] ub{5 .
!)Ü dlxnfx¿df ;a}  lsl;dsf]  c;/  kg{]  u/ ] sf]  kfOof]   .
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kl/R5]b $
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Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed
Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed

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Anbeshi 2012 : Status and Dimension of Violence against Women, Reality Revealed

  • 2. i "cGj]ifL" dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( cf]/]s g]kfn afns'df/L, nlntk'/ w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 3. ii "cGj]ifL" dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( © cf]/]s g]kfn o; k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z ePsf ljifoj:t'x¿ dlxnf lx+;f cGTosf nflu ul/g] s'g} klg cleofgsf] k|of]hgsf] lglDt ;|f]t v'nfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 . n]vs M ;+lhtf ltlD;gf ;Nnfxsf/ M 8f= /]0f' /fhe08f/L ;Dkfbg M 8f= ljgfos /fhe08f/L tYofÍ k|zf]wg M k|ljgf t08'sf/ cfj/0f÷n]cfp6 M /d]z e08f/L÷ s[i0ff rf}w/L d'b|0f M Soflk6n sDKo'6/ Nof08 k|f=ln= cfly{s ;xof]u M ldh]l/o/, hd{gL k|sfzs M cf]/]s g]kfn kf]=a=g+= !#@##, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn Email: ics@worecnepal.org Website: www.worecnepal.org ISBN: 9789937256728 w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 4. dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( ljifo;"rL cfef/ 12 b'O{ zAb 14 sfo{ut kl/efiff 17 sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z 21 kl/R5]b !M kl/ro 27 !=! k[i7e"ld 28 !=@ cWoogsf] ;Ldf 38 !=# cWoog ljlw 39 kl/R5]b @ M k|fKt kl/0ffdx¿ / ljZn]if0f 40 @ dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf cj:yf / ljZn]if0f 41 @=! lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] If]qut l:ylt 41 @=@ dlxnf lx+;fsf k|sf/x¿ 43 @=# dlxnf lx+;f / pd]/ 45 @=$ dlxnf lx+;f / lzIff 47 @=^ k|efljtsf] hflt 52 @=& k|efljt / kL8saLrdf /x]sf] ;DaGw 53 @=* k|efljtsf] k]zf 54 @=( lx+;fsf sf/0f dlxnfx¿dfly k/]sf] c;/ 56 kl/R5]b # M 3/]n' lx+;f 58 #=! dlxnf / 3/]n' lx+;f 59 #=@ 3/]n' lx+;fleqsf :j¿kx¿ 60 #=# 3/]n' lx+;fsf k|sf/x¿ 62 w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 5. dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( #=$ 3/]n' lx+;fsf kL8ssf k|sf/ 62 #=% k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf 63 #=^ k|efljtsf] pd]/ / 3/]n' lx+;f 64 #=& k|efljtsf] lzIffsf] :t/ / 3/]n' lx+;f 64 #=* k|efljtsf] hft / 3/]n' lx+;f 66 #=( k|efljtsf] k]zf / 3/]n' lx+;f 67 #=!) k|efljtnfO{ k/]sf] c;/ 67 kl/R5]b $ M ;fdflhs lx+;f 71 $=! dlxnf / ;fdflhs lx+;f 72 $=@ dlxnfdfly ;fdflhs ¿kdf ePsf lx+;fsf :j¿kx¿ 75 $=# ;fdflhs lx+;fsf kL8ssf k|sf/x¿ 75 $=$ k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf 76 $=% k|efljtsf] pd]/ / ;fdflhs lx+;f 76 $=* k|efljtsf] k]zf / ;fdflhs lx+;f 79 $=( ;fdflhs lx+;fsf sf/0f k|efljtdf k/]sf] c;/ 80 kl/R5]b % M anfTsf/ 84 %=! anfTsf/ 85 %=@ anfTsf/sf kL8ssf k|sf/ 87 %=# k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf 88 %=$ anfTsf/af6 k|efljtsf] pd]/ 88 %=% anfTsf/af6 k|efljtsf] z}lIfs cj:yf 89 %=^ k|efljtsf] hflt 89 %=& k|efljtsf] k]zf 91 %=* anfTsf/af6 k|efljtdf k/]sf] c;/ 91 w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 6. dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( kl/R5]b ^ M of}lgs lx+;f 95 ^=! of}lgs lx+;f 96 ^=@ k|efljtsf] pd]/ / of}lgs lx+;f 97 ^=# of}lgs lx+;fsf kL8ssf k|sf/ 97 ^=$ k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf 98 ^=% k|efljtsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf 99 ^=^ k|efljtsf] hflt 100 ^=& k|efljtsf] k]zf 101 ^=* k|efljtnfO{ k/]sf c;/x¿ 101 kl/R5]b & M xTof 104 &=! xTof 105 &=@ k|efljtsf] pd]/ / xTof 106 &=$ k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf 107 &=% k|efljtsf] z}lIfs :t/ / xTof 108 &=^ k|efljtsf] hftL / xTof 109 &=& k|efljtsf] k]zf / xTof 110 kl/R5]b * M dfgj a]rlavg÷cf];f/k;f/ 112 *=! dfgj a]rlavg÷cf];f/k;f/ 113 *=@ k|efljtsf] pd]/ / a]rlavg÷cf];f/k;f/ 115 *=# k|efljt / kL8ssf] ;DaGw 115 *=$ k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf 117 *=% k|efljtsf] z}lIfs cj:yf 117 *=^ k|efljtsf] hflt 119 *=& k|efljtsf] k]zf 119 *=* k|efljtnfO{ k/]sf] c;/x¿ 120 w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 7. dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( kl/R5]b ( M kL8ssf] k[i7e"ld 123 (=! kL8ssf] k[i7e"ld 124 (=@ kL8ssf] pd]/ 124 (=# kL8ssf] n}lËs ljj/0f 126 (=$ kL8ssf] z}lIfs cj:yf 127 (=% kL8ssf] j}jflxs cj:yf 129 (=^ kL8ssf] k]zf 130 kl/R5]b !) M k|efljtnfO{ ul/Psf] ;xof]u 132 !)=! k|efljtsf] :jf:Yo kl/If0f 133 !)=@ k|efljtnfO{ ul/Psf] ;xof]usf] ljj/0f 134 kl/R5]b !! M ;~rf/ cg'udg 138 ;~rf/ cg'udgaf6 k|fKt dlxnf lx+;fsf] tYo 139 kl/R5]b !@ M lgisif{ / ;'emfjx¿ 144 w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 8. dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( lrqx¿sf] ;"rL rf6{ g+= ! dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx?sf] If]qut l:ylt 41 rf6{ g+= @ dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf k|sf/x? 43 rf6{ g+= # dlxnfsf] pd]/ cg';f/ lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd 45 rf6{ g++=$ dlxnfsf] z}lIfs cj:yfsf cfwf/df lx+;fsf kl/0fdx¿ 48 rf6{ g++=% dlxnfsf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yfsf cfwf/df lx+;fsf kl/0fdx¿ 48 rf6{ g+= ^ dlxnfsf] j} jflxs l:ylt / lx+;fsf] kl/ 0ffd 50 rf6{ g+= & dlxnfsf] hftLo ljj/0f / lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd 52 rf6{ g+=* dlxnfsf] j}jflxs l:ylt / lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd 53 rf6{ g+= ( dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f / k]zf 54 rf6{ g+= !) dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf sf/0f dlxnfdf k/]sf c;/x¿ 56 rf6{ g+= !! dlxnfdfly ePsf 3/]n' lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ k|ltztdf 63 rf6{ g+= !@ 3/ ] n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿ / kL8ssf] ;DaGw 63 rf6{ g+= !# 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] j}jflxs cj:yf / lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx¿ 64 rf6{ g+= !$ 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] pd]/sf cfwf/df lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx¿ 65 rf6{ g+= !% 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] z}lIfs cj:yf / lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx¿ 65 rf6{ g+= !^ 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yf / lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx¿ 66 rf6{ g+= !& 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] hfltut cj:yf / lx+;fsf w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 9. dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( kl/0ffdx¿ 66 rf6{ g+= !* 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] k]zf / lx+;fsf] cj:yf 67 rf6{ g+= !( 3/]n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿df k/]sf] c;/x¿ k|ltztdf 68 rf6{ g+=@) dlxnfdfly x'g] ;fdflhs lx+;fsf k|sf/x¿ 75 rf6{ g+= @! ;fdflhs lx+;fsf k|efljtx¿sf] kL8s;Fusf] ;DaGw 76 rf6{ g+= @@ ;fdflhs lx+;f k|efljtx¿sf] j}jflxs cj:yf 77 rf6{ g+= @# pd] / sf cfwf/ df dlxnfdfly ePsf] ;fdflhs lx+;fsf] cj:yf 77 rf6{ g+=@$ z}lIfs cj:yfsf cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ePsf] ;fdflhs lx+;f 78 rf6{ g+=@% lzIffsf] :t/sf cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ePsf] ;fdflhs lx+;f 78 rf6{ g+=@^ hfltut cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ePsf] ;fdflhs lx+;fsf] cj:yf 79 rf6{ g+=@& dlxnfsf] k]zf / ;fdflhs lx+;fsf] cj:yf 80 rf6{ g+=@* ;fdflhs lx+;fsf sf/ 0f k|efljtdf k/ ] sf c;/ x¿ 81 rf6{ g+= @( anfTsf/ k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] kL8s;Fusf] ;DaGw 87 rf6{ g+ #) anfTsf/ / k|efljtsf] j} jflxs cj:yf 88 rf6{ g+= #! anfTsf/ k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] pd]/sf cfwf/df lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx¿ 89 rf6{ g+= #@ anfTsf/ k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] z}lIfs cj:yf / lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx¿ 90 rf6{ g+= ## anfTsf/ k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yf / lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx¿ 90 rf6{ g+= #$ hfltut cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ePsf] ;fdflhs lx+;fsf] cj:yf 91 rf6{ g+= #% k|efljtsf] k]zf / anfTsf/sf 36gfx?sf] cj:yf 92 w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 10. dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( rf6{ g+= #^ anfTsf/ af6 k|efljtdf k/ ] sf c;/ x? 92 rf6{ g+=#& pd] / sf cfwf/ df dlxnfdfly ePsf] of} lgs lx+;fsf] cj:yf 98 rf6{ g+= #* of} lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljtx¿sf]  kL8s;Fusf]  ;DaGw 98 rf6{ g+= #( k|efljtsf] j} jflxs cj:yf / of} lgs lx+;f 99 rf6{ g++=$) k|efljtsf] z} lIfs cj:yf / of} lgs lx+;fsf kl/ 0ffdx¿ 99 rf6{ g++=$! of} lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljtx¿ sf] ;fIf/ tfsf] cj:yf / of} lgs lx+;fsf kl/ 0ffdx¿ 100 rf6{ g+= $@ k|efljtsf] hflt / of} lgs lx+;fsf kl/ 0ffx¿ 100 rf6{ g+= $# k|efljtsf] k] zf / of} lgs lx+;fsf kl/ 0ffdx¿ 101 rf6{ g+= $$ of} lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljtnfO} k/ ] sf c;/ x¿ 102 rf6{ g+= $% dlxnfsf] pd]/cg';f/ xTof cj:yf 106 rf6{ g+= $^ k|efljt / kL8ssf] lardf /x]sf] ;DaGw 107 rf6{ g+=$& k|efljtsf] j}jflxs l:yltsf cfwf/df xTof 108 rf6{ g+= $* k|efljtsf] z}lIfs cj:yfsf cfwf/df xTof 108 rf6{ g+= $( k|efljtsf] ;fIf/ tfsf] cj:yf / xTof 109 rf6{ g+= %) k|efljtsf] hfltut cj:yfsf cfwf/df xTof 109 rf6{ g+= %! k|efljtsf] k] zf / xTof 110 rf6{ g+= %@ a]rlavg÷cf];f/k;f/af6 k|efljtsf] pd]/ 116 rf6{ g+=%# a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ af6 k|efljtx¿ sf]  kL8s;Fusf]  ;DaGw 116 rf6{ g+= %$ a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ af6 k|efljtx¿ sf] j} jflxs cj:yf 117 rf6{ g+= %% a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ af6 k|efljtx¿ sf] z} lIfs cj:yf 118 rf6{ g+= %^ a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ af6 k|efljtx¿ sf]  ;fIf/ tfsf]  :t/  118 rf6{ g+=%& a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ af6 k|efljtx¿ sf]  hfltut ljj/ 0f 119 w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 11. dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( rf6{ g+= %* k|efljtsf]  k] zf /  a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ sf]  cj:yf 120 rf6{ g+= %( dfgj a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ af6 k|efljtdf k/ ] sf]  c;/ x¿ 120 rf6{ g+ ^) kL8ssf] pd]/ ;d"x 124 rf6{ g+ ^! kL8ssf] n}lËs ljj/0f 126 rf6{ g+ ^@ kL8ssf] z}lIfs cj:yf 128 rf6{ g+= ^# kL8ssf] ;fIf/ tfsf] cj:yf 128 rf6{ g+ ^$ kL8ssf] j}jflxs cj:yf 129 rf6{ g+ ^% kL8ssf] k]zfsf] ljj/0f 130 rf6{ g+=^^ lx+;f kZrft :jf:Yo k/LIf0f l:ylt 133 rf6{ g+= ^& lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿ sf nflu ;+:yfn] o; jif{ u/]sf ;xof]usf] ljj/0f k|ltztdf 137 rf6{ ^* kfFr ljsfz If]q / lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd 139 rf6{ g+ ^( dlxnf dfly ePsf lx+;fsf k|sf/x¿ -k|ltztdf _ 140 rf6{ g+= &) kfFr ljsfz If]q / lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd 140 rf6{ g+ &! dlxnf dfly ePsf ;fdflhs lx+;fsf k|sf/x¿ 141 rf6{ g+ &@ lx+;fsf] k|sf/ / kL8s;Fusf] ;DaGw 141 rf6{ g+ &# pd]/ ;d"x cg';f/ lx+;fsf] cj:yf 142 rf6{ g+ &$ kLl8tsf] hflt cg';f/ lx+;fsf] k|sf/ 142 rf6{ g+ &% k|efljtsf] a}jflxs cj:yf 143 w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 12. 11 dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 11 of] k':ts tof/ ug'{sf p2]Zox¿ cf] / ] s g] kfnn] ljut % jif{b] lv dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf]  clen] vLs/ 0fug{]  sfo{ ub{}  cfPsf]  5  . cf] / ] s g] kfnn]  ljleGg / fli6«o b} lgs kqklqsfx¿df k|sflzt ePsf dlxnf lx+;f ;DalGw 36gfx¿sf] cg'udg u/ L dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf]  cGTosf nflu ;Dk'0f{ ;/ f] sf/ jfnfx¿nfO{ hjfkmb] lx /  pQ/ bflo aGgsf nflu k} / jL ug{]  p2] Zon]  x/ ] s dlxgf dfl;s k|ltj] bg tof/ u/ L ;fj{hlgs ug{] sfo{ ub{} cfPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} cf] / ] s g] kfnn] dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] cg'udg tyf :ynut e|d0f u/ L dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tfnfO{ ;~rf/  dfWoddf / cGtlqmof sfo{qmd dfkm{t ;do ;dodf ;fj{hlgs ub{}  ;/ f] sf/ nfx¿sf]  Wofgfsif{0f u/ fpg]  sfo{ ;d] t ub{}  cfPsf]  5  . o;/ L dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf]  clen] vLs/ 0fu/ L To;sf] ljZn] if0ffTds cWoog ;lxtsf] jif{ k':ts tof/ ug'{sf p2] Zox¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g M • dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] l:yltsf] klxrfg u/ L dlxnfdfly x'g]  lx+;flj?