Advanced dairy production. Introduction and production system part.

1. Advanced Dairy Production (AnPr1422)
For 2nd year Animal production Msc students
By Wubshet Tefera ( Msc in dairy science and
technology)
October, 2015

2. Chapter 1. introduction
• What is dairy production?
• Dairying, also called dairy farming, is branch of agriculture
that encompass the breeding, raising, and utilization of
dairy animals, primarily cows, for production of milk and
the various milk product processed from it.
• Dairy, a room, building, or establishment were milk is kept
and processed
• The department of farming or of farm that concerned with production
of milk , butter and cheese
• Establishment for the sale and distribution of milk and milk product
• Milk from a cow or other domestic animal (goat)
• Also food(such as ice cream, cheese or yogurt) made primarily from
milk
• Milk is a white liquid produced by the mammary
glands of mammals.

3. World milk production
• Global milk production in 2020 reached nearly 906 million
tonnes in 2020, up 2.0 percent from 2019, driven by output
increases in all geographical regions, except in Africa, where
production remained stable.
• Milk volume increases were highest in Asia, followed by Europe,
the Americas, Oceania and Central America and the Caribbean
• FAO, 2021

4. Top milk producer countries
1. India
– Production in 2019, (in thousands of tonnes): 187,633
– producing more than 20% of the total global milk
production
– India is also the biggest consumer of milk in the entire
world,
– as well as the biggest dairy herd in the world, which
numbers are over 300 million
• Reason for the success of dairy Industry:
– Due to integrated co-operative system of milk collection,
transportation, processing and distribution.

5. 2. United States of America
• Total production of milk by the country in 2019 (in thousands of
tonnes): 99,082
• There are currently more than 40,200 dairy farms in the United
States.
Reason for the success of dairy Industry: Technological
advancements, large grazing field and centralization of American
milk farming
3. Pakistan
• Total production of milk by the country in 2019 (in thousands of
tonnes): 55,957
• In Pakistan, the vast percentage (more than 80%) of milk is
produced in rural areas, which dominate the country
• There are more than 55 million farmers in this country of 220
million people
• Livestock sector of Pakistan is only the economic engine for
poverty alleviation.

6. 4. China
• Total production of milk by the country in 2019 (in thousands of
tonnes): 36,793
• China is the biggest country in the world by far in terms of population,
and is a major player in most industries, including the milk industry
• expected to grow by around 4.5% year on year
5. Brazil
• Total production of milk by the country in 2019 (in thousands of
tonnes): 36,174
• More than 25% of all of Brazil’s agriculture properties have to do with
the production of milk
• more than 34 billion liters of milk every single year
• an annual growth of around 3.7%.
Reason for the success of dairy Industry: Large landmass, coupled with
large climatic and cultural variations. And also, tropical and temperate
pastures are used for year-round rotational grazing in most parts of Brazil.

7. • African dairy highlight

9. Ethiopian dairy industry
• The first attempt to introduce modern dairy production in the
country was made by the Imperial regime in 1947, when 300
Friesian and Brown Swiss dairy cattle were received as a donation
from the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration.
• The dairy sector contributes 12–16% to the national Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) and 40% to the agricultural GDP of
Ethiopia.
• Ethiopia's total annual milk production comes from 7.5 million
milking cows and is estimated to be 4.96 billion litres, that is, 1.48
L per cow per day on average (CSA, 2021).
• From the total milk production, 98% is contributed by smallholder
dairy farmers, representing about 85% of milk producers

10. Milk Production Systems in the Tropics
• An estimated 80 to 90 percent of milk in developing
countries is produced in small-scale farming systems.
• These operations are based on low inputs, so
production per dairy animal is quite low.
• Most milk produced by smallholders in developing
countries comes from one of the following production
systems:
• Rural smallholder dairying:
– Dairying is often part of a mixed farming system in which
manure is used for cash crop production.
– Dairy animals are fed on grass, crop residues and cultivated
fodder. Supplementary feeding is practiced only when
feasible.

11. • Rural smallholder dairying is the dominant livestock
production system.
• Pastoral/agro-pastoral dairying: These systems are
land-based and milk is often the most important
subsistence item. Dairy production is generally
associated with cropping, but nomadic pastoralists
practise little or no agriculture and roam the land in
search of grazing grounds and water.

12. • Peri-urban and urban dairying:
• This is a purely market-oriented
• located within and close to the boundaries of cities.
• their production is based on purchased inputs and may
encounter problems of feed supply and waste disposal.

13. Milk Production Systems in Ethiopia
• Milk production systems in Ethiopia classified
– rural (smallholder mixed crop-livestock in rural
areas, pastoral and agro-pastoral),
– urban and peri-urban and
– intensive dairy farming. For these production
systems, dairy breeds, land, animal feeds and
market accessibility are the basis for the
classification.