å / fHonfO{ plrt sfg'g, lglt lgod, of] hgf lgdf{0f u/ L cfjZos ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug{ bafj lbg] tyf ;r] t u/ fpg]   . • lx+;faf6 k|efljtsf] Gofodf kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{ cfjZos kg{]  If] qx¿sf] klxrfg u/ L sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;/ sf/ nfO{ clkn ug{]   . • lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] Gofodf kx'Fr a[l4 ug{sf nflu pgLx¿sf] cfjZostf klxrfg u/ L ;xof] uL ;+oGqsf] ljsf; / To;df k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{ k} / jL ug{]  . w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 13. dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 1212 cfef/ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] cGToljgf dlxnfclwsf/ sf] ;'lglZrttf x'g ;Qm} g . ;fdflhs Gofo, ;dfgtf / b] zdf lbuf] zflGtsf nflu dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] cGTo cfjZos 5 . o;y{ o; cj:Yffsf] cGTo ;Dk"0f{ dlxnf clwsf/ tyf dfgj clwsf/ sf If] qdf lqmofzLn JolQm, gful/ s ;dfhsf cu'jfx¿, / fhgLltsdL{x¿, ;+:yf / ;d"x ;a} sf]  ;xsfo{af6 dfq} ;Dej 5 . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] jf:tljs oyfy{tf ha;Dd aflx/ cfpFb} g ta;Dd o;sf] ;dfwfgsf] af6f] klxNofpg ufx|f] x'G5 / o;sf] cGTosf nflu ul/Psf k|of;x¿ k|of;df dfq ;Lldt x'g k'Ub5g . o;y{ dlxnfdfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] cj:yfnfO{ lrq0f ug{] p2] Zon] dlxnflx+;f lj?åsf]  cleofgdf lg/ Gt/  nflu/ xg]  w] / }  ;ª3;+:yf, dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ sdL{x¿sf] ;+o'Qm k|of; xf] æcGj] ifLÆ sf] kfrf} + cªs . lkQ[;QfTds ;f] r xfaL / x] sf] ;dfhdf cfkm"dfly ePsf] lx+;flj?å af] Ng cem} klg dlxnfx¿nfO{ Tolt ;lhnf] 5} g . oBlk cfkm"dfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ cGo dlxnfx¿n] ef] Ug' gk/ f] ; eGg] cfsf+ªIffsf ;fy cfkm"dfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] hfgsf/ L u/ fpg] ;fx; a6'Ng'x'g]  ;Dk"0f{ g] kfnL dlxnfx¿k|lt cf] / ] s g] kfn ljz] if s[t1tf JoQm ub{5 . dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ aflx/ NofpFbf dlxnfx¿n] ;'/ Iff / cGo hf] lvdx¿sf] ;d] t ;fdgf ug'{kg{] l:yltsf] l;h{gf x'g] ub{5 . oBlk ;d'bfo:t/ df lqmofzLn dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ / Ifsx¿n]  cfkm"dfly kg{] hf] lvd / r'gf} ltsf] k|jfxljgf cfˆgf 3/ , l5d] s /  lhNnfdf 36] sf dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿nfO{ aflx/ Nofpg ug'{ePsf] ;fx;, w} o{ / sfdsf] pRr ;Ddfg ub{} cfkm"n] clen] vg u/ ] sf 36gfx¿ cf] / ] s g] kfnsf]  tYofÍ zfvfdf k7fpg' x'g]  ;Dk'0f{ dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ / Ifsx¿k|lt xfdL ljz] if cfef/ k|s6 ug{ rfxG5f} +  . cf] / ] s g] kfnsf lhNnf sfof{nox¿df / x] /  ;d'bfo:t/ af6 k|fKt dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿nfO{ b:tfj] hLs/ 0f ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg'x'g] df] / Ë zfvfsf zflGt bg'jf/ , pbok'/ zfvfsf / df du/ , l;/ xf zfvfsf x] df sfsL{, wg'iff zfvfsf k|d] z d08n, s} nfnL zfvfsf ljg' / f0ff, / w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 14. 13 dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 13 bfË zfvfsf lx/ fdl0f rf} w/ LnfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5f} + . o; k|ltj] bg tof/ ug{sf nflu tYofÍnfO{ ;dfof] hg, ljZn] if0f tyf lrqx¿sf] tof/ L / k|ltj] bg n] vg u/ L dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{]  cf] / ] s g] kfnsL sfo{qmd ;+of] hs ;+lhtf ltlD;gfnfO{ cf] / ] s g] kfn cfef/ k|s6 ub{5 . o;sf ;fy} o; sfo{df ;3fp k'¥ofpg' x'g] tYofÍ zfvfsf k|lagf t08'sf/ nfO{ klg cf] / ] s g] kfn ljz] if wGojfb JoQm ub{5 . 36gf ;+sngdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' x'g] cf]/]s g]kfnsf snf /fO{, lglndf /fO{, lbkf l3ld/] tyf ljg' e'h]nnfO{ ;d]t wGojfb lbg rfxG5f}+ . ;xof]uo;} u/ L o; k':ts tof/ Lsf qmddf ;xof] u ug'{x'g]  cf] / ] s g] kfnsf sfg'gL ;Nnfxsf/ clwjQmf bnaxfb'/ wfdLnfO{ klg ljz] if wGojfb lbg rfxG5f} + . cf] / ] s g] kfnsf ;+:Yffks cWoIf 8f=/ ] 0f' / fhe08f/ LnfO{ o; k':tsnfO{ d"t{ ¿k lbgsf nflu pxfFn] k|bfg ug'{ePsf] ;'emfj, lgb{] zg tyf ;xof] uk|lt ;+:yf cfef/ k|s6 ub{5 . cf] / ] s g] kfnsf k|fljlws ;Nnfxsf/  8f= ljgfos / fhe08f/ LnfO{ cToGt} sd ;dodf klg ;Nnfx, ;'emfj / ;Dkfbg u/ L o; k':tssf]  k|sfzgsf nflu dxTjk'0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ePsf] df ljz] if cfef/ k|s6 ub{5f} + . cfj/ 0f tyf ;fh;Hhf u/ L of] k|ltj] bgnfO{ cfsif{s agfpg ;xof] u ug'{ x'g] cf] / ]s g] kfnsf k|sfzg zfvfsf / d] z e08f/ L /  s[i0ff rf} w/ LnfO{ ljz] if wGojfb glbO / xg ;lsb} g . ;fy} cGj]ifL d'b|0f ug'{ x'g] ljsf; Jof~h' tyf Soflk6n sDKo'6/ Nof08 k|f=ln=, eQmk'/ k|lt xfdL cfef/L 5f}+ . dfly pNn] v ul/ Psf JolQmx¿afx] s klg cGo ljleGg JolQmx¿sf]  ;xof] un] dfq of] k|ltj] bg tof/ ePsf] xf]  . o; k':ts tof/ Lsf nflu k|ToIf / ck|ToIf ¿kn] ;3fpg' x'g] ;Dk"0f{ JolQmx¿nfO{ cf] / ] s g] kfn wGojfb lbb} xflb{s cfef/ k|s6 ug{ rfxG5 . afa'/ fd uf} td sfo{sf/ L lgb{] zs cf] / ] s g] kfn w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 15. dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 1414 b'O{ zAb dlxnfdfly ePsf]  lx+;fsf]  jf:tljstf af/ ] df hfgsf/ L lbg]  p2] Zn]  tof/ kfl/ Psf] of] jif{ k':ts ÆcGj] ifLædlxnf cfGbf] ngsf nflu Ps dxTjk"0f{ k|sfzg xf]  . dlxnfdfly x'g]  lx+;f ;dfhsf x/ ] s ;+/ rgfdf h/ f]  uf8] /  / x] sf]  lkQ[;QfTds d"NodfGotf / ;f] rsf] kl/ 0ffd xf]  . To;sf] kmn:j¿k jif{} lg xhf/ f} + g] kfnL dlxnfx¿ ljleGg lsl;dsf zf/ Ll/ s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs / cfly{s ¿kdf lx+;f vKg afWo agfO{Psf 5g . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f / ltgsf cfofd / kl/ df0fx¿n] clxn]  dlxnfx¿ cfqmfGt ePsf 5g . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fn] dlxnfsf]  afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ , ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/ , oftgfd'Qm eO{ hLjg hLpg kfpg] clwsf/ , :jtGq / ;'/ lIft ¿kdf hLjg ofkg ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ , :j:y jftfj/ 0fsf] clwsf/ h:tf cfwf/ e"t dfgj clwsf/ sf] xgg u/ ] sf] 5 . 3/ b] lv ;fj{hlgs :yn;Dd ljleGg lx+;fx¿ a9bf] s|ddf / x] sf] o; jif{ k':ts æcGj] ifLÆ n] b] vfPsf]  5 . o;n] dlxnfsf] zf/ Ll/ s / dfgl;s :Jff:Yodf, JolQmTjdf, cfTd;Ddfgdf, pTkfbgdf / kl/ jf/ df k|ToIf c;/ kf/ ] sf] 5 eg]  b] zsf] ljsf;, pTkfbg / eljiosf ;Gtltx¿df ;d] t k|efj kfb{5 . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] cGTo lagf b] zdf ;fdflhs Gofo / lbuf]  zflGtsf] :yfkg x'g ;Qm} g . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] cGTo lagf b] zdf g t lbuf] zflGtsf] sNkgf ug{ ;lsG5 g t nf] stflGqs u0ftGq g} lbuf] x'g ;Qm5 . dlxnfdfly x'g] x/ ] s k|sf/ sf lx+;fx¿ ck/ fw xf] / of] dfgj clwsf/ sf] xgg xf]  . JolQmut txb] lv gLltut tx;Dd / x] sf] lje] bk"0f{ Pjd lkQ[;QfTds d"NodfGotf, ;f] r / wf/ 0ff dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] sf/ s tTj xf]  . jt{dfg ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts d"No / dfGotfsf] cf8df dlxnfdfly x'g]  h:tf] ;'s}  cdfgjLo /  lje] bk"0f{ Jojxf/ nfO{ klg 9fs5f] k ug] { ul/ G5 . kmn:j¿k dlxnfsf] cfˆgf] z/ L/ dfly cfˆgf] lgoGq0f 5} g . of} g tyf k|hgg clwsf/ dlxnfnfO{ k|fKt x'g ;s] sf] 5} g . w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 16. 15 dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 15 ^$ k|ltzt dlxnfx¿ cfˆgf] 3/ leq cfkmGt} af6 kLl8t ePsf]  o; jif{sf] cWoogn] b] vfPsf] 5 . cGt/ f{li6«o:t/ df dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf af/ ] df rrf{ ug{ yflnPsf] nfdf] ;do ePsf] ePtf klg dlxnf lx+;f cGTo ug{sf nflu ;/ sf/ nfO{ lhDd] jf/ agfpg]  sfo{ eg] Tolt ;kmn b] lvGg . ;/ sf/ cGt/ f{li6«o:t/ df k|lta4 b] lvP klg b] zdf tL k|lta4tfx¿nfO{ Jojxf/ df ptfg{ c;kmn / x] sf] o; k':tsdf k|sflzt dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf]  ljZn] if0fn] b] vfpF5 . oBlk s] xL ;sf/ fTds sfdx¿ eg] gePsf xf] Ogg . 3/ ] n' lx+;f lj?4sf] P] g -@)^^_ / 3/ ] n' lx+;f lgodfjnL -@)^&_ tyf @)^& ;fnnfO{ æn} +lËs lx+;f lj?4sf] jif{Æ egL ul/ Psf] 3f] if0ffnfO{ log} pknlJwsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . g] kfnL dlxnfx¿sf] lg/ Gt/ bafj / k} / jL tyf dlxnf dfgj clwsf/  / Ifx¿sf]  @$ lbg]  ef] s x8tfn, æsfnf]  k] l6sf] 6Æ k|bz{gL u/ L ul/ Psf] bafjd'ns sfo{qmdsf] pknlAwsf ¿kdf / x] sf oL sfg'g tyf gLltx¿ 3f] if0ff ePtf klg kLl8t dlxnfx¿n] ;xof] u / Gofo kfpg' cem} æcfsfz sf] kmn cfFvf t/ L d/ Æ ePsf] 5 . 3/ ] n' lx+;f lj?4sf] sfg'g cfPtf klg To;df ePsf q'l6x¿sf sf/ 0f To;nfO{ k|of] u u/ L Gofok|fKt ug] { cfwf/ lkmtnf] 5 . 3/ ] n' lx+;f lj?4sf]  -ck'/ f] _ sfg'g tyf cGo sfg'gx¿sf] k|of] u u/ L ck/ fwLnfO{ s] xL xb;Dd ;hfo lbg ;lsg] cj:yf ePtf klg sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug] { lgsfoleq / x] sf] lkt[;QfTds d'No / dfGotfsf sf/ 0f w] / } dlxnfx¿n] o;sf] pkof] u ul/ Gofo kfPsf 5} gg . sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug] { txdf / x] sf JolQmx¿sf]  ;f] r /  Jojxf/ sf sf/ 0f w] / } dlxnfx¿ cfkm"dfly ePsf] lx+;f btf{ ug{ ;Sb} gg . btf{ u/ ] kl5 cfjZos kg] { ;xof] u -;'/ lIft jf;, ufF; / ;'/ Iff_ sf] cefjn]  btf{ ug] { sfo{ yk hl6n ag] sf] 5 . s] xL ;fx;L dlxnfx¿n] 36gf btf{ u/ L xfn] klg ax';+Vos d'2fx¿ cbfnt k'Ub} gg . k|foM h;f]  36gfdf dlxnfnfO{ g} bf] ifL b] vfpg] , dlxnf ePkl5 ;xg' kb{5 eGg]  l;sfpg] ul/ G5 . kmn:j¿k dlxnfx¿df ædf} gtfsf] ;+:s[ltsfÆ ljsf; x'g] qmd a9bf] 5 . PstGqLo Joj:yfaf6 nf] stflGqs u0ftGqfTds Joj:yfdf k|j] z w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 17. dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 1616 u/ ] sf] b] zdf dlxnf clwsf/ ;'lglZrttf cleofgdf ;+nUg b] zsf %! k|ltzt dlxnf gful/ sx¿ 3/ , kl/ jf/ / ;dfhaf6}  lx+;fsf] hf] lvddf / x] sf 5g . b] z nf] stflGqs u0ftGqfTds kl/ kfl6df ¿kfGtl/ t ePsf] % jif{ eO{;Sbf klg dlxnfx¿n]  nf] stGqsf] cg'e"lt ug{ kfPsf 5} gg . b] zdf zflGt lgdf{0f k|lqmof w] / } cufl8 uPsf] elgPtf klg zflGtsf] nfef+z kfpg' kg{] x¿ cfˆgf] clwsf/ af6 al~rt g} 5g . / fhgLlts kl/ jt{g kZrft cfˆgf] cj:yfdf kl/ jt{g cfpF5 / cfˆgf clwsf/ x¿ ;'lglZrt x'G5g eGg] df ljZjf; lnPsf dlxnfx¿ cem klg cfˆgf] clwsf/  ;'lglZrt x'g] kvf{O{df g} 5g . o;y{ o; k|ltj] bgn] Psk6s km] l/  kl/ jt{gk|lt k|lta4 ;+j] bgzLn / fhg} lts kf6L{x¿ /  ;/ sf/ nfO{ cfkm"n] u/ ] sf sfo{x¿sf] ;dLIff ug{ / dfgj clwsf/ nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{] k|lta4tf cg'¿ksf] Jojxf/ ug{ 3R3Rofpg] 5 . o; k':tsdf ;dfj] z ul/ Psf dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf] ljZn] if0fn]  dlxnfdfly x'g]  lx+;fk|lt ;/ f] sf/ jfnfx¿nfO{ hjfkmb] xL /  pQ/ bfoL aGgsf nflu k|] l/ t ub{5 . o; cWoog k|ltj] bgn] xfn ;Dd g] kfn ;/ sf/ n]  dlxnfdfly x'g]  lx+;f /  n} lËs ;dfgtfsf nflu u/ ] sf sfo{x¿sf] ;dLIff ug{ / cfufdL lbgdf dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f lj?4 plrt sfg'g, gLlt lgod, of] hgf lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu cfjZos kxnx¿sf af/ ] df uDeL/ eP/ ;f] Rgsf nflu ;d] t d2t ub{5 eGg] dnfO{ ljZjf; nfu] s] f 5 . cGTodf, o; cWoog k|ltj] bgdf dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;faf/ ] hfgsf/ L lbO{ dlxnf cfGbf] ngnfO{ ;zQm kfg{ phf{ yKg'x'g] ;a} df d xflb{s awfO{ tyf s[t1tf 1fkg ug{ rfxG5' . 8f= / ] 0f' / fhe08f/ L ;+:yfks cWoIf, cf] / ] s g] kfn w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 18. 17 dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 17 sfo{ut kl/efiff dlxnfdfly x'g] u/ ] sf lx+;fsf :j¿kx¿ ljleGg 5g . lx+;fsf :j¿kx¿nfO{ & efudf juL{s/ 0f u/ L ljZn] if0f ul/ Psf] 5 . s_ lx+;fsf k|sf/ 3/]n' lx+;f 3/ leq kl/ jf/ sf Ps ;b:oaf6 cGo ;b:odfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfnfO{ 3/ ] n' lx+;fleq ;dfj] z ul/ Psf] 5 . >Ldfg tyf kl/ jf/ sf cGo ;b:ox¿af6 ePsf zf/ Ll/ s, dfgl;s / cfly{s ¿kdf……. . o:tf] lx+;fleq s'6lk6, ax'ljjfx, 3/ lgsfnf, uflnunf} h, efjgfTds rf] 6 k'¥ofpg] sfo{ tyf ljleGg 8/ , qf; b] vfO{ ePsf dfgl;s lx+;fsf 36gfx¿nfO{ ;dfj] z ul/ Psf] 5 . ;fdflhs lx+;f dlxnf a;] s] f ;dfhsf JolQmx¿af6 ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿nfO{ ;fdflhs lx+;fleq ;dfj] z ul/ Psf] 5 . ;fdflhs lx+;fleq ljz] ifu/ L af] S;Lsf]  cf/ f] kdf dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿, 5'jf5't, afnljjfx, bfO{hf] sf sf/ 0fn] ePsf lx+;fx¿, dlxnfdfly ;dfhsf JolQmx¿af6 ;fdflhs / dfgl;s c;/ kf/ ] sf 36gfx¿nfO{ ;dfj] z ul/ Psf] 5 . of}lgs l+x;f dlxnfsf] O{R5f ljk/ Lt ha/ h:tL of} g cªux¿ tyf ;+j] bglzn cx¿df 5'g] , ;'D;'Dofpg] , cZnLn zAbx¿sf] k|of] u ug{] , lh:sfpg] , cZnLn lrq, b[Zo jf lkmNdx¿ b] vfpg] h:tf 36gfx¿nfO{o; k|ltj] bgdf of} lgs lx+;fleq / flvPsf 5g . w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 19. dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 1818 anfTsf/ anfTsf/ , ;fd"lxs anfTsf/  /  anfTsf/ sf]  k|of;nfO{ anfTsf/ sf]  kl/ efiffleq ;dfj] z ul/ Psf] 5 . o;df dlxnfnfO{ nnfO{kmsfO{ jf ha/ h:tL zlQm k|of] u u/ L ePsf anfTsf/ sf 36gfx¿nfO{ o;df ;dfj] z ul/ Psf 5g . a]rlavg÷cf];f/k;f/ bf;tf, afWofTds >d -aFw'jf dhb'/ L jf C0fL agfOPsf JolQmx¿sf]  >dnufot_ / bf;tfk"0f{ Jojxf/ sf nflu s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ 8/ , wfs b] vfO{, hfnem] n u/ L jf zlQm/kbsf]  b'¿kof] u u/ L sfddf nufpg'÷cf] ;f/ k;f/  ug'{÷Ps 7fpFaf6 csf{] 7fpFdf n} hfg' jf n} hfgsf nflu ;xof] u ug'{ jf cf>o lbg' jf c?åf/ f To:tf] sfdsf]  lglDt ;xof] u k|fKt ug'{ a] rlavg xf]  . a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/  tyf a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ sf] nflu k|of; ePsf 36gfx¿nfO{ o;df ;dfj] z ul/ Psf]  5  . xTof xTofleq dlxnfnfO{ dg;fok"j{s ljleGg tj/ af6 dfl/ Psf tyf dfg{] k|of; ul/ Psf 36gfx¿nfO{ ;d] l6Psf] 5 . cGo ckx/ 0f, cnkq÷ j] kQf, cfTdxTofsf 36gfx¿nfO{ o;df / flvPsf]  5 . v_ k|efljt÷kL8ssf] j}jflxs l:ylt o; cGtu{t ljjflxt, cljjflxt, Psn, 5'l§P/ a;] sf] , ;Fu} a;] s] f /  kf/ kfr's]  nfO{ ;d] l6Psf]  5  . u_ k|efljt÷kL8ssf ;d"xx¿ lognfO{ lgDglnlvt ;d"xx¿df afFl8Psf] 5 . w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 20. 19 dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 19 kxf8] hghflt M hghflt u'?Ë, du/ , / fO{, lnDa', ls/ fFt, yfdL, 5gTofn, tfdfË, z] kf{, nfdf, ef] 6] , g] jf/ , lh/ ] n, ysfnL, / fp6] , r] kfª, s';'G8f, bg'jf/ , cflb . t/fO{ hghflt M yf?, / fhj+zL, tfhk'l/ of, u+ufO{, l;+x, wfg's, lwdfn, ;Gyfn, d'G8f, ;tf/ , emfFu8, bg'jf/ , ls;fg, sf] r]  cflb . t/fO{ blnt M rdf/ , xl/ hg, / fd, d';x/ , b';fw, kf;jfg, kf;L, tTdf, vTj] , wf] aL, ;/ bf/ , lrldbf/ , 8f] d, xNvf] / , s';jflbof, sn/ , vflts, sf] O/ L cflb . kxf8] blnt M bdfO{, sfdL, ;fsL{, 9f] nL, ufO{g] , jfbL cflb . t/fO{ u}/ blnt M ofbj, t] nL, u'Ktf, sfdt, dnfxf, dxtf] , ;fx, 7fs'/ , / fhe/ , dfnL, s'dL{, xnjfO{, s] jt, g'lgof, sx/ , w] l8of/ , wlgof, nf] wf, xhfd, cflb . a|fXd0f If]qL 3_ k|efljt÷kL8ssf] k]zfx¿ s[lif, 3/ fo;L sfd, dhb'/ L, Joj;fo, cgf} krfl/ s If] qdf sfo{/ t, u} / ;/ sf/ L hflu/ , ;/ sf/ L hflu/ , ;fdflhs ;] jf, j} b] lzs / f] huf/  ª_ k|efljtnfO{ k/]sf] c;/x¿ zf/ Ll/ s c;/ , dfgl;s c;/ , cfly{s c;/ , ;fdflhs c;/  w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 21. dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 2020 r_ k|efljt÷kL8ssf] pd]/ !^ jif{eGbf d'lg !^ b] lv @% jif{;Dd @^ b] lv #% jif{;Dd #^ b] lv $% jif{;Dd $^ b] lv %% jif{;Dd %^ jif{eGbf dfly w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 22. 21 dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 21 sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z kl/ro “cGj]ifL”sf]  of]  cÍ dlxnf k'gM:yf{kgf s] Gb| -cf] / ] s g] kfnn] _ @))* ;fnb] lv x/ ] s ;fn "dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf] jif{ k':ts" k|sfzg ug{]  qmdsf]  lg/ Gt/ tf xf]   . dlxnfdfly eO{/ x] s] f lx+;fsf]  l:ylt;DaGwL oyf{ytfnfO{ k|:t't ug{] d'Vo p2] Zon] o; k':ts tof/ ul/ Psf] 5 . o; k':tsdf h'nfO{ @)!! b] lv h'g @)!@ ;Dd cf] / ] s g] kfndfclen] vLs/ 0f -;Íng_ ul/ Psf hDdf !%*! j6f dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] lj:t[t ljZn] if0f ul/ Psf]  5 . To;} u/ L / fli6«o kqklqsfx¿df k|sflzt ePsf hDdf #(* j6f1 dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] 5'§} ljZn] if0f klg o; k':tsdf ;dfj] z ul/ Psf] 5 . o; k':tsn] ;du| dlxnfdflyeO/ x] sf] lx+;fsf] :j¿kx¿, lx+;fn]  dlxnfsf] hLjgdf kf/ ] sf k|efjx¿sf] oyfy{tfnfO{ k|:t't ug] { hdsf] { u/ ] sf] 5 . o; k':tsdf ;dfj] z u/ LPsf dlxnf lj?4 eO/ x] sf lx+;fsf ljZn] if0fn]  ;/ f] sf/ jfnx¿ /  xfdL;a} nfO{ dlxnflj?4 x'g]  lx+;fsf] cGTosfnflu cfjZos kxnx¿ tyf sfo{x¿sf af/ ] df uDeL/ eP/ ;f] Rg / To;nfO{ Jojxf/ df nfu" ug{ k|] l/ t ug] {5 eGg]  cf] / ] s g] kfnsf]  ck] Iff 5  . 36gf ;Íng ul/Psf If]qx¿ o; k':tsdf h'nfO{ @)!! b] lv h'g @)!@ ;Dd dlxnf dfgj clwsf/  / Ifs -d=df=c=/ _ /  clen] vgstf{x¿af6 36gfsf]  clen] vLs/ 0f u/ L cf] / ] s g] kfnsf]  tYofÍ zfvfdf cfPsf 36gfx¿nfO{ ;dfj] z ul/ Psf] 5 . g] kfnsf % j6} ljsf; If] qdf 1 sflGtk'/ b}lgs, cGgk"0f{ kf]i6, uf]/vfkq, g]kfn ;dfrf/ kq, gful/s The Himalayan Times, The Kathmandu Post, Republica gf]6 M ;+:yfn] k|ToIf ¿df clen]vLs/0f u/]sf 36gfx?nfO{ ;+rf/ cg'udgdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g . w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 23. dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 2222 dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] clen] vLs/ 0f tyf ljZn] if0f u/ L o; k':tsdf ;dfj] z ul/ Psf] 5 . cWoogaf6 k|fKt glthfx¿ ;ªIf]kdf != ljsf; If]qdfdlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf] cj:yf ;+:yfn]  clen] vLs/ 0f u/ ] sf]  hDdf !%*! j6f 36gfx¿sf]  ljZn] if0f ubf{ dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ ;a} eGbf a9L k"jf{~rnaf6 k|fKt ePsf] 5 . o; jif{ k"jf{~rnaf6 ^$Ü, dWodf~rnaf6 !*Ü, ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn / dWoklZrdf~rnaf6 (÷(Ü /  klZrdf~rnaf6 ! k|ltzt dlxndfly ePsf] lx+;fsf 36gfx¿;Íng ul/ Psf] 5 . To;} u/ L ;+rf/ dfWodsf cg';f/ o; jif{ dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿df k"jf{~rnaf6 @*Ü, dWoklZrdf~rnaf6 !^Ü, klZrdf~rnaf6 !@Ü, ;'b"/ klZrdf~rnaf6 *Ü / k|efljtsf]  :yfg v'Ng g;s] sf] % k|ltzt 36gfx¿ ;+rf/ dfWodn] k|zf;g u/ ] s] f 5g  . @= lx+;fsf k|sf/x¿ s_ 3/]n' lx+;f o; jif{ k|fKt hDdf !%*! j6f 36gfx¿nfO{ ljZn] if0f ubf{ ;a} eGbf a9L dlxnfx¿ 3/ ] n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt ePsf] k|fKt ePsf] 5 . k|fKttYofÍsf cfwf/ df o; jif{ ^$ k|ltzt -!%*! hgf lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] !)!( hgf_ dlxnfx¿dfly 3/ ] n' lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . xfd|f] ;fdflhs ;+/ rgf, ljBdfg c;dfg zlQm ;DaGw / sltko ?9LjfbL ;f] rsf sf/ 0f dlxnfx¿ lbgx'F cfkmgf elgg] JolQmx¿af6} lx+;fsf] rk] 6fdf kb} {5g . dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ug{] kL8sx¿dWo] ;a} eGbf a9L lx+;f ug{]  kL8s cfkmg}  >Ldfg /  3/ kl/ jf/ sf ;b:ox¿ / x] sf 5g . &(Ü dlxnfx¿ cfkmg} >Ldfgaf6 / @!Ü dlxnfx¿ 3/ kl/ jf/ sf ;b:ox¿af6 lx+;fdf k/ ] sf o; jif{sf]  tYofÍn]  w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 24. 23 dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 23 b] vfPsf] 5 . o;/ L 3/ ] n' lx+;f vKg afWo dlxnfx¿dWo] @^–#% jif{pd] /  ;d"xsf#(Üdlxnfx¿ / x] sf 5g eg]  $)Ü;fIf/  dlxnfx¿3/ ] n' lx+;faf6 kLl8t / x] sf]  tYofÍn]  b] vfPsf]  5  . v_ ;fdflhs lx+;f 3/ ] n'lx+;f kZrft ;a} eGbf a9L dlxnfx¿dfly ;fdflhs ¿kdf lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . cyf{t dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fx¿dWo]  ;fdflhs lx+;f bf] ;|f] :yfgdf / x] sf] 5 . o; jif{ !^Ü -!%*! dWo] @%!hgf_ dlxnfx¿dfly ;fdflhs lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf]  5 . To;df *$% l5d] sLaf6, !)Ü ;fyLaf6 / ^Ü ;DaGw gePsf dflg;x¿af6 dlxnfx¿dfly ;fdflhs lx+;f ePsf]  5 .;fdflhs lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿ dWo] %!Ü dlxnfx¿ ;fIf/  / x] sf]  kfO{Psf]  5  . u_ anfTsf/ k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf/ df o; jif{ ^Ü dlxnfx¿ anfTs[t -!!) hgf_ ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 eg] #Ü -#^ hgf_dlxnfx¿dfly anfTsf/ sf] k|of; ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . anfTsf/ sf 36gfdf %Ü dlxnfx¿ cfkmg} >Ldfgaf6, ^Ü ;fyLaf6, !^ Ü ;DaGw gePsf JolQmaf6 lx+;fdf k/ ] sf] , !^ Ü dlxnfx¿ cfkmg}  3/ kl/ jf/ sf ;b:ox¿af6 /  %&Ü dlxnfdfly l5d] sLaf6}  anfTsf/ ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . k|fylds tx;Dd cWoog u/ ] sf @%Üdlxnfx¿dfly anfTsf/ sf 36gf ePsf] kfO{of] eg]  ;a} eGbf a9L -$@Ü_anfTsf/ sf 36gfx¿ !^ jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfx¿df x'g] u/ ] sf] tYofÍ kfO{Psf] 5 . k|fylds txdf cWoog/ t -#@Ü_ / !^ jif{ d'lgsf -$@Ü_ aflnsfx¿df anfTsf/ sf 36gf a9L ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . 3_ of}lgs lx+;f o; jif{ $Ü -^# hgf_ dlxnfx¿dfly of} lgs lx+;f ePsf]  kfO{Psf] 5 . h;dWo] ;a} eGbf a9L -$#Ü_of} lgs lx+;fsf w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 25. dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 2424 36gfx¿ dlxnfn] ;fyL 7fg] sf / k|] d ;DaGw ePsf JolQmx¿af6} ePsf 5g . To:f} u/ L@&Ü l5d] sLaf6, !&Ü s'g} klg ;DaGw gePsf JolQm / !# Ü dlxnfx¿ cfkmg}  3/ kl/ jf/ sf ;b:ox¿af6 lx+;fdf k/ ] sf]  kfO{Psf]  5  . ;fIf/  dlxnfx¿dfly -#)Ü_ / !^–@% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf -%(Ü_ dlxnfx¿dfly of} lgs lx+;fa9L ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . ª_ xTof k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf/ df @% -@*hgf_dlxnfx¿sf] xTof ePsf]  5 eg]  !Ü -!*hgf_ dlxnfx¿dfly xTofsf] k|of; ePsf]  5 . %)%>Ldfgaf6, @^Ü, kl/ jf/ sf ;b:ox¿af6, !%% l5d] sLaf6 /  $Ü ;DaGw gePsf] JolQmaf6 dlxnfx¿sf] xTof ul/ Psf] 5 . ;fIf/ #(Ü dlxnfx¿ / !^–#% jif{ pd] / sf]  dlxnfx¿sf] xTofa9L ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . r_ a]rlavg @%-@%hgf_ dlxnfx¿ o; jif{ a] rlavgdf k/ ] sf] kfO{Psf]  5 eg]  !Ü -*hgf_ dlxnfx¿dfly a] rlavgsf] k|of; ePsf]  kfOof]  . dlxnfn] ;fyL dfg] sf JolQmaf6 $#%, s'g}  klg ;DaGw gePsf] JolQmaf6 @$ Ü, l5d] sLaf6 @!Ü, kl/ jf/ sf]  ;b:oaf6 (Ü, / >Ldfgaf6 #Ü dlxnfx¿ o:tf] lx+;fdf k/ ] sf]  kfOof]  . ;fIf/ dlxnfx¿ $%Ü / !^–@% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf $( Ü dlxnfx¿ a] rlavgdf a9L kg{] u/ ] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . 5_ cGo dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;f t/ yf] / } ;+Vofdf clen] vLs/ 0f ePsf 36gfx¿nfO{ cGo ;d"xdf / fvLljZn] if0f ul/ Psf] xf]  . o; ;d"xsf 36gfx¿df cfTdxTof, dlxnfnfO{ j] kQf agfO{Psf 36gf / kl/ jf/ s} ;b:oaf6 cnkq cj:yfdf 5f] l8Psf dlxnfx¿sf] 36gfnfO{ / flvPsf] 5 . o; jif{ !@ k|ltzt dlxnfx¿n] cfTdxTof u/ ] sf] , @ hgf dlxnfx¿ j] kQf agfO{Psf w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 26. 25 dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 25 / ( hgf dlxnfx¿ 3/ kl/ jf/ s} ;b:ox¿åf/ f cnkq cj:yfdf kl/ Psf]  kfOPsf] ]  5  . #= pd]/ ;d"x / dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f k|fKt tYofÍsf] cfwf/ df o; jif{ ;a} eGbf a9L !^–@% jif{ pd] /  ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿ lx+;fdf kfl/ Psf] ] kfO{Psf] 5 . o; ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿df #%Ü lx+;f ePsf] 5 . o:t} ul/ @^–#% jif{ pd] / ;d"xdf ##Ü, #^–$% jif{ pd] / ;d"xdf !^Ü, !^ jif{ d'lgsf aflnsfdf &Ü, $^–%% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf dlxnfdf %Ü / %^ jif{ eGbfa9L pd] /  ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿df $Ü lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . $ lzIff / dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f / k|efljtsf] lzIffsf] :t/ nfO{ ljZn] if0f ubf{ &*Ü ;fIf/ dlxnfx¿dfly ;a} eGbf a9L lx+;f ePsf] kfOof] ]  . lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] @@Ülg/ If/  dlxnfx¿ / x] sf]  kfOof]   . dlxnfsf]  ;fIf/ tfsf]  cj:yfnfO{ ;d] t ljZn] if0f u/ L x] bf{ $&Ü k|f} 9 lzIff, !(Ü pRrdfWolds tx;Dd cWoog u/ ] sf, !%Ü k|fylds tx;Dd cWoog u/ ] sf, !$Ü dfWolds tx;Dd cWoog u/ ] sf /  %Ü pRr dfWolds txeGbf a9L cWoog u/ ] sf dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ePsf] kfOof]  . %= j}jflxs cj:yf / dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f dlxnfdfly ePsf] lx+;f / dlxnfsf] j} jflxs cj:yfnfO{ ljZn] if0f ubf{ lx+;fk|efljt dlxnfx¿df ;a} eGbf a9L -*)Ü_ ljjflxt dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . !$% cljjflxt dlxnfx¿df, $Ü Psn dlxnfx¿df / @Ü >Ldfg;Fu 5'l§P/  a;] sf dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ePsf] kfO{of]  . dlxnfx¿ a9L 3/ ] n'lx+;faf6 k|efljt 5g / ;a} eGbf a9L dlxnfx¿dfly ljjfx kZrft >Ldfg åf/ f lx+;f x'g] xF'bf+ klg ljjflxt dlxnfx¿dfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] ;+Vof a9L ePsf] xf]  . w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 27. dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 2626 ^= k]zf / dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f s'g k] zfdf ;+nUg slt dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ePsf] 5 elg o; jif{ k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf/ df ljZn] if0f ubf{ s[lif k] zfdf ;+nUg dlxnfx¿dfly ;a} eGbf a9L lx+;f ePsf] kfO{of]  . lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo]  $$Ü dlxnfx¿ s[lif k] zfdf ;+nUg / x] sf, @!Ü dlxnfx¿ 3/ fo;L sfddf, !@Ü dlxnfx¿ dhb'/ Ldf, !)Ü dlxnfx¿ Joj;fodf cfa4 / x] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . To;} u/ L s'g} klg sfo{df ;+nUg gePsf ^Ü dlxnfx¿, cgf} rfl/ s If] qdf sfo{/ t @Ü dlxnfx¿, /  ;/ sf/ L If] qdf sfo{/ t, j} b] lzs / f] huf/ L, u} / ;/ sf/ L If] qdf sfo{/ t / ;fdflhs ;] jf ug{] dlxnfx¿df a/ fa/ -!-!Ü_ lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . &= dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf c;/x¿ lx+;fsf sf/ 0f dlxnfx¿dfly k/ ] sf c;/ nfO{ o; k':tsdf$ ;d"xdf ljefhg u/ L ljZn] if0f ul/ Psf] 5 . dlxnfx¿dfly s'g} klg k|sf/ sf]  lx+;f x'Fbf ;a} eGbf a9L -%@Ü_ dfgl;s c;/ k/ ] sf] kfOof]  . @)% dlxnfx¿nfO{ zf/ Ll/ s c;/  k/ ] sf] , !*Ü dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;fdflhs c;/  /  !)