14. • The rural milk production system is part of the
subsistence farming system and
– includes pastoralists, agro-pastoralists and mixed
crop/livestock producers mainly in the highlands.
– The rural milk production system mostly depends on
their own inputs and keeps indigenous or local
breeds.
– The system is not market-oriented and
– most of the milk produced is retained for home
consumption.

15. • The pastoral milk production system
– In the arid area
– 1500 masl and the livelihoods of the people
depend entirely on livestock (camels, cattle, goats).
• The agro-pastoral milk production system
– in the semi-arid part of the country.
– The livelihoods of the people depend mainly on
livestock + some crop agriculture

16. • The urban milk production system is
– located around Addis Ababa and regional towns
and takes the advantage of the urban markets.
– In terms of size the urban system consisted of
small, medium and large dairy farms.
– mostly depends on external inputs and keeps
improved breeds.

17. • The peri-urban milk production system
– includes smallholder and commercial dairy farms
in the outskirts of Addis Ababa, other regional
towns and smaller and district towns.
– In terms of feed resources, it has the features of
the rural livestock production system. However,
market accessibility and concentrate feed
supplementation practices are better compared
to the rural livestock production system.
• Intensive dairy farming : private/ state-owned
dairy farm.

18. Dairy Marketing System
• Formal
– involves direct delivery of fresh milk by producers to
consumer in the immediate neighborhoods or sale to
itinerant traders or individuals in nearby towns.
– The informal system is characterized by no licensing
requirement to operate, low cost of operations, high
producer price compared to formal market and no
regulation of operations.
– In Ethiopia, 95% of the national milk is marketed through
informal channels and is unprocessed.
• Informal
– limited to peri-urban areas and Addis Ababa

19. SWOT Analysis of Ethiopian dairy industry
Current situation Appropriate measures to build on
Milk production and
consumption
culture
Development interventions can build
on the existing
experiences
Employment creation
Improve policy enabling environment
and technical capacity;
access to the required resources and
services
Strengths

20. Current situation Appropriate measures to correct
Low milk production
Efficient extension service provision on dairy husbandry
practices
Lack of capital Access to credit
Poor quality milk
Efficient and functional quality control system; the required
technical skill and dairy infrastructure; quality based
payment
system
Shortage of skilled/trained manpower
Capacity building of existing teaching and training centers;
producing sufficient professionals at different levels and
streams of dairying
Difficulty to get land for dairy operation Conducive policy enabling environment
Feed shortage (quality and quantity)
Improved feed production, conservation and utilization; use
of
adapted improved forage crops
Dominant rain based agricultural
Alternative use of water sources (harvesting rain water,
ground
water, irrigation)
Incidence of diseases of economic
importance
Efficient dairy cattle disease prevention and control system
Small proportion of marketed milk and
dominance of the informal market
Promote cooperative action; improve dairy infrastructure;
improve linkage among the key actors; reliable, up-to-date &
consistent market information system
Weaknesses

21. Current situation Appropriate measures to exploit
Large diversity and population
of cattle
Selection of cows of better productivity and
improve
productivity through crossbreeding
Existence of conducive
environmental
conditions for dairy
development
Maximize the use conducive mid altitude and
highland
areas for keeping specialized dairy cows and
cultivation of
improved forage crops
Relatively cheap farm labor Improve technical knowledge
Increasing interest in investing
in the sector
Conducive policy environment
Increasing population,
urbanization and
income and trend towards
consuming more
Increase diversity, improve quantity, quality
and
distribution of dairy products
Opportunities

22. Current situation Appropriate measures to avert
Supply and demand
mismatch due to seasonal,
spatial and cultural factors
Shelf-stable products such as powder milk to
transfer the excess from time and place of high
production to that of low production
Unreliable climatic
condition
Alternative use of water sources (harvesting rain
water, ground water, irrigation); early warning
system; climate change adaptation and mitigation
mechanism
Illegally imported milk
products
Policy support to domestic products; efficient
import controlling system
Urban dairy farm organic
waste
Efficient urban dairy farm organic waste disposal
system; alternative use of urban dairy farm organic
waste; moving large urban farms to appropriate
places in peri-urban areas
Threats

23. CHAPTER – 3: MAJOR DAIRY CATTEL BREEDS AND
THEIR CHARACTERSTICS
• Dairy cattle’s performance is the function of their genetic
composition (breed type) and the environment they face.
• The genetic potential of cattle determines its use for a
very large part.
• Not only does it determine the potential to produce milk,
meat or draught power,
• but it also determines the environmental circumstances
under which the animal will reach an optimal production
level.

24. Breed selection and Evaluation
• Characteristics of dairy