Ü dlxnfx¿nfO{ cfly{s c;/ k/ ] sf] kfOPsf] 5 . *= hftLotfsf cfwf/df dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf ljleGg k|sf/ x¿ / dlxnfsf] hftLotfsf cfwf/ df ljZn] if0f ubf{ o; jif{ ;a} eGbf a9L kxf8] hghflt /  To;kl5 If] qL dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ePsf] kfOof]  . lx+;f k|efljt s"n dlxnfdWo]  @(Ü kxf8] hghflt, !%Ü If] qL, !%Ü t/ fO{ hghflt, , !#Ü a|fXd0f, !)Ü t/ fO{ u} /  blnt, (Ü kxf8] blnt, &Ü t/ fO{ blnt / @Ü d'l:nd dlxnfx¿ / x] sf 5g . !)= kL8s / k|efljtsf] ;DaGw dlxnfsf]  kL8s;Fu / x] sf]  ;DaGwsf]  cfwf/ df ljZn] if0f ubf{ dlxnfdfly ;a} eGbf a9L lx+;f ug{] -%#Ü_>Ldfg ePsf] kfOof]  . To:f} u/ L @)Ü dlxnfx¿cfkm" a;] s} ;dfhsf l5d] sLaf6 lx+;fdf k/ ] sf]  kfOof]   . !*Ükl/ jf/ sf;b:o ,%Ü ;fyLaf6 / $Ü ;DaGw gePsf JolQmx¿af6 dlxnfdfly lx+;f ePsf] kfOof]  . w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 29. dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 28 !=! k[i7e"ld "dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;f ;fj{hlgs jf lghL hLjgdf lnËsf cfwf/ df x'g] lx+;fhGo sfo{ xf] , h;n] dlxnfnfO{ zf/Ll/s, of}ghGo jf dfgl;s Iflt jf kL8f k'¥ofpF5 jf k'¥ofpg] ;Defjgf x'G5 . o;cGt/ut To:tf] sfo{ ug{] wDsL, bafj / :j]R5frf/L ¿kdf dlxnfsf] :jtGqtfdf aGb]h ug{] sfo{;d]t kb{5 ."2 "dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f dlxnf ePs} sf/ 0fn] dlxnfdfly ul/ g]  ;Dk"0f{lje] bk"0f{ Jojxf/ x¿nfO{ hgfpF5 . o; kl/ efiffn] dlxnf ePs}  sf/ 0fn]  dlxnfdfly x'g]  zf/ Ll/ s, dfgl;s /  of} ghGo lx+;f, tyf 8/ , qf;, wDsL b] vfOg'sf ;fy} cGo clwsf/ x¿af6 al~rt u/ fOg] lqmofsnfkx¿ ;d] t hgfpFb5 ."3 dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f ljZjJofkL ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf / x] sf] 5 . g] kfndf klg of] ;d:of a9bf] 5 . of] jif{dfq !%*! hgf dlxnfx¿ ljleGg lx+;fx¿ vKg afWo ePsf] cf] / ] s g] kfndf cfPsf 36gfx¿n]  b] vfpFb5g . of] tYofÍ ;d:ofsf] cg'kftdf w] / } sd 5 .b] zdf w] / }  dlxnfx¿ ljleGg k|sf/ sf si6 / oftgfx¿vKb} vt/ fk"0f{ hLjg latfpg afWo 5g . t/ pgLx¿n] cfkm"dfly ePsf lx+;fx¿ aflx/  Nofpg ;s] sf 5} gg . g] kfn ljZj dfgjlrqdf dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfÍsf b[li6n] !%& cf} + :yfgdf / n} lÍs c;dfgtf ;"rsfÍdf (Gender Inequality Index_ !!# cf+} :yfgdf / x] sf] 5 .4 g] kfnL dlxnfx¿sf] of] cj:yfn] ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfgtfdf 2 dlxnflj?4sf] lx+;f pGd'ng ug{] ;DaGwL 3f]if0ffkq, ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª3 !((# 3 CEDAW General Recommendation No. 19, llth session, 1992 4 o" Pg 8L kL, dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg @)!! kl/R5]b !M kl/ro w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 30. 29 dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 29 ljZjf; / fVg] x/ ] s g] kfnLnfO{ lrlGtt agfPsf] 5 . b] z / fhgLlts ¿kn] nf] stflGqs k|0ffnLtkm{ ¿kfGtl/ t x'g] qmddf 5 t/ b] zdf;fdflhs, cfly{s ;+/ rgf; ;dfhdf h/ f]  uf8] /  / x] sf]  lkQ[;QfTds d"NodfGotf, ;f] r, wf/ 0ff; tyfcGwlaZjf;df cfwfl/ t ;+:s[ltnfO{ ;+qmd0fsfnLg ;/ sf/ åf/ f ;Daf] wg ug{ ;s] sf]  5} g  . of] l:yltn]  dlxnfx¿dfly yk lx+;f x'g]  cfwf/  t} of/  u/ ] sf]  5  . b] zdf a9b}  uPsf]  / fhgLltsf]  ck/ fwLs/ 0f /  ck/ fwssf]  / fhgLlts/ 0fn]  lx+;f ug{] nfO{ an k'u] s] f 5 . b] zdf a9b} uPsf] b08xLgtfsf]  l:yltn] lx+;f k|efljtn] Gofo kfpg] ;Defjgf lbg lbg} IfL0f xF'b}  uPsf] 5 . åGåsfndf ljleGg k|sf/ sf lx+;faf6 kLl8t dlxnfx¿ Gofo kfpg] ;Defjgf lbglbg} sd x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . / fhg} lts kl/ jt{g kl5 / fhgLltdf dlxnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf a9] sf] 5 . dlxnf clwsf/  ;'lglZrt ug{] egL ;/ sf/ åf/ f / fli6«o / cGt/ fli6«o txdf ljleGg k|lta4tfx¿hgfOPsf]  5  . t/  b] zdf h/ f]  uf8L/ x] sf]  dlxnf k'?ifsf] aLrdf / x] sf] c;dfg zlQm ;DaGw ;Daf] wg x'g ;s] sf]  5} g . cGtl/ d ;+ljwfgåf/ f dlxnfx¿sf] k|hgg / of} g clwsf/  ;'lglZrt ul/ Psf] ePtf klg Jojxf/ df dlxnfx¿n] oL clwsf/ x¿ k|fKt ug{ ;s] sf 5} gg . cfkmgf] z/ L/ dfly pgLx¿sf] cfkmgf]  lgoGq0f 5} g . x/ ] s If] qsf ;+/ rgfx¿df ljBdfg c;dfgtfn]  dlxnfdfly lje] b ePsf] 5 . hfltut; ;fdflhs / cfly{s ju{; of} lgs /  n} lËs klxrfg; tyf wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts / k/ Dk/ fsf cfwf/ df dlxnfdfly lx+;f x'g] ub{5 . dlxnfdfly x'g] lje] bk"0f{ cGTo / ;dfgtfsf nflu lje] bsf ;+/ rgfut sf/ stTjx¿sf]  klxrfgnfO{ :jLsf/ ug'{ jt{dfg kl/ j] zdf cfjZos 5 . 5 dlxnflj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ug{] dxf;lGw cGtu{tsf] g]kfnsf] rf}yf] / kfFrf} ;+o'Qm cfjlws k|ltj]bgdfly 5 Report of the Special Rapporteur on violenceagainst women, its causes and consequences,Rashida Manjoo, 2011, UN Human Rights Council w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 31. dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 3030 dlxnflj?4 e]befj pGd"ng ;ldltn] lbPsf] lgisif{ / ;'emfjx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g M s_ 3/ ] n' lx+;f lgoGq0f P] g / cGo sfg'gx¿sf] k|efjsf/ L sfof{Gjog ;'lglZrt ug{] / To:tf lx+;fsf bf] ifLx¿nfO{ d'2f rnfpg] / ;hfo lbg]  . v_ dlxnflj?4 ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] / fi6«JofkL tYofÍ;Íng k|0ffnL lgdf{0f ug{]  . u_ ha{h:tL s/ 0fL / cGo of} ghGo s;"/ df d'2f ug{ cbfntdf dlxnfsf] k|efjsf/ L kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{ of} ghGo lx+;fsf d'2f btf{sf] nflu xbDofb ;DaGwL sfg'g vf/ ] h ug{ tTsfn sbd rfNg]   . 3_ 3/ ] n' lx+;f tyf of} g lx+;f;DaGwdf k|x/ L, ;/ sf/ L jlsn, cbfnt / cGo ;Da4 ;/ sf/ L lgsfox¿sf cltl/ Qm :jf:YosdL{x¿nfO{ cfjZos tflnd lbg] / blnt ;d'bfo nufotsf ;a} ;d'bfodf vf;u/ L k'?if / afnsx¿nfO{ nlIft u/ L Jofks hgr] tgf clea[l4 sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{]  . ª_ j}jflxs anfTsf/df ;hfo a9fpg] u/L tof/ kfl/Psf] d:of}bf sfg'gnfO{ l9nfO{ gu/L kfl/t u/L nfu" ug{] / o; ;DaGwdf agfOPsf gofF sfg'gL Joj:yfsf ;DaGwdf r]tgf clea[l4 sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{] . b] zsf] / fhgLlts cl:y/ tfn] dlxnfdfly lx+;f ug{ an ldn] sf]  5 . dlxnfdfly x'g] x/ ] s k|sf/ sf] lx+;f ck/ fw xf] / of] dfgj clwsf/ sf] pNn3g xf]  . ;dfhdf ljBdfg c;dfg zlQm ;DaGw, JofKt ?l9jfbL ;f] r / ;fdflhs d"No dfGotfn] o:tf ck/ fw x'g k|f] T;fxg ub{5 . o:tf 36gfx¿df x'g] / fhgLlts x:tIf] k, kL8snfO{ ;+/ If0f ug{] k|rng, k|efljtnfO{ g} bf] lif b] vfpg]  w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 32. 31 dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 31 ;fdflhs ;f] r h:tf s'/ fx¿n] dlxnfdfly yk lx+;f ug{sf nflu an k|bfg ub{5 . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f lje] bk"0f{ ;fdflhs ;+/ rgfsf]  kl/ 0ffd xf]  . dlxnfnfO{ lje] b ug{] , kL8f lbg] tTjx¿ 3/ , kl/ jf/ , ;dfh b] lv ;/ sf/ sf ;a} ;+/ rgfx¿df h/ f] ufl8 a;] sf x'G5g . To;} n] dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f cGTo x'g] jftfj/ 0fsf] l;h{gf/ o:tf ;+/ rgfx¿df kl/ jt{g lagf ;Dej 5} g . o;sf ;fy} ;dfhdf :yflkt cGwljZjf;, lje] bk"0f{ ?l9jfbL Jojxf/ x¿n] dlxnfdfly lx+;f x'g] jftfj/ 0fnfO{ yk an k'¥ofpF5 . dlxnfdfly x'g]  h:tf] ;'s}  cdfgjLo /  lje] bk"0f{ Jojxf/ nfO{ klg ;fF:s[lts d"NodfGotfsf gfddf 9fs5f] k ug] { ul/ G5 .6 ;f] xL sf/ 0f b] zdf dlxnfnfO{ af] S;Lsf]  cf/ f] k nufO{ xTof ug{] , cfFvf lgsfNg] h:tf ljleGg ck/ fwx¿ ul/ Psf 5g . dfly eg] em} + o:tf ck/ fwx¿sf] cGTo b] zdf cfd"n / fhg} lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts gLlt Pj+ ;+/ rgfx¿sf kl/ jt{g lagf ;Dej 5} g . o:tf ;+/ rgfx¿df kl/ jt{gsf nflu / fHosf ;a} lgsfox¿df dlxnfsf] ;dfg'kflts ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ul/ g'kb{5 . o;sf nflu / fhg} lts k|lta4tf af] nL / Jojxf/ b'j} df nfu" x'g' cfjZos 5 eg] Jojxf/ df k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf nflu cfjZos kg{] ;xof] uL ;+oGqx¿sf] lj:tf/ ug'{kb{5 . o;/ L t} of/ ul/ Psf ;+oGqx¿df dlxnfsf] ;xh kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ul/ g'kb{5 . To;f] ePdf dfq lx+;fsf ;DaGwdf dlxnfx¿leq / x] sf]  "df}gtfsf] ;+:s[lt" cGTo x'g ;Qm5 . lx+;f lgoGq0f ug{ gLlt / of] hgfx¿ agfpg d2t ldNb5 . cf] / ] s g] kfnåf/ f :yflkt ;xof] uL ;+oGqx¿åf/ f lbOg]  ;xof] u / ;] jfsf sf/ 0f dlxnfx¿df cfkm"dfly ePsf lx+;fx¿sf] lj?4 s] xL xb;Dd "df}gtfsf] ;+:s[lt" e+u ePsf] 5 . of] k':ts dlxnfx¿åf/ fcfkm"dfly ePsf lx+;fx¿sf]  ph'/ LnfO{ ljZn] if0f u/ L t} of/ ul/ Psf] xf]  . oL ;"rgfx¿n] dlxnf lx+;f cGTosf nflu 6 The Special Rapporteur on violenceagainst women, Yakin Turkey,VAW causes and consequences, UN Human Rights Council w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 33. dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 3232 cfjZos kg{] Jofjxfl/ s gLlt / ;xof] uL ;+oGq ljsf; ug{] of] hgf agfpg d2t ug{] 5 eGg] ljZjf; ul/ Psf] 5 . dlxnf lj?4sf] x'g] /f]syfdsf nflu ePsf cGt/fli6«o k|of;x¿ dlxnf clwsf/sf] af/]sf] ;a} eGbf klxnf] ;fd'lxs k|of; ;]g]sf kmN; 3f]if0ffkq–!*$* nfO{ lng] ul/G5 . hxfF dtbfg ug]{ clwsf/ sf] af/]df ;f] 3f]if0ffkqn] a9L hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 tyfkL ;f] 3f] if0ffkqdf cfly{s ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf] af/]df s] lx dfqfdf cfjfh p7fPsf] kfOG5 . tTkZrft ljZjel/ lgs} w]/} dlxnf clwsf/sld{x¿n] dlxnf clwsf/sf] af/]df cfjfh p7fpb} cfPsf sf/0f ;fd'lxs ¿kdf dlxnf clwsf/sf] cfjfh a'nGb x'b} cfof] . dlxnf clwsf/ eGg] ljlQs} dlxnf lx+;f /f]syfd ePsf]n] dlxnf lx+;fnfO{ /f]syfd ug{sf nflu cGt/fli6«o :t/df 7"nf] k|of; ePsf] 5 . h;df vfzul/ ;+o'Qm /fi6«sf] :yfkgf kZrft o;n] b:tfj]hLs/0fdf al9 dfGotf kfPsf] Oltxf;n] b]vfp5 . vfzul/ dlxnfsf] ;jfn ;DaGwL /fi6« ;+l3o cfof]u -Commission on the Status of Women_, !($% n] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 leq dlxnf clwsf/sf af/]df lgs} 7"nf] of]ubfg lbPsf] 5 . o;n] dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq !($* sf] d:of}bf agfpg] b]lv lnP/ dlxnf lj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd'ng ;DaGwL dxf;GwL !(&( b] lv a]OlhË hf]8 kfrf}+ ;Dd]ng ;DdnfO{ of]ubfg lbPsf] kfOG5 . dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;fsf ;jfndf ;a}eGbf ljz]if cGt/fli6«o b:tfj] h eg]sf] dlxnf lj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd'ng ;DaGwL dxf;GwL !(&*-CEDAW_ xf], h;n] dlxnf clwsf/sf] ;jfndf ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f / kl/k"0f{ ug{sf ;a}eGbf a9L hf]8 lbG5 . o;n] dlxnf clwsf/sf ;jfndf s]an dlxnf lx+;f tyf lje]bsf af/]df dfq s'/f ub}{g ls o;n] ;a} k|sf/sf dlxnf dfly x'g] e]befjnfO{ pGd'ng ug{sf nflu cGt/fli6«o ¿kdf jsfnt ub{5 ;fy} ;a} kIf w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 34. 33 dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 33 /fi6«x¿nfO{ sfof{Gjogsf nflu afWosf/L ub{5 . o; dxf;GwLn] dlxnf / k'?if ljrsf] lje]bnfO{ jf:tljs ;dfgtfdf hf]8 lbG5 . sfg"gL ¿kdf dfq lje]bsf] cGteGbf klg sfg"gsf ;fy;fy} jf:tljs ;dfgtfdf jsfnt o; dxf;GwLn] ub{5 . wf/f $ n] dlxnf / k'?if ljrsf] jf:tljs ;dfgtfnfO{ a9fpg kIf / fi6«x¿4f/f rflnPsf c:yfoL ljz]if pkfox¿nfO{ of] dxf;GwLdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] e]befj dflgg] 5}g t/ o;sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k pTkGg ePsf c;dfgtf tyf km/s :t/x¿nfO{ s'g} xfntn] klg sfod /fVg' cfjZos x'g] 5}g, ;dfg cj;/ / ;dfg Jojxf/ k|fKt ug]{ p4]Zox¿ xfl;n e};s]kl5 lt pkfox¿nfO{ /f]lsg]5g elg JofVof u/]af6 jf:tjdf dlxnfx¿sf clwsf/ ;+/If0f ug{sf nflu k'?if ;/xsf] :t/df k'/ofpgsf nflu c;dfgtfsf cfwf/df k|s[of cufl8 a9fP/ eP klg dlxnf / k'?ifsf] :t/ ;dfg k'/ofOg] 5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . l;8f] sldl6n] klg ;a} kIf /fi6«x¿nfO{ l;kmfl/; ug]{ qmddf xfn e}/x]sf ;a} k|sf/sf dlxnf lj?4sf lx+;f /f]syfd ug{sf nflu lglZrt /fli6«o of]hgf agfO{ ;f] nflu pko'Qm tl/sfn] sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu lglZrt ;+/rgfx¿ :yfkgf ug]{ / lt ;+/rgfx¿n] sfo{ u/]gu/]sf] plrt cg'udgsf] k|s[ofåf/f ;lx tl/sfn] sfof{Gjog ug{df hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;f /f]syfdsf nflu tof/ kfl/g] of]hgfdf dlxnf lx+;fsf] ljleGg ¿kx¿df 3/] n' lx+;f, ha/h:tLs/0fL, a]rljvg nufPtsf ¿kx¿nfO{ /f]syfd ug{ cem k|fyldstf lbg' kg]{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf] 5 . l;8f] sldl6n] kfl/t u/]sf] ;fwf/0f l;kmfl/; g+ !( df dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;fnfO{ lnËdf cfwfl/t lje]b elg kl/efiff u/]sf] 5 h;df lnËdf cfwfl/t lx+;f eg]sf] Tof] lje]b xf] hxfF dlxnfn] cfkmgf] clwsf/nfO{ k'?if;/x :jtGq ¿kdf pkef]u ug{ gkfpg' w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 35. dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 3434 xf] . ;f]lx l;kmfl/; g+ !( df clwsf/ / :jtGqttf eg]sf hLjg, :jtGqtf / ;'/Iff, oftgfaf6 d'Qm, ;dfg ;+/If0f, sfdsf] clwsf/, kfl/jfl/s clwsf/ cflb x'g eg]sf] 5 . lo clwsf/x¿ :jtGq ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ kfpg' g} dlxnfsf] g};lu{s xs xf] / of] g} dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;f pGd'ngsf] ;a}eGbf pQd k|of]u xf] . dlxnf ;DalGw rf}yf] a]OlhË ;Dd]ng !((% n] a]OlhË Kn]6kmfd{ ckm PS;g kfl/t ul/ dlxnf lj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf lx+;fx¿nfO{ pGd'ng ug{sf nflu ;Dk"0f{ txdf e}/x]sf lje]bx¿sf ;jfndf lglZrt sfg"g lgdf{0f ug{ / ltgnfO{ nfu' ug{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf] 5 . o;n] kIf /fi6«x¿nfO{ dlxnf lj?4 e}/x]sf ;a} k|sf/sf e] befjx¿nfO{ pGd'ng ug{sf nflu bjfj k/]sf] 5 eg] cfh;Dd cfO{k'Ubf sfof{Gjogsf] ;jfndf geP klg sfg"g lgdf{0f aGg] txdf eg] lgs} k|ult ePsf] klg 5 . a]OlhË 3f]if0ffkqn] dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;fsf] af/]df eg]sf] 5 ls dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;f ;du| ;dfgtf, zfGtL tyf ljsf;sf] afws ag]sf] 5 . dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;fn] dlxnfsf ;du| dfgj clwsf/ tyf df}lns :jtGqtfdfly g} wfjf af]ln/x]sf] 5 . dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;f lgoGq0fsf nflu ePsf /fli6«o k|of;x¿ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !# / @) n] qmdzM ;dfgtfsf] xs / dlxnfsf] xsnfO{ df}lns xsdf ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . dlxnfsf lj?4 ul/g] e]befj b08gLo x'g], 5f]/f5f]/Lsf ljr k} lqs ;DklQdf a/fa/ xs nfUg] clwsf/nfO{ df}lns xssf ¿kdf Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To;}ul/ d'n'sL P]gsf ljleGg lzif{sx¿df dlxnf ;dfgtfsf af/]df sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . c+za08fsf] dxn, nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] dxn, ljjfxjf/Lsf] dxn, ha/h:tLs/0fLsf] dxn nufPtdf dlxnf lj?4 x'g] lx+;f, dlxnf / k'?if ljr ul/g] lje]bxsf] cGt tyf dlxnfsf clwsf/nfO{ yk ;'/lIft ug{sf nflu w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 36. 35 dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 35 sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . dfgj a]rljvg tyf cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0f P]g @)^$ tyf lgodfjnL, 3/]n' lx+;f -lgoGq0f / /f] syfd_ P]g @)^^ tyf lgodfjnL dlxnf lj?4 lx+;f /f]syfdsf nflu NofOPsf pbfx/0fLo sfo{ x'g . kl5Nnf] k6s g]kfn ;/sf/n] dlxnf lj?4 xg] lx+;f lgoGq0f ug{ s]lx ;sf/fTds sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]usf] u7g b]lv cnUu} dlxnf dGqfno nufPtsf ;+u7gfTds sfo{x¿sf cnfjf sfg"g, gLlt lgdf{0fx¿df klg ;sf/fTds sbd rfn]sf] kfOG5 . lnËdf cfwfl/t lx+;fsf af/]df /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf tof/ kfl/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] @)!) nfO{ n}lËs lx+;f lj?4sf] aif{ 3f]if0ff ul/ o;nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] lyof] . To;} sfo{of]hgfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ qmddf k|wfgdGqL sfof{no cGt/ut /xg] ul/ n}lËs lje]b ;DaGwL OsfO{ :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 o;n] /fli6«o :t/df gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u ug{sf ;fy} ljleGg u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿;+Uf klg ;xsfo{ ul/ lnËsf cfwf/df ul/g] eb] efjnfO{ cGTo ug{ cufl8 al9 /x]sf] 5 . To;}ul/ dfgj a]rljvg ljzif ul/ dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfx¿sf] a]rljvg tyf cf];f/k;f/ lj?4sf] /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf @)^* cufl8 NofO{ sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf /x]sf] 5 . dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;f dWo]sf] Ps 7"nf] ;d:of dlxnf a]rljvgsf] ;jfn clxn] hNbf]aNbf] ¿kdf cufl8 cfPsf] 5 . ljZjsf] cfs8fn] klg ck/flws sf/f]af/ dWo]sf] dfgj a]rljvg ;a}eGbf al9 x'g] u/]sf] b]vfp5 eg] g]kfndf klg dlxnf a]rljvgsf] ;jfn hl6n ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf cufl8 cfPsf] 5 . clxn] ljleGg axfgfdf g] kfnL dlxnfx¿nfO{ ef/t nufPt t];|f] b]zdf n}hfg] k|a[lQ a9]sf] 5 . a}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] gfddf, ljleGg sfddf nufO{lbg] gfddf g]kfnL dlxnfx¿ clxn] a]rljvgsf] lzsf/ e}/x]sf 5g . o;} w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 37. dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 3636 ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfgsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] dfgj a]rljvg tyf cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0f P]g @)^$ sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . o;n] cGo sfg"geGbf s8fO{ tyf leGg tl/sfn] sfo{ljlw klg lgwf{/0f u/]sf]n] ;s];Dd cleo'QmnfO{ xb};Ddsf] ;hfo xf]; eGg] cfzo o; P]gsf] /x]sf] 5 . dfgj a]rljvg / cf];f/k;f/sf]sf] kl/efiff leGgfleGg} ul/ s'g} klg p4]Zon] a]Rg] lsGg], s'g} klg kmfObflnO{ jf glnO{ a]Zofj[lQdf nufpg], k|rlnt sfg"gdf afx]s c+u lemSg] / a]Zofudg ug]{ ;d]tnfO{ a]rljvg eg]sf] 5 eg] lsGg] jf a]Rg] p2]Zon] dflg;nfO{ ljb]zdf n}hfg], j]Zofj[lQdf nufpg] jf zf]if0f ug]{ p2]Zon] s'g} k|sf/n] nnfO{ kmsfO{, k|nf]egdf kf/L, e'mSofO{, hfn;fh u/L, k|k~r ldnfO{, hah{:tL u/L, s/sfkdf kf/L, ckx/0f u/L, z/L/ aGws /fvL, gfh's l:yltsf] kmfObf lnO{, a]xf]; kf/L, kb jf zlQmsf] b'¿kof]u u/L, cleefjs jf ;+/IfsnfO{ k|nf] egdf kf/L, 8/, qf;, wfs, wDsL lbO{ jf s/sfkdf kf/L s;}nfO{ al;/x]sf] 3/, :yfg jf JolQmaf6 5'6fO{ nUg] jf cfk"m;Fu /fVg] jf cfˆgf] lgoGq0fdf lng] jf s'g} :yfgdf /fVg] jf g]kfnleqsf] Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf jf ljb]zdf n}hfg] jf c? s;}nfO{ lbg] sfo{ cf];f/k;f/ x'g] eg]sf] 5 . dlxnf dfly x'g] lx+;f dWo]sf] ha/h:tL s/0fL klg Ps xf] . o;af/] df d'n'sL P]gsf] ha/h:tL s/0fLsf] dxndf s;}n] s'g} dlxnfnfO{ lghsf] d~h"/L glnO{ s/0fL u/]df jf ;f]x| jif{eGbf sd pd]/ sL aflnsfnfO{ lghsf] d~h"/L lnO{ jf glnO{ s/0fL u/]df lghn] hah{:tL s/0fL u/]sf] 7x5{ elg kl/efiff u/]sf] 5 . o;df 8/ wfs, wDsL qf; tyf cg'lrt k|efjdf kfl/ u/]sf] sfo{nfO{ klg ;d]6]sf] 5 . of] o:tf] of}ghGo ck/fw xf] ls h;af6 dlxnf :jo+ lkl8t t x'lG5g g} o;n] p;sf] kl/jf/ tyf ;dfhdf g} c;/ k5{ To;}n] o; ck/fwnfO{ h3Go ck/fwsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . ha/h:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fw g]kfnsf] sfg"g cg';f/ s]an dlxnf dfly dfq x'g] ck/fw dflgG5 . ha/h:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fw s]an k'?ifn] dfq w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 38. 37 dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 37 ug]{ xf]Og ls dlxnfn] klg k'?ifdfly ha/h:tLs/0fLsf] ck/fw ug{ ;Sg] ePsf]n] e]befj eof] elg bfo/ u/]sf] Zofds[i0f df:s]sf] d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] g]kfnL ;dfh cg';f/ dlxnfn] k'?ifnfO{ ha/h:tLs/0fL ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf /xb}g elg vf/]h ul/lbPsf] 5 . To;}ul/ dL/f 9'+ufgfsf] Pp6f d'2fdf a}jflxs anfTsf/nfO{ dfGotf lbO{ kltn] klg kTgLsf] d~h'/L ljgf of}gsfo{ u/]df ha/h:tL s/0fL x'g] elg ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] km};nf u/]sf] 5 . ha/h:tL s/0fLsf] d2fdf cleo'Qmaf6 plrt cfly{s If]ltk"lt{ lbnfO{ lbg], o;sf nflu d'2f bfo/ ubf{ v]l/ g} cleo'Qmsf] c+z afktsf] ;DklQ /f]Ssf /fVg' kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;kgf k|wfg dNnsf] Ps d'2fdf ha/h:tLs/0fL ;DaGwL #% lbg] xbDofbsf] ;DaGwdf ;/sf/sf gfddf lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z lbO{ pQm ;do pko'Qm gePsf]n] pQm xbDofbsf] ;do a9fpg' eg]sf] 5 . hLts'df/L k+u]gLn] a}jflxs anfTsf/sf] ck/flwnfO{ x'g] elgPsf] s}b ;hfo Go"g ePsf]n] cGo ck/fwLnfO{ eP ;/x x'g'kg]{ dfubflj ;lxt bfo/ u/]sf] Pp6f d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;f] af/]df klg af]n]sf] kfOG5 eg] Hof]lt nD;fn kf}8]nn] bfo/ u/]sf] Ps d'2fdf ;a} :jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿df anfTsf/ lkl8t dlxnfnfO{ lgMz'Ns pkrf/ tyf k/fdz{ lbO{g] Joj:yf ug'{ eGg] ;jf]{Rrn] cfb]z lbPsf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] dfgj a]rljvg tyf cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0f tyf /f]syfd P]g / 3/]n' lx+;f /f]syfd tyf lgoGq0f P]g cGt/ut 5'66f5'66} ;'/lIft cfjf; s]Gb|x¿ ljleGg lhNnfdf :yfkgf ul/ lkl8t dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;]jf lbg] tyf k'g{:yfkgfsf nflu ljleGg sfg"gL k/fdz{ ;xof]u tyf cGo k/fdz{sf sfo{x¿ ub}{ cfPsf] kfOG5 . o;sf ;fy} ljleGg u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] klg 3/]n' lx+;fdf k/]sf ;'/Iff cfjf; cfjZostf k/]sf dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ul//x]sf 5g . cf]/]s g]kfnn] g]kfn el/ ljleGg & lhNnfdf dlxnf ;'/Iff cfjf; s]Gb|x¿ ;+rfng ub}{ cfO{/x]sf] 5 . w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 39. dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 3838 dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;f /f]syfdsf nflu ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L If] qaf6 lgs} k|of;x¿ ePsf eP klg cem sfof{Gjogsf] ;jfndf Tolt /fd|f] k|ult x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . cf/]s g]kfnn] dfl;s ¿kdf / fli6«o :t/sf kqklqsf 5flkPsf 36gfnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ tof/ kfg]{ dlxnf lx+;f ;DaGwL k|ltj]bgdf s'g} dlxgf 36gf a9]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 eg] s'g} dlxgf yf]/} . ;+VofTds lx;fan] x]bf{ k|lt dlxgf 36gfsf] b/ a9b} uPsf] b]vfPsf] 5 . h:tf] pQm tYofÍdf x]bf{ @)^( ;fn a}zfvdf !)%, h]i7 @)^( df !$!, c;f/df !^) tyf efb|df (^ dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gf 36]sf 5g . o;n] klg s] b]vfp5 eg] dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gf lbg k|ltlbg a9b} u}/x]sf 5g . !=@ cWoogsf] ;Ldf o; k':tsdf ljleGg lhNnfx¿df ;d'bfo:t/ df lqmofzLn dlxnf dfgj clwsf/  / Ifsx¿n]  36gf clen] vLs/ 0f u/ L k7fPsf 36gfx¿, :ynut ¿kdf cg';Gwfg tyf clen] vLs/ 0f ul/ Psf 36gfx¿, ;+:yfn] ;'/ lIft cfjf;, sfg'gL k/ fdz{ tyf sfg'gL ;xof] u, :jf:Yo pkrf/ nufotsf ;xof] u k'¥ofPsf] 36gfx¿nfO{ ;dfj] z u/ L ljZn] if0f ul/ Psf] 5 . / fli6«o kqklqsfx¿df k|sfzg ePsf dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] cg'udg u/ L pQm cg'udgsf cfwf/ df ul/ Psf] ljZn] if0fnfO{ klg o; k':tsdf ;dfj] z ul/ Psf]  5 . o; k':ttsdf % j6} ljsf; If] qdf dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿nfO{ ;dfj] z ug{] k|of; ul/ Psf] 5 . tfklg ;dfhdf n's] /  / x] sf / cem klg aflx/ cfpg g;s] sf, dlxnf dfgj clwsf/  / Ifsx¿ / ;+:yfsf] kx'FreGbf aflx/ / x] sf 36gfx¿ o; k':tsdf ;dfj] z ug{ ;lsPsf] 5} g . o; k':tsn] g] kfnsf] ;du| dlxnfx¿sf] cj:yfnfO{ k|ltljlDjt ug{ g;s] klg g] kfnsf] dlxnf lx+;fsf] cj:yfsf] :j¿k eg] lrq0f w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 40. 39 dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 39 ub{5 eGg] ljZjf; lnOPsf] 5 . !=# cWoog ljlw clen] vLs/ 0fsf]  ;Lk k|fKt tyf cf] / ] s g] kfnåf/ f clen] vLs/ 0fsf]  tflnd lbOPsf JolQmx¿af6 36gf clen] vLs/ 0f ul/ Psf] lyof]  . clen] vLs/ 0f ul/ Psf 36gfx¿sf]  uf] kgLotf sfod ug{ x/ ] s 36gfx¿df sf] 8 g+Da/ / fvL P;=lk=P;=P;= ;km6j] / eh{g !!=% tYofÍnfO{ Jojl:yt / ;+ul7t ug{] sfo{ ul/ Psf] lyof]  . / pQm ;km6j] / s} dfWodaf6 36gfx¿nfO{ ljZn] if0f u/ L k|fKt tYofÍx¿nfO{ o; k':tsdf ;dfj] z ul/ Psf] 5 . ;+rf/ dfWoddf k|sfzg ePsf dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿nfO{ klg df ljZn] if0f ul/ Psf] lyof]  . w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 42. 41 dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 41 @ dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf cj:yf / ljZn]if0f @=! lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] If]qut l:ylt of] jif{ -@)!! h'nfO{ b] lv @)!@ h'g;Dd_ cf] / ] s g] kfnleqhDdf !%*! j6fdlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fx¿ clen] vLs/ 0f ul/ Psf lyP . tL 36gfx¿ b] zsf % j6} ljsf; If] qaf6 ;+slnt ul/ Psf x'g . If] qut¿kdf lx+;fsf] l:ylt lgDg / x] sf] 5 . rf6{ g+= ! dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx?sf] If]qut l:ylt o; jif{ k|fKt tYofÍsf cg';f/ ;a} eGbf a9L dlxnfdfly ePsf]  lx+;fsf 36gf k"jf{~rn ljsf; If] qaf6 clen] vLs/ 0f ePsf] 5 . k"jf{~rn ljsf; If] qaf6 ^#Ü, dWodf~rn ljsf; If] qaf6 !*Ü, ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn / dWoklZrdf~rn ljsf; If] qaf6 a/ fa/ L (Ü / klZrdf~rnaf6 !Ü dlxnfx¿dfly ePsf ljleGg k|sf/ sf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf clen] vLs/ 0f ePsf 5g . -rf6{ !_ kl/R5]b @ M k|fKt kl/0ffdx¿ / ljZn]if0f w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 43. dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 4242 ljZn]if0f hxfF ;"rgf / lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf nflu ;xof] uL ;+oGq dlxnfsf] kx'Frdf 5 ToxfF lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ a9L dfqfdf aflx/  cfpg] u5{g / l/ kf] l6Ë a9L x'g] ub{5 eGg] tYonfO{ of] tYofÍn]  k'li6 ub{5 . k"jf{~rn ljsf; If] qdf dflg;sf] lzIffsf] :t/ , ;~rf/  ;~hfn, dfgj clwsf/ df sfd ug{] ;ª3;+:yfx¿sf] ;xeflutf cGo ljsf; If] qdfeGbf a9L / x] sf] kfO{G5 . ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/ x¿klg k"jf{~rnljsf; If] qdf cGo ljsf; If] qsf] t'ngfdf a9L ljsl;t 5g . g] kfn ;/ sf/ n] !% lhNnfdf ;+rfng u/ ] sf ;'/ lIft cfjf;sf]  ;] jf k"jf{~rn ljsf; If] qsf $ j6f lhNnfx¿df 5g . o;sf ;fy}  cf] / ] s g] kfn o; If] qdf ljut !* jif{b] lv sfo{/ t 5 . o; cjlwdf ;d'bfo:t/ b] lv g} dlxnf ;d"xx¿sf] ;~hfn lj:tf/ ul/ Psf] 5 . dlxnfx¿sf] dfgj clwsf/ , dlxnf clwsf/ , lx+;f h:tf s'/ fx¿sf]  a'emfO{df :ki6tf cfPsf] kfOG5 . !) jif{b] lv] la/ f6gu/ , pbok'/  /  wg'iffdf ;'/ lIft cfjf;sf]  cjwf/ 0ffdf ";'/ Iff cfjf;" x¿ ;+rflnt 5g . o;sf/ 0f of] If] qdf dlxnfx¿cfkm"dfly ePsf]  lx+;f aflx/ NofPdf ;xof] u k|fKt x'G5 eGg] s'/ sdf 9'Ss eO{ lx+;fsf]  ph'/ L lnP/  cf] / ] s g] kfn /  k|x/ LsxfF hfg]  ub{5g  . o; ljsf; If] qdf dlxnfx¿ ;d'bfo:t/ b] lv ;+ul7t eO{ ;lqmo¿kdf sfo{ ub{} 5g . o:t} u/ L k"j{sf lhNnfx¿df dlxnf dfgj clwsf/  / Ifsx¿sf]  ;d'bfo;Fusf]  ;dGjosf sf/ 0f klg ;d'bfo:t/ b] lvsf 36gfx¿ aflx/ cfpg] u/ ] sf 5g . To;} n] klg o; ljsf; If] qaf6 dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ x/ ] s jif{ cGo ljsf; If] qsf]  t'ngfdf a9L clen] lvs/ 0f xF'b} cfPsf] kfO{G5 . klZrdf~rn, dWo klZrdf~rn / ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ljsf; If] qaf6 dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ k"jf{~rn / dWodf~rn ljsf; If] qsf t'ngfdf sd clen] vLs/ 0f ePsf] 5 . t/ o;sf] cy{ o; ljsf; If] qdf 36gf klg sd x'g] ub{5 eGg] x} g . ef} uf] lns ljs6tf, ;"rgfdf kx'Frsf] sdL, ;] jf s] Gb|x¿sf] k"jf{wf/ df sdL w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 44. 43 dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 43 / lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sfnflu ;xof] uL ;+oGqx¿sf] sdL h:tf sf/ 0fn] klg dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] ph'/ L jf l/ kf] l6ª o; If] qaf6 sd ePsf] x'g ;Sb5 . @=@ dlxnf lx+;fsf k|sf/x¿ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf :j¿kx¿ ljleGg / x] sf 5g . o; k':tsdf dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fnfO{ d'Votof & efudf juL{s/ 0f u/ L ljZn] if0f ul/ Psf] 5 . k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf/ df dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf k|sf/ nfO{ rf6{ @ n] k|:t't ul/ Psf] 5 . rf6{ g+= @ dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf k|sf/x? o; jif{ clen] vLs/ 0f ul/ Psf] hDdf !%*! j6f 36gfx¿ df ;a} eGbf a9L -!)!(_ hgf dlxnfx¿ 3/ ] n' lx+;faf6 k|tfl8t x'g'k/ ] sf] tYo k|fKt ePsf] 5 . dlxnflj?4 x'g] lx+;fsf] ^$Ü efu 3/ ] n' lx+;fn]  cf] u6] sf]  5  . bf] ;|f]  :yfgdf ;fdflhs lx+;f / x] s] f 5 . s"n ;+Vofdf @%! -!^Ü_ hgf dlxnfx¿dfly ljleGg k|sf/ n]  ;fdflhs ¿kdf lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . s"n ;+Vofsf] $Ü -!!) j6f_ anfTsf/ sf 36gfx¿ / @Ü -#^j6f_ anfTsf/ sf k|of;sf w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 45. dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 4444 36gfx¿ ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . ^# hgf -#Ü_ dlxnfx¿dfly of} lgs lx+;f ePsf] 5 . @* hgf dlxnfx¿sf] xTof ePsf] 5 eg] !* hgf dlxnfx¿dfly xTofsf] k|of; ePsf] 5 . To;} u/ L @% hgf dlxnfx¿ a] rlavgdf k/ ] sf 5g eg] * hgf dlxnfx¿sf] a] rlavgsf] k|of; ePsf] 5 . cGo 36gfx¿df o; jif{ !@ hgf dlxnfx¿n] ljleGg lx+;fsf sf/ 0fn]  cfTdxTof u/ ] sf]  tYofÍ k|fKt ePsf] 5 eg] @ hgf dlxnfx¿ j] kQf agfO{Psf / ( hgf dlxnfx¿ cfkmg} kl/ jf/ sf ;b:ox¿åf/ f cnkq cj:yfdf kfl/ Psf]  kfO{Psf]  5  . ljZn]if0f dlxnfdfly x'g]  u/ ] sf]  lx+;fsf k|sf/ x¿nfO{ x] bf{ ;a} eGbf a9L-^$Ü_ dlxnfx¿ 3/ ] n' lx+;fdf k/ ] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . dlxnfdfly ;a} eGbf a9L cfkmg}  >Ldfgaf6 %#Ü /  3/kl/jf/sf ;b:oaf6 @)Ü lx+;f ePsf] kfO{G5 -rf6{ g+= *_ . o; tYofÍnfO{ ljZn] if0f ubf{ ';a} eGbf a9L dlxnfx¿ cfkmg} 3/df c;'/lIft 5g . dlxnfx¿ cfkm gf elgPsf JolQmx¿af6 g} a9L dfqfdf lx+;fdf kg{] u/]sf 5g / glhssf cfkmGtx¿af6} g} dlxnfx¿nfO{ vt/f 5' eGg]  ;+s] t o; tYofÍn] k|:t't u/ ] sf] 5 . lkQ[;Qfn] xfjL ePsf] jt{dfg ;fdflhs ;+/ rgfsf sf/ 0f g] kfndf dlxnfnfO{ cfh klg bf] ;|f]  bhf{sf]  gful/ ssf]  ¿kdf Jojxf/ ul/ G5 . kmn:j¿k dlxnfx¿sf]  cfkmgf]  z/ L/  /  of} lgstfdf ;d] t cfkmgf]  clwsf/  sfod x'g ;s] sf]  5} g . lkQ[;QfTds d"NodfGotf, k/ Dk/ f / ;+:sf/ sf cfwf/ df dlxnfsf] z/ L/ dfly c?sf] lgoGq0f sfod ul/ Psf] 5 . ljjfxk"j{ 5f] / L kl/ jf/ sf]  clwgdf /  ljjfxkZrft dlxnfdfly >Ldfgsf]  clwsf/  / xg]  lkQ[;QfTds ;f] r ;dfhdf h/ f]  uf8] /  / x] sf]  5  . oxL ;f] rcg'¿k dlxnfnfO{ 3/  kl/ jf/  /  >Ldfgsf]  ;DklQsf]  ¿kdf lnOG5 . 3/ sf] OHht wfGg] d"n cfwf/ sf] ¿kdf lrlqt ul/ G5 . kmn:j¿k dlxnfx¿ cfkmgf] 3/ kl/ jf/ / >Ldfgn] rfx] cg'¿ksf sfo{x¿ ug{ afWo kfl/ G5g . pgLx¿sf] gt ;DklQdf xs x'G5 gt cfkmg} :jcfh{gdf . o:tf] l:yltdf olb dlxnfn] cfkmgf] clwsf/  w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 46. 45 dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 45 vf] lhg, jsfnt ul/ g eg] pgLdfly lx+;f x'g hfG5 . dflg;sf nflu ;a} eGbf ;'/ lIft :yfg 3/ / ;xof] uL JolQm eg] sf cfkmgf]  kl/ jf/ sf ;b:o x'G5g ,t/ dlxnfsf nflu ltg} c;'/ lIft 5g . of] cToGt lrGtfsf] ljifo / x] sf] 5 . @=# dlxnf lx+;f / pd]/ o; k':tsdf dlxnfsf] pd] / nfO{ % efudf ljefhg u/ L s'g pd] /  ;d"xdf a9L dlxnfdfly lx+;f ePsf] 5 egL ljZn] if0f ul/ Psf]  5 . k|fKt tYofÍ cg';f/ !^–@% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿df ;a}eGbf a9L -#%Ü_lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . o;} u/ L @^–#% jif{ pd] /  ;d"xdf ##Ü, #^–$% jif{ pd] / ;d"xdf !^Ü, !^ jif{d'lgsf aflnsfdf &Ü, $^–%% jif{ pd] / ;d"xdf %Ü / %% jif{ dflysf dlxnfx¿df $Ü lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 -rf6{ #_ . rf6{ g+= # dlxnfsf] pd]/ cg';f/ lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd ljZn]if0f “cfTd ;Ddfgsf ;fy hLjgofkg ug{ kfpg' x/]s JolQmsf] g};lu{s w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 47. dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 4646 clwsf/ xf]”(dfgj clwsf/ sf] ljZjJofkL 3f] if0ffkq, !($*_ . g] kfnL dlxnfx¿ ue{fj:yfb] lv lrtfdf ghn'~h] n ;Ddsf] cj:yfdf km/ s km/ s :j¿ksf lx+;fx¿ v] Kb} hLjgofkg ug{ afWo agfO{Psf 5g . o; jif{ k|fKt tYofÍnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f / pd] / ;d"xnfO{ ljZn] if0f ubf{ # jif{b] lv *$ jif{ pd] / sf dlxnfxdfly ;d] t s'g} g s'g} k|sf/ sf] lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . o;n] s] b] vfpF5 eg] s'g} klg pd] / ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿n] :jtGq /  lx+;f/ lxt hLjg ofkg ug{ ;s] sf 5} gg . ;a} eGbf a9L dlxnfx¿ !^ b] lv @% jif{sf] pd] / ;d"xdf lx+;fdf / x] sf] ] ] kfOPsf] 5 . of]  pd] / ljz] ift JolQmut ljsf; ug{] , pRr lzIff xfl;Fn ug{] /  l;h{gzLn sfo{df ;+nUg x'g] pd] / xf]  . t/ ;dfhdf ljBdfg / x] sf]  5f] / Lk|ltsf]  lje] bsf/ L ;f] rsf sf/ 0f dlxnfn]  ljjfx ug{} kg{]  dfGotfsf sf/ 0f o; pd] / sf w] / } dlxnfx¿ ank"j{s ljjfx aGwgdf aflwG5g . k9fO{ aLrd} 5f] 8g afWo agfO{G5g . kmn:j¿k pgLx¿sf] cfTdan sdhf] / aGg k'Ub5 . pgLx¿dfly lx+;f x'g]  jftfj/ 0f aG5 . ;dfhdf ljBdfg dlxnfk|ltsf] unt b[li6sf] 0fn]  of] l:yltnfO{ yk dnhn ub{5 . o:tf] l:yltn] dlxnfsf] JolQmTj ljsf;, :jf:Yo, lzIff h:tf cfwf/ e"t s'/ fx¿df gsf/ fTds k|efj kfb{5 . oxL pd] / ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿dfly ;a} eGbf a9L lx+;f klg x'g]  u/ ] sf]  5  . o;n]  s]  b] vfpF5 eg]  dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;dfhdf x/ ] s lx;fan] k'?ifsf t'ngfdf k5fl8 kfg{sf nflu dlxnfdfly lx+;f x'g]  jftfj/ 0f tof/  ul/ Psf]  xf]   . o; pd] / ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿dfly a9L lx+;f x'g'sf] csf{] sf/ 0f xfd|f]  ;dfhdf of] pd] / ;d"xsf ^)Ü dlxnfx¿sf] ljjfx eO{;s] sf]  x'G5 . 7 ;fgf] pd] / df 5f] / Lsf] ljjfx u¥of] eg] wd{ sdfOG5 /  :ju{ hfg kfO{G5, 5f] / Ln] ;Ifd eP/ cfkm} + ljjfx u/ L eg] OHht hfG5, 5f] / Ln]  w] / }  k9L eg]  ;f]  txsf]  s] 6f kfpg ufx|f]  x'G5 eGg]  ;f] r cem;Dd ;dfhdf xfaL 5 . 5f] / Ldf "s'df/ LTj" xF'b+} ljjfx ug'{k5{ eGg]  dfGotfn]  ubf{ ;fg}  pd] / df 5f] / Lsf]  ljjfx ug{]  ul/ G5  .8 7 The state of the Worlds's children, UNICEF, 2007 8 Premarital Socio-Economic Roles and the Timing of Family w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 48. 47 dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 47 o:tf ;f] rn] klg dlxnfdfly lx+;f ug{nfO{ k|z:t jftfj/ 0f tof/  ul/ Psf]  5  . @^–#% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿ klg lx+;faf6 a9L k|efljt ePsf 5g . of] pd] / eg] sf] pTkfbgzLn pd] / xf]  . o; pd] / df dlxnfx¿ ;fdflhs / h} ljs k|hgg b'j} sfo{df ;+nUg x'G5g . of]  l:yltdf dlxnfn]  kl/ jf/ n]  eg]  cg';f/ sf]  lnËsf]  aRrf vf;u/ L 5f] / L hGdfPg, ;dfhsf]  dfGotfcg'¿k cfkm"nfO{ 9fNg ;s] g, kl/ jf/ sf]  ck] Iff cg'¿ksf] k9fO{, sfd ug{ ;s] g, cfkmgf] z/ L/ dfly cfkmgf] lg0f{o ug{] sf] lz; u¥of] eg] p;n] lx+;f vKg' kg{] l:ylt 5 . of] l:yltn] dlxnfsf] dfgj clwsf/ ;+ljwfgtM k|fKt df} lns clwsf/ x¿ xgg eO/ x] sf 5g . !% b] lv @% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf / @^ b] lv #% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿ a9L dfqfdf 3/ ] n' lx+;faf6 kLl8t 5g . o;/ L kLl8t x'g] dlxnfx¿dWo] ;aeGbf a9L dlxnfx¿ cfkmgf] >Ldfg /  3/ kl/ jf/ sf ;b:ox¿af6 k|tfl8t ePsf 5g . o;n] :ki6 ¿kdf "3/ leq / cfkmGtx¿dfem dlxnfx¿ ;'/ lIft 5g" eGg]  ;f] rnfO{ r'gf} tL lbPsf] 5 . @=$ dlxnf lx+;f / lzIff dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f / lzIffsf] l:yltnfO{ ljZn] if0f u/ L tn rf6{df -rf6{ g+ $ / %_ k|:t't ul/ Psf] 5 . o; tYofÍsf cfwf/ df a9L lx+;f -&*Ü_ ;fIf/ dlxnfx¿dfly x'g] u/ ] sf] kfOPsf] 5 . ;fIf/  dlxnfdf klg $&Ü k|f} 9 lzIff, !(Ü pRr dfWolds tx;Dd cWoog u/ ] sf, !%Ü k|fylds tx;Dd cWoog u/ ] sf, !$Ü dfWolds tx;Dd cWoog u/ ] sf / %Ü pRr dfWolds txeGbf a9L cWoog u/ ] sf dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 eg] lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo]  @@Ü lg/ If/  dlxnfx¿ / x] sf]  kfO{of]   . formation: a comparative study of five Asian societies, Demography 22(1):35-59 w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 49. dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 4848 rf6{ g++=$ dlxnfsf] z}lIfs cj:yfsf cfwf/df lx+;fsf kl/0fdx¿ rf6{ g++=% dlxnfsf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yfsf cfwf/df lx+;fsf kl/0fdx¿ w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 50. 49 dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 49 ljZn]if0f dflysf] tYofÍnfO{ ljZn] if0f ubf{ s] kfO{G5 eg] hf] dlxnfx¿ ;fIf/ 5g, cfkm"dfly ePsf] cGofo÷lx+;fsf] klxrfg ug{ ;Ifd 5g / To;sf lj?4 af] N5g tL dlxnfx¿g} a9L dfqfdf lx+;fsf]  hf] lvddf / x] sf 5g . o;sf] ;fy} o:tf dlxnfx¿n] cfkm"dfly ePsf lx+;fx¿ aflx/ NofpF5g . Gofosf nflu ph'/ L ub{5g . To;} n] o:tf dlxnfx¿dfly x'g] lx+;fx¿sf] ph'/ L a9L x'G5 . ;fy}  k9] n] v] sf dlxnfx¿n]  hlxn]  klg ;dfgtfsf s'/ f hfgL ghflgbf] + ¿kdf kl/ jf/ / ;dfhdf p7fpF5g, cGofosf] lj?4 af] N5g / c?nfO{ klg af] Ng k|] l/ t ub{5g / ltg} dlxnfx¿nfO{ nlIft u/ L lx+;f ul/ G5 . tL dlxnfx¿ k'/ ftgjfbL / ?9LjfbL ;f] raf6 ;dfhnfO{ d'Qm u/ fpgtkm{ nfUb5g . pgLx¿ ;dfhdf ljBdfg ?l9jfbL k'/ ftgjfbL ;f] rfOsf] rqmJo"x tf] 8L aflx/ cfpg] k|of;df x'G5g . kmn:j¿k ;dfhdf / x] sf] k'/ ftgjfbL tyf lkQ[;QfTds ;f] rfOsf kIfkftLx¿n] o;/ L ;lqmo lzlIft dlxnfx¿nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{sf nflu lx+;fsf] af6f] ckgfpg yfN5g . dflysf rf6{x¿df k|:t't tYofÍdf klxnf] lx+;fdf kg{] ;fIf/  dlxnfx¿ /  bf] ;|f] df lg/ If/  dlxnfx¿ / x] sf]  kfO{Psf]  5  . jt{dfg ;fdflhs ;+/ rgfn] ljjfxk"j{ dlxnfn] afa'n] eg] sf] h]  klg dfGg'k5{ . ljjfx kZrft >Ldfg g} dlxnfsf nflu ;j{] ;jf{ x'G5g, eGg] dlxnfsf] ;f] rfO{df kfl/ lbPsf] 5 . h;sf sf/ 0f w] / }  dlxnfx¿n] >Ldfgn] ug{] h:tf] ;'s} Jojxf/ ;d] tnfO{ klg olt t e}  xfN5, d] / f]  z/ L/ df cflv/  p;sf]  clwsf/  5 -d] / f]  z/ L/  d] / f]  clwsf/ _ eGg] unt ;f] r cfTd;ft u/ ] sf] ] kfOG5 . T;;sf sf/ 0f ck/ fwLs 36gfx¿nfO{ klg dlxnfn] ;'? ;'?df ;fdfGo ¿kdf lng] u5{g . dlxnfx¿n] cfkm"dfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] klxrfg ;d] t ug{ g;Sg] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf lkQ[;Qfn] ul/ lbPsf] 5 . >Ldfg /  3/ kl/ jf/ sf ;b:oaf6 x'g]  cfk/ flws ultljlwx¿nfO{ dlxnfn]  ;x] / } a:5g / dlxnfnfO{ To:tf 36gfx¿ ;x] / a:g'kb{5 eGg] tkm{ w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 51. dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 5050 ;dfhn] ;d] t clek|] l/ t ub{5 . h'g lbg Tof] lx+;fn] ;Ldf gf£5 To;kl5 dfq To:tf 36gfx¿ aflx/ cfpF5g . @=% k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf o; jif{ clen] vLs/ 0f ul/ Psf tYofÍsf cfwf/ df ljjflxt dlxnfx¿ ;a} eGbf a9L lx+;fdf k/ ] sf] kfOPsf] 5 . k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo]  *)Ü ljjflxt dlxnfx¿ / x] sf 5g . o;} u/ L !$Ü dlxnfx¿ cljjflxt, $Ü dlxnfx¿ Psn / @Ü dlxnfx¿ 5'l§P/  a;] sf 5g . k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf/ df kf/ kfr's] u/ ] sf # hgf dlxnfx¿dfly / ;Fu} a;] sf # hgf dlxnfx¿dfly klg lx+;f ePsf]  kfOPsf] 5 -rf6{ g+ ^_. rf6{ g+= ^ dlxnfsf] j} jflxs l:ylt / lx+;fsf] kl/ 0ffd ljjfx ;dfhdf dfGotf k|fKt ;+:yfsf ¿kdf :yflkt x'g'n] klg dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fnfO{ vf;u/ L dlxnfdfly 3/ ] n' lx+;f ug{nfO{ ;xh agfO{ lbPsf] 5 . ljjfxkZrft >Ldfgsf] 3/ df hfg'kg{]  ;+:sf/ n] dlxnfx¿ z} lIfs / cfly{s ¿kn] hlt ;Ifd ePklg w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 52. 51 dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 51 k'?ifeGbf sdhf] / 5g eGg] ;fljt ug{ vf] h] sf] 5 . lkQ[;QfTds ;+/ rgfn] dlxnfsf] :jtGqtf, pTkfbg / of} lgstfdf k'?ifs} lg0f{o / lgoGq0f ;b} j agfO{/ fVg klg ljjfxnfO{ ;+:Yffut ul/ Psf] 5 . k|rlnt k/ Dk/ f, ;+:s[lt, ;+:sf/ sf gfddf ;dfhdf / x] sf]  d"NodfGotfn] dlxnf / k'?ifaLr x'g] of} glqmofsnfknfO{ sfg'gL dfGotf k|bfg ub{} cfPsf] 5 . xfn g] kfnsf] sfg'ggn] @) jif{ k"/ f ePsf JolQmx¿sf nflu ljjfx ug{] / of} glqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg x'gsf nflu sfg'gL / ;fdflhs dfGotf k|bfg u/ ] sf] 5 . ljjfx kZrft dlxnfn]  cfkmgf]  3/  5f] 8] /  s] 6fsf]  3/ df g}  uP/  a:g]  rngn] k'?ifx¿nfO{ zlQmzfnL / dlxnfdfly lgoGq0f ug{sf nflu an k|bfg u/ ] sf] 5 . o;nfO{ o; jif{ k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf/ df dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f ;a} eGbf a9L >Ldfgaf6 -%#Ü_ePsf]  tYon]  klg :ki6 kf/ ] sf] 5 . ljjfxkZrft dlxnfx¿ kl/ jf/ sf] lgoGq0fdf / xg] u5{g / ;a} eGbf a9L dlxnfx¿ cfkmg} >Ldfgaf6 lgolGqt x'g] ub{5g . ljjfx kZrft dlxnfn] ug{] x/ ] s sfo{nfO{ 3/ kl/ jf/  / O{Hhtsf] ljifo agfO{G5 h;n] ubf{ dlxnfx¿sf] :jtGq eP/  afRg kfpg] clwsf/ sf] ;d] t xgg ePsf] cj:yf 5 . xfn g] kfndf ljjfxk"j{ ;Fu} a:g] hf] 8Lx¿sf] olsg tYofÍ gePtf klg of] k|rng a9bf] 5 . ljjfxk"j{ ;Fu} a:g] hf] l8x¿n] sfg'gL /  wfld{s dfGotf kfPsf] 5} gg . of] k|rng ljz] ifu/ L u|fdL0f If] qdf eGbf zx/ L If] qdf a9L / x] s] f kfO{G5 . of] k|rngn] dlxnfnfO{ s] xL xb;Dd ePklg ;fdflhs e"ldsf / ;f+:s[lts k/ Dk/ fsf cf8df dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fnfO{ r'gf} lt lbG5 . lx+;f hxfF klg / h:tf]  ;DaGw ePsf JolQmx¿af6 klg x'g ;S5 . o;/ L ;Fu} a;] sf hf] 8Lx¿df lx+;f ePdf sfg'gn] o;nfO{ dfGotf k|bfg gu/ ] s} sf/ 0f dlxnfx¿ sfg'gL Gofo kfpg] clwsf/ af6 ;d] t al~rt x'g' kg{]  cj:yf 5 . o;/ L ;Fu} a;] sf hf] l8x¿df ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ clen] vLs/ 0f sd x'g'n] sfg'g / ;dfhn] o;nfO{ dfGotf k|bfg w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 53. dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 5252 gu/ ] s} sf/ 0fn] 36gfx¿ aflx/ gcfPsf x'g ;S5g eGg] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . @=^ k|efljtsf] hflt tn k|:t't ul/ Psf] tYofÍsf cfwf/ df ;a} eGbf a9L kxf8]  hghflt -@(Ü_ dlxnfx¿ lx+;fdf / x] sf] kfO{G5 . To:f} u/ L If] qL / t/ fO{ hghflt dlxnfx¿ bf] ;|f] :t/ df a9L lx+;faf6 -a/ fa/ L !% Ü_ k|efljt / x] sf] tYofÍn] b] vfPsf] 5 . s"n lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo]  !#Ü a|fXd0f, !)Ü t/ fO{ u} /  blnt, (Ü kxf8]  blnt, &Ü t/ fO{ blnt / @Ü d'l:nd hftsf dlxnfx¿ / x] sf] kfO{of]  . rf6{ g+= & dlxnfsf] hftLo ljj/0f / lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd ljZn]if0f dflysf] tYofÍsf cfwf/ df ljZn] if0f ubf{ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f ;a} hftLsf dlxnfx¿df x'g] u/ ] s] f kfO{of]  . ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs d"NodfGotfdf hftLcg'¿k km/ s x'g'n] klg dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fnfO{ lgwf{/ 0f ug{] tYo dflysf] tYofÍn] k|:t't u/ ] sf] 5 . hgfhftL dlxnfx¿ c? hftLsf dlxnfx¿ eGbf cfkmgf s'/ fx¿ ;ZfQm 9Ën]  w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 54. 53 dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 53 k|:t't ug{ ;Sg] xF'bf+ klg oL hftsf dlxnfx¿dfly ePsf] lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ a9L dfqfdf aflx/ cfpg] ub{5g . @=& k|efljt / kL8saLrdf /x]sf] ;DaGw dlxnfx¿ dfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] 36gfx¿sf] o; jif{ ul/ Psf]  clen] vLs/ 0fsf cfwf/ df dlxnfdfly ;a} eGbf a9L lx+;f ug{] %#Ü >Ldfg / x] sf 5g . To:t} ul/ h'g ;dfhdf dlxnfx¿ x's{G5 ToxL ;dfhsf l5d] sL @)Ü JolQmx¿n]  dlxnfdfly lx+;f u/ ] sf]  kfO{Psf]  5 . cfkmg} kl/ jf/ sf !*Ü ;b:ox¿n] , %Ü ;fyLn]  /  $Ü ;DaGw gePsf JolQmx¿af6 dlxnfdfly lx+;f ePsf] 5 . rf6{ g+=* dlxnfsf] j}jflxs l:ylt / lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd dfly k|:t't tYofÍsf cfwf/ df s] ljZn] if0f ug{ ;lsG5 eg]  dlxnfx¿ a9L dfqfdf lrghfg gePsf jf ;DaGw gePsf JolQmx¿af6 lx+;fdf k5{g eGg] dfGotfnfO{ o;n] unt ;flat u/ ] sf] 5 . dlxnfx¿sf] hf] ;Fu glhssf] ;DaGw 5 jf h;n] a9L dfof u5{ eGg] dlxnfx¿n] ;f] Rb5g ToxL JolQmaf6 pgLx¿dfly a9L lx+;f ePsf] o; tYofÍn] k'li6 ub{5 . w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 55. dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 5454 gf]6 M dlxnfsf] k|] d ;DaGw ePsf / dlxnfn] ;fyL dfg] sf JolQmx¿nfO{ ;fyLsf] ju{df / fvL ljZn] if0f ul/ Psf] 5 . @=* k|efljtsf] k]zf dlxnfx¿ ;+nUg / x] sf]  k] zf /  pgLx¿dfly x'g]  lx+;fsf]  k|sf/ nfO{ ljZn] if0f ubf{ lx+;f k|efljt s"n dlxnfx¿dWo] s[lif k] zfdf ;+nUg / x] sf $$Ü dlxnfx¿dfly ;a} eGbf a9L lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . @!Ü dlxnfx¿ 3/ fo;L sfddf, !@Ü dlxnfx¿ dhb'/ Ldf, !)Ü dlxnfx¿ Joj;fodf cfa4 / x] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . To;} u/ L s'g} klg sfo{df ;+nUg gePsf ^Ü dlxnfx¿, cgf} rfl/ s If] qdf sfo{/ t @Ü dlxnfx¿, To:t} ul/  ;/ sf/ L If] qdf sfo{/ t, j} b] lzs / f] huf/ L, u} / ;/ sf/ L If] qdf sfo{/ t /  ;fdflhs ;] jf ug{]  dlxnfx¿ a/ fa/  -!-!Ü_ lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . rf6{ g+= ( dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f / k]zf w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 56. 55 dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 55 ljZn]if0f dlxnfx¿n] cfkmgf] hLjgdf ljleGg lsl;dn] lx+;fsf] cg'ej ug{]  ub{5g h;df ljz] iful/ cflTdo ;DaGw ePsf JolQmx¿af6 x'g]  lx+;f dlxnfsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s / ;f+:s[lts :t/ ;Fu ;DalGwt / xG5 . h;n] dlxnfnfO{ ljZjJofkL dfgj clwsf/ sf] pkef] u ug{af6 al~rt ug{ afWo ub{5 . 9 dflysf] tYofÍsf cfwf/ df s] ljZn] if0f ug{ ;lsG5 eg] dlxnfx¿n]  ub{} cfPsf] sfdsf] klxrfg cem x'g ;s] s] f 5} g . g] kfnsf sl/ a ^*Ü dflg;x¿ s[lifdf lge{/ / x] sf 5g . o; k|lta] bgdf ;d] 6] sf dlxnfx¿ dWo] $$Ü dlxnfx¿ s[lif k] zfdf ;+nUg 5g . t/  pgLx¿n] u/ ] s] f sfdnfO{ dfGotf lbOPsf] 5} g . pgLx¿sf] s[lif k] zfdf ;+nUgtfnfO{ ;dfhdf dlxnfsf nflu egL lbOPsf] ;] jfd"ns sfds}  lg/ Gt/ tfsf]  ¿kdf lng]  u/ ] sf]  5  . dlxnfx¿n] 3/ df sfo{ ug{] , 3/ sf ;a} ;b:ox¿nfO{ aflx/ sfd ug{ hfgsf nflu jftfj/ 0f tof/ ug{] sfd s] an dlxnfn] u5{g t/ dlxnfsf] of] sfo{nfO{ ;] jfd"ns sfo{df l;ldt ul/ Psf] 5, o;sf] s'g} d"No 5} g . pTkfbgsf x/ ] s sfo{df dlxnfsf] k|d'v e"ldsf / xG5 t/ cufl8 b] lvg] a] nfdf k'?if b] lvG5g / pTkfbgsf]  d"Nosf]  l;+uf]  lx+:;] bf/  klg k'?if / xG5  . cfly{s sf/ f] jf/ df ;w} + k'?ifsf] cu|;/ tf dlxnfsf] t'ngfdf a9L x'g] ub{5 . h;sf sf/ 0f klg sltko dlxnfx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ c;Ifd dxz'; u5{g . cfkm"nfO{ g/ fd|f]  nfUg]  sfo{ -ck/ fw_ s;} n]  u/ ] df klg To;sf]  lj?4 k|ltsf/  ug{] ;fx; a6'Ng ;Qm} gg lsgsL cfkm"dfly k/ ] sf] lx+;fsf] lj?4 af] Nbf emg afls lhGbuLg} s;/ L sf6g] eGg] ;d:of dlxnfdf cfO{kb{5  . cfkm"dfly ePsf]  lx+;fsf]  lj?4 af] n] df 5f] / f5f] / Ldfly g/ fd|f]  c;/  kg{] , pgLx¿nfO{ ;d] t vt/ f x'g] , cfkm" a;] s] f 3/ af6 g} lgsflng] , 3/ af6 aflx/ cfPkZrft c;'/ lIft x'g] / cfly{s 9 Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, Rashida Manjoo, A/HRC/11/6/Add.5 w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 57. dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 5656 pkfh{gsf nflu cGo ljsNk g/ xg] h:tf sf/ 0fn] dlxnfx¿nfO{ cfkm"dfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] k|ltsf/ ug{af6 al~rt u/ fpFb510 / dlxnfdf Psk6s ;xG5' eGg] efjgf dlxnfdf knfpF5 / ;w} + dlxnfx¿ lx+;f vk] / g} a:g afWo agfO{{Psf 5g . t;y{ klg dlxnfdfly ePsf] w] / } lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ aflx/ cfpb} gg . @=( lx+;fsf sf/0f dlxnfx¿dfly k/]sf] c;/ lx+;fsf sf/ 0f dlxnfx¿dfly k/ ] sf c;/ nfO{ $ efudf ljefhg u/ L o; k':tsdf ljZn] if0f ul/ Psf] 5 . dlxnfx¿dfly s'g} klg k|sf/ sf] lx+;f x'Fbf ;a} eGbf a9L %@Ü dlxnfx¿df dfgl;s c;/  k/ ] sf]  kfO{of]   . @)% dlxnfx¿nfO{ zf/ Ll/ s c;/  k/ ] sf]  !*Ü dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;fdflhs c;/ / !)Ü dlxnfx¿nfO{ cfly{s c;/  k/ ] sf]  kfO{Psf]  5  . dlxnfx¿dfly w] / }  zf/ Ll/ s ¿kdf cfqmd0f x'g]  /  pgLx¿nfO{ zf/ Ll/ s c;/  kg{]  u/ ] sf]  ePtf klg o;n]  cGo lb3{sflng c;/ x¿ klg dlxnfsf] hLjgdf kfg{] u/ ] s] f 5 . rf6{ g+= !) dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf sf/0f dlxnfdf k/]sf c;/x¿ 10 Violence Agaist Women Online Resource, The facts about domestic violence, http://www.vaw.umn.edu/documents/inbriefs/ domesticviolence/domesticviolence.html w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 58. 57 dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 57 ljZn]if0f dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf sf/ 0f ;a} eGbf a9L dlxnfsf] dfgl;s :jf:Yodf c;/ kg{] u/ ] sf] 5 . dlxnfdfly x'g] ;a} k|sf/ sf lx+;f kZrft "cfkmgf] afFlssf] eljio s:tf] x'G5" eGg] lrGtfn]  dlxnfnfO{ ;tfpFg] u/ ] sf] cWoogsf qmddf dlxnfx¿n] atfPsf 5g . ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn] dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fnfO{ ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yo ;d:ofsf]  ¿kdf klxrfg u/ L o;n] j[xt dfqfdf zf/ Ll/ s, dfgl;s, of} g tyf k|hgg :jf:Yo, dft[Tj :Jf:Yodf ;d:of pTkGg ug{]  u/ ] sf]  tYo ;fj{hlgs u/ ] sf]  5  .11 dlxnfdfly x'g]  lx+;fsf sf/ 0f ljz] if¿kdf dlxnfx¿df dgf] ;fdflhs c;/ kg{]  h;sf sf/ 0f dlxnfsf] JolQmut :jtGqtf ljlng x'g] , ;fj{hlgs hLjgdf ;xefuL x'g ;Sg] IfdtfnfO{ sdhf] / agfpg] ub{5 . 12 dlxnfx¿df lx+;f kZrft Pp6f ;d:of b] lvPtf klg To;sf]  ;DaGw cGo kIfx¿;Fu klg x'g] ub{5 . o;/ L lx+;fn] dlxnfsf]  k|ToIf hLjgdf ljleGg lsl;dsf c;/ x¿ k'¥ofpFg] u/ ] sf] o; jif{sf] tYofÍn] b] vfPsf] 5 . . 11 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs239/en/index. html 12 Allan Rosenfield, Caroline Min and Joshua Bardfield, pp. 3-4 “Global women’s health and human rights: an introduction”, in Women’s Global Health and Human Rights, edited by Padmini Murthy and Clyde Lanford Smith, Jones & Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury, Mas- sachusetts (2010) w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 60. 59 dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 59 #=! dlxnf / 3/]n' lx+;f dlxnflj?4 eO{/ x] sf ljleGg k|sf/ sf lx+;fx¿dWo]  3/ ] n' lx+;f k|d'v ¿kdf / x] sf] 5 . 3/ ] n' lx+;fsf :j¿kx¿ ;dfh jf kl/ l:ylt cg'¿k km/ s ePtf klg ;+;f/ el/ g} 3/ ] n' lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ a9L x'g]  u/ ] sf]  5  .13 “x/]s $ hgf dlxnfx¿dWo] ! hgf dlxnf 3/]n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt x'g]] ub{5g .”14 3/ ] n' lx+;f -s;"/ / ;hfo_ P] g @)^^ cg';f/ "3/ ] n' lx+;f" eGgfn]  s'g} JolQmn] 3/ ] n' ;DaGw ePsf] csf{] s'g} JolQmnfO{ lbPsf]  zf/ Ll/ s, dfgl;s, of} ghGo jf cfly{s oftgf ;Demg' k5{ / zAbn]  ufnL ug{] tyf efjgfTds rf] 6 k'¥ofpg] cGo s'g} sfo{nfO{ ;d] t hgfpFb5 .15 3/ leq jf kl/ jf/ sf Ps ;b:oaf6 cGo ;b:odfly x'g] lx+;f 3/ ] n' lx+;f xf]  . g] kfndf 3/ ] n' lx+;fnfO{ JolQmut jf 3/ fo;L dfldnfsf]  ¿kdf lnO{ of] ;fdflhs / aflx/ L x:tIf] keGbf 6f9fsf] ljifo xf]  eGg] k/ Dk/ fut ;f] rfO{ cem} ljBdfg 5 . h;sf sf/ 0f 3/ ] n' lx+;f a9bf]  qmddf / x] sf]  kfO{G5  . Æ3/] n' lx+;fæ eg] sf] dlxnf lj?4sf]  lx+;fsf] Pp6f ;j} eGbf k'/ fgf] ¿k xf]  . 3/ ] n' lx+;f ;j} lsl;dsf]  ;dfhdf k|rlnt 5 . 3/ ] n' lx+;fn] dlxnfsf] :jf:Yodf / kfl/ jfl/ s tyf ;fj{hlgs hLjgdf ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/ df ;xefuL x'g] dlxnfsf]  Ifdtfdf ulx/ f]  k|efj kfl/ / x] sf]  5  .  .16 13 UNFPA, 1999, UNICEF, 2000; 2005 14 National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, fact sheet,Washington, DC 20009 15 3/]n' lx+;f -s;"/ / ;hfo_ P]g, @)^^ tyf 3/]n' lx+;f -s;"/ / ;hfo_ lgodfjnL, @)^& 16 dlxnf lj?4 e]befj pGd"ng ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/; g+=!(, llth session, 1992 kl/R5]b # M 3/]n' lx+;f w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 61. dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 6060 ;f] n'v'Da' 3/ ePsf lji0f' -kL8s_ / wgs'6f lgjf;L cr{gfsf]  -d[ts_ @)^@ ;fndf dfuL ljjfx ePsf] lyof]  . pgLx¿ @ jif{b] lv sf7df8f} +df a:b} cfPsf lyP . pgLx¿sf Ps & jif{sf]  5f] / f klg / x] sf 5g . kL8s c;O{sf ¿kdf / fli6«o cg';Gwfgdf sfo{/ t 5g . d[tssf kl/ jf/ sf cg';f/ pgLx¿sf] klxn] s'g}  klg lsl;dsf] emu8f, egfeg, dgd'6fj gePsf] kfO{of]  . d[tssf cfkmGtx¿n] kL8snfO{ Psbd} c;n HjfO{sf] ¿kdf dfGb} cfPsf lyP . r} q #, @)^( ut] sf] dWo / ftdf sl/ a ! ah] lt/ cr{gf /  lji0f'sf]  sf] 7faf6 89of8'9'Ë u/ ] sf]  cfjfh pgLx¿sf]  5] pdf a:g]  kL8ssf elthfn] ;'g] / emofnaf6 s] eof] sfsf eg] / ;f] w t/  leqaf6 s'g} cfjfh gcfPkl5 9f] sf 9S9sfpg yfn]  . Toltubf{ klg leqaf6 9f] sf gvf] n] kl5 pgn]  9f] sf hf] 8n]  9s9sfpFbf leqsf]  r's'n v'Nof]  . To; a] nf sf] 7fdf alQ lge] sf] lyof]  . elQhf sf] 7f leq k:gf ;fy lk8s “d} n]  >LdtL klg df/ ]  5f] / f klg df/ ]  eg] /  s/ fpFb} ” aflx/ lgl:sP/ uP . To;kl5 ;a} l5d] sLx¿ hDdf eP/  36gf:yndf x] bf{ cr{gfsf]  6fpFsf] df l;nf} 6f] n] n]  xflgPsf]  lyof /  pgsf]  6fpFsf] af6 cToflws / ut au] sf] sf/ 0f pgL cr] t cj:Yfdf lyOg eg] 5f] / f klg e'Odf nl8/ x] sf lyP . To;kl5 cr{gf / pgsf & jifL{o5f] / fnfO{ l6lrË c:ktfn dxf/ fhuGhdf nluof]   . cr{gfsf]  :jf:Yol:ylt uDeL/  / x] sf]  /  e] lN6n] 6/ df / fVg' kg{] cj:yf ePsf] n] pgnfO{ l6lrË c:ktfnn] lzjHof] tL c:ktfn, aNv'df l/ km/ u/ ] sf] lyof]  . c:ktfndf egf{ ePkl5 cr{gf xf] ;df gcfpFb} pgnfO{ 8fS6/ n] r} q !# ut] sl/ a * ah] lt/ -36gf ePsf] !) lbg kl5_ d[ts 3f] if0ff u¥of]  . #=@ 3/]n' lx+;fleqsf :j¿kx¿ 3/ ] n' lx+;f -s;"/ / ;hfo_ P] g, @)^^ tyf 3/ ] n' lx+;f -s;"/ /  ;hfo_ lgodfjnL, @)^& n] 3/ ] n' lx+;fsf :j¿kx¿nfO{ o;/ L kl/ eflift u/ ] sf]  5 M w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 62. 61 dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 61 zf/Ll/s oftgf McËeË 7xg] { afx] s s'6lk6, u} / sfg'gL y'gfdf / fVg] , zf/ Ll/ s rf] 6 k'¥ofpg]  jf To:t}  cGo s'g}  sfd ug] {÷u/ fpg]  sfo{x¿nfO{ zf/ Ll/ s oftgfleq kb{5g . dfgl;s oftgf M zf/ Ll/ s oftgfsf]  8/ wfs b] vfpg]  jf wDsL lbg] , qf;k"0f{ Jojxf/ ug] {, ufnL unf} h ug] {, em'7f aft nufpg] , 3/ af6 lgsfnf ug] {, dfgl;s rf] 6 k'Ug ;Sg] sfo{ ug] { u/ fpg]  ;fy} j} rfl/ s, wfld{s jf ;fF:s[lts tyf k|yf–k/ Dk/ fsf cfwf/ df ul/ g] e] befjhGo sfo{ dfgl;s oftgfleq kb{5g . of}ghGo oftgf M o;cGt{ut of} ghGo k|s[ltsf]  b'Jo{jxf/ , ckdfg, xtf] T;fx jf cfTd;Ddfgdf rf] 6 k'¥ofpg] , ;'/ lIft of} g :jf:Yodf cf3ft k'Ug] h:tf s'g} klg sfo{ kb{5 . cfly{s oftgf M o;cGt{ut ;uf] n jf lghL ;DklQsf] k|of] u ug{ jf / f] huf/ L jf cfly{s ;|f] t ;fwgsf] kx'Fr jf k|of] udf jl~rt ug] { h:tf sfo{ kb{5g .17 3/ ] n' lx+;fnfO{ ;+;f/ e/  dxfdf/ L /  b] zsf]  k|d'v ;d:ofsf]  ¿kdf lnO{Psf] 5 . g] kfndf klg of] k|d'v r'gf} tLsf ¿kdf / x] s] f 5 . o;sf] cGTosf nflu ;fdflhs If] q / dlxnf clwsf/ sf If] qdf sfo{/ t ljleGg ;ª3;+:yf / g] kfn ;/ sf/ af6} klg ljleGg k|of;x¿ ePsf 5g . 3/ ] n' lx+;f cGTo ug{s} nflu 3/ ] n' lx+;f P] g-@)^^_ / 3/ ] n' lx+;f lgodfjnL-@)^&_ nfu" ePsf] @ jif{ k"/ f ePsf] 5 . t/ dlxnfdfly x'g] 3/ ] n' lx+;f / f] syfksf nflu o; P] gn] Tolt k|efjsf/ L e"ldsf lgjf{x u/ ] sf] kfOFb} g . sfg'gdf / x] sf c:ki6tf /  sfg'gn]  3/ ] n' lx+;fsf ;a}  kIfx¿nfO{ g;d] 6] sf sf/ 0f 3/ ] n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿n] Gofo kfpg ;s] sf 5} gg . pbfx/ 0fsf ¿kdf ;Fu} a;] sf] hf] 8L, ;DaGw ljR5] bsf] xsdf o; P] gdf 17 3/]n' lx+;f -s;"/ / ;hfo_ P]g, @)^^ tyf 3/]n' lx+;f -s;"/ / ;hfo_ lgodfjnL, @)^& sf] kl/efiff w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 63. dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 6262 / x] sf] kl/ efiff df} g 5 . lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿ jf ph'/ Lstf{sf]  uf] klgotfsf] ;+/ If0fdf c:ki6tf / x] sf] kfO{G5 . lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf nflu ;] jf s] Gb| / sf] ifsf] :yfkgf ;a} lhNnf / :yfgLo :t/ ;Dd k'Ug ;s] sf]  5} g, k|x/ L dlxnf;] n :yfgLo :t/ df 5} g h;n] ubf{ dlxnfx¿nfO{ ph'/ L ug{ hfg;Dd klg ufx|f] 5 . o;sf ;fy} o; P] gdf dfgl;s lx+;fnfO{ lx+;fsf] ¿kdf kl/ eflift u/ ] s] f ;sf/ fTds kIf 5 t/ pQm lx+;fnfO{ s;/ L k|dfl0ft ug{] eGg] af/ ]  pNn] v 5} g . pbfx/ 0fsf] nflu lx+;fsf] k|df0fsf nflu 3fp hfFr ug{] eGg] k|fjwfg 5 . dfgl;s lx+;fdf 3fp hfFrdf s] xL b] lvGg . o;sf nflu ljdz{stf{sf] k|ltj] bg lng ;lsG5 . t/ P] gdf pQm k|fjwfg 5} g . oyfy{tfdf dlxnfdfly dfgl;s lx+;fx¿ a9L x'g] t/  Jojxf/ df pQm lx+;fnfO{ k|dfl0ft ug{] cfwf/ g} P] gdf g/ fVg'n] of]  P] g ck"0f{ b] lvG5 . o;n] dlxnfx¿nfO{ Gofo lbg ;s] s] f 5} g .18 #=# 3/]n' lx+;fsf k|sf/x¿ dlxnfdlfy x'g] 3/ ] n' lx+;fleq klg dlxnfx¿dfly s:tf s:tf k|sf/ sf lx+;fx¿ x'g] u/ ] sf 5g egL x] bf{ ;a} eGbf a9L zf/ Ll/ s lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . dlxnfx¿dfly s'6lk6sf 36gfx¿ w] / } ePsf kfO{Psf 5g . dlxnfdfly ePsf 3/ ] n' lx+;fsf 36gfx¿dWo] %%Ü dlxnfx¿dfly zf/ Ll/ s lx+;f ePsf] kfO{of]  . @$Ü dlxnfx¿dfly dfgl;s lx+;f, !^Ü dlxnfsf >Ldfgn] ax'ljjfx u/ L dlxnfdfly lx+;f u/ ] sf 5g . To;} u/ L $Ü dlxnfx¿ 3/ lgsfnf ePsf 5g eg]  !Ü dlxnfx¿dfly j} jflxs anfTsf/ ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 -rf6{ g++ !!_. #=$ 3/]n' lx+;fsf kL8ssf k|sf/ 3/ ] n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] &(Ü dlxnfx¿ cfkmg} >Ldfg af6 / @! Ü dlxnfx¿ cfkmg}  3/ kl/ jf/ sf ;b:ox¿af6 lx+;fdf kg{] u/ ] sf] tYofÍn] b] vfPsf] 5 -rf6{ g+ !@_ . 18 3/]n' lx+;f -s;"/ / ;hfo_ P]g, @)^^ tyf 3/]n' lx+;f -s;"/ / ;hfo_ lgodfjnL, @)^& sf] kl/efiff w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 64. 63 dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 63 rf6{ g+= !! dlxnfdfly ePsf 3/]n' lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ k|ltztdf rf6{ g+= !@ 3/ ] n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿ / kL8ssf] ;DaGw #=% k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf 3/ ] n' lx+;faf6 k|efljtx¿sf]  j} jflxs cj:yfsf af/ ] df ljZn] if0f ubf{ Psn, cljjflxt / 5'l§P/ a;] sf dlxnfx¿eGbf ljjflxt dlxnfx¿ 3/ ] n' lx+;fsf]  pRr hf] lvddf / x] sf]  tYofÍn]  b] vfPsf]  5 . o; jif{ (!Ü ljjflxt dlxnfx¿ / Psn, cljjflxt / 5'l§P/  w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 65. dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 6464 a;] sf dlxnfx¿ a/ fj/  #Ü 3/ ] n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt ePsf] kfO{of]  -rf6{ g+= !#_ . rf6{ g+= !# 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] j}jflxs cj:yf / lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx¿ #=^ k|efljtsf] pd]/ / 3/]n' lx+;f k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf/ df ljZn] if0f ubf{ 3/ ] n' lx+;faf6 k|efljtx¿dWo]  ;a} eGbf a9L @^–#% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿ k|efljt ePsf]  kfO{Psf] 5 . @^–#% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf #(Ü dlxnfx¿ o; jif{ 3/ ] n' lx+;fsf] lzsf/ ePsf 5g . To;} u/ L !^–@% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿ #^Ü, #^–$% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf !^Ü, $^–%% jif{ pd] /  ;d"xsf %Ü, %% jif{eGbf dflysf pd] / ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿ #Ü /  !^ jif{ d'lgsf pd] / ;d"xsf !Ü dlxnfx¿dfly 3/ ] n' lx+;f ePsf]  kfO{{Psf] 5 -rf6{ g++ !$ _ . #=& k|efljtsf] lzIffsf] :t/ / 3/]n' lx+;f dlxnfx¿dfly ePsf] lx+;f / dlxnfsf] z} lIfs cj:yfnfO{ ljZn] if0f ubf{ lg/ If/ dlxnfx¿eGbf b'O{ u'0ff a9L -^&Ü_ ;fIf/ dlxnfx¿dfly w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 66. 65 dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 65 3/ ] n' lx+;f ePsf] kfO{of] -rf6{ g++ !%_ . rf6{ g+= !$ 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] pd]/sf cfwf/df lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx¿ rf6{ g+= !% 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] z}lIfs cj:yf / lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx¿ w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 67. dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 6666 rf6{ g+= !^ 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yf / lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx¿ #=* k|efljtsf] hft / 3/]n' lx+;f o; jif{ k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf/ df ljZn] if0f ubf{ 3/ ] n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿leq klg ;a} eGbf a9L kxf8] hghftL dlxnfx¿ -#) Ü_ lx+;fdf / x] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . To;kl5 kxf8] blnt !(Ü, t/ fO{ hghftL !^Ü, If] qL !#Ü, a|fXd0f !)Ü, t/ fO{ u} /  blnt /  d'l:nd a/ fj/ L ^–^Ü 3/ ] n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt / x] s] f kfO{of] -rf6{ g++ !&_ . rf6{ g+= !& 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] hfltut cj:yf / lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx¿ w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 68. 67 dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 67 #=( k|efljtsf] k]zf / 3/]n' lx+;f s[lif k] zfdf ;+nUg / x] sf dlxnfx¿ a9L dfqfdf 3/ ] n' lx+;fsf k|efljt / x] sf] o; jif{sf] tYofÍn] b] vfPsf] 5 . k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf/ df #!Ü s[lif, @(Ü s'g} klg sfo{df ;+nUg g/ x] sf, !#Ü 3/ fo;L sfd, (Ü Joj;fo, &Ü dhb'/ L, %Ü cgf} krfl/ s If] qdf sfo{/ t, u} / ;/ sf/ L ;+:yfdf hflu/  ug{]  /  ;fdflhs ;] jfdf ;+nUg dlxnfx¿ a/ fj/ L -@–@Ü_ lx+;fdf k/ ] sf 5g -rf6{ g++ !*_ . rf6{ g+= !* 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] k]zf / lx+;fsf] cj:yf #=!) k|efljtnfO{ k/]sf] c;/ 3/ ] n' lx+;fdf klg ;a} eGbf a9L dlxnfx¿ zf/ Ll/ s ¿kdf lx+;fdf kg{]  u/ ] sfn]  dlxnfx¿df a9L dfqfdf zf/ Ll/ s c;/  k/ ] sf]  kfO{G5  . oBlk dlxnfdfly s'g} klg k|sf/ sf] lx+;f x'Fbf dlxnfsf] hLjgdf km/ s km/ s lsl;dsf c;/ x¿ kg{] ub{5g . k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf/ df ljZn] if0f ubf{ 3/ ] n' lx+;fsf k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] ;a} eGbf a9L #%Ü dlxnfx¿dfly zf/ Ll/ s c;/  k/ ] sf]  kfO{Psf]  5 eg]  #)Ü df cfly{s c;/ , !(Ü dfgl;s c;/ , !)Ü df ;fdflhs c;/ / ^Ü w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 69. dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 6868 dlxnfx¿df dfly pNn] lvt ;a}  k|sf/ sf c;/ x¿ k/ ] sf]  kfO{of]  -rf6{ g+=!(_ . ;a} k|sf/ sf lx+;fdf dfgl;s c;/ kb{5 . To;sf/ 0f ;a} k|sf/ sf lx+;f k|efljtx¿nfO{ dfgl;s c;/ k/ ] sf] 5 . rf6{ g+= !( 3/]n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿df k/]sf] c;/x¿ k|ltztdf ljZn]if0f • 3/ ] n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] %%Ü dlxnfx¿dfly zf/ Ll/ s lx+;f ePsf] 5 eg] #%Ü dlxnfx¿df 3/ ] n' lx+;fsf sf/ 0f zf/ Ll/ s c;/  k/ ] sf]  5  . TTo;} u/ L (!Ü ljjflxt dlxnfx¿dfly 3/ ] n' lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . o;n] s] b] vfpF5 eg]  æ3/ h;nfO{ a:gsf nflu ;'/lIft :yfg dflgG5 dlxnfx¿ ToxL 3/leq c;'/lIft 5g .Æ æcfkmg} kl/jf/af6 dlxnfx¿ a9L hf]lvddf 5g Æ eGg] tYonfO{ o;n] :ki6 kfb{5 . g] kfnL dlxnfx¿ ;a} eGbf a9L cfkmg} gftfuf] tfsf JolQmx¿af6 lx+;fdf kg{] u/ ] sf] tYofÍn] atfpF5 . o;/ L dlxnfx¿ lx+;fdf kg'{sf] d'Vo sf/ 0f jt{dfg ;fdflhs ;+/ rgfn] dlxnfsf nflu w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 70. 69 dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 69 lgwf{/ 0f u/ ] s] f e"ldsf k|d'v / x] sf] 5 . ;fdflhs e"ldsfn]  dlxnf / k'?ifn] ug{] sfo{sf] ljefhg u/ ] sf] 5 . dlxnfn] of]  sfo{ ug'{x'G5, of] ug'{x'b} +g eg] / dlxnfnfO{ ;fdflhs lglt lgodn] lgb{] lzt u5{ . dlxnfx¿ ;xgzLn x'g'k5{, 7"nf]  :j/ n]  af] Ng' x'b} +g, xf:g' x'b} +g, cfkmgf]  kl/ jf/ nfO{ h:tf] ;'s}  b'Mvdf klg v';L kfg{] ;Lk x'g] dlxnf g} c;n dlxnf xf]  eGg] h:tf ;f] r cem klg ;dfhdf xfaL 5 . o:tf ;f] rx¿n]  dlxnfdfly lx+;f ug{sf nflu kL8snfO{ k|z:t ;xof] u ePsf]  kfO{G5  . afa'n]  5f] / Ldfly lx+;f ubf{ d] / }  5f] / L xf] , o;n]  s] xL ug{ ;lQmg eGg] olsgsf ;fy cfkmg} afa'af6 dlxnfdfly lx+;f ePsf] 5 . d} n] ljjfx u/ ] / NofPsf] t xf] lg o;nfO{, d] / f] lj?4 af] ln eg] ef] ln sxfF uP/ afRg ;S5] / sxfF hfG5]  / eGg] ;f] rsf sf/ 0f cfkmg} >Ldfgaf6 dlxnfx¿ lx+;fdf k/ ] sf 5g . 3/ leq ePsf 36gfx¿nfO{ aflx/ nfg' x'b} +g eGg]  e|d cem klg dlxnfx¿df / x] sf] 5 . h;sf sf/ 0f h:tf] ;'s}  oftgf cfkm"n] vKg' k/ ] klg dlxnfx¿ To;nfO{ ;xg] k|of; u5{g . h;n] kL8ssf] dgf] andf cem an yKg] sfo{ePsf]  5 / dlxnfx¿ emg hf] lvddf kg{] u/ ] sf 5g . • 3/ ] n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo]  ^&Ü ;fIf/ dlxnfx¿ / xg'n] 36gfx¿ lg/ If/ jf gk9] sf dlxnfx¿dfly dfq x'G5 eGg] e|dnfO{ uNtL ;flat u/ ] sf] 5 . dlxnfsf] ;fIf/ tfsf]  cj:yfn] klg lx+;fnfO{ lgwf{/ 0f ub{5 . g] kfndf xfn klg k'?ifx¿sf] t'ngfdf dlxnfsf] ;fIf/ tf b/ sd g} 5 . o;n]  xfn klg kl/ jf/ df 5f] / LnfO{ w] / }  k9fpg' xF'b} +g eGg]  ;f] r xfaL / x] s] f b] vfpF5  . dlxnfx¿sf]  z} lIfs :t/  a9fpg ;lsof]  eg]  dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf 36gfx¿df s] xL xb;Dd ePklg sdL Nofpg ;lsg] tYofÍn] b] vfpF5 . w w w .w orecnepal.org
  • 71. dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^( 7070 • s[lif k] zf / 3/ fo;L sfddf ;+nUg / x] sf dlxnfx¿sf] t'ngfdf cGo If] qdf-aflx/ sf] sfddf_ ;+nUg dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f sd ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . o; tYonfO{ ljZn] if0f ubf{ g] kfnL dlxnfx¿ ;a} eGbf a9L 3/ leqsf] sfddf ;+nUg / x] sf] / o;nfO{ sfo{sf]  ¿kdf klxrfg u/ L "s'g} klg d"Nosf] lgwf{/ 0f x'g g;Sbf" oL If] qdf sfo{/ t dlxnfx¿dfly lje] b ul/ Psf] 5 . a9Ldfqfdf 3/ kl/ jf/ sf]  sfddf ;dlk{t dlxnfx¿dfly 3/ ] n' lx+;f ePsf]  5 . • dlxnfsf]  z/ L/ dflysf]  lgoGq0f gx'Fbf dlxnfdfly 3/ ] n' lx+;f x'g] ub{5 . h;sf] k|efj dlxnfsf] zf/ Ll/ s -#%Ü_, cfly{s -#) Ü_, dfgl;s -!(Ü_, / ;fdflhs hLjgdf -!)Ü_, kg{] ub{5 . !)Ü dlxnfx¿df ;a}  lsl;dsf]  c;/  kg{]  u/ ] sf]  kfOof]   . w w w .w orecnepal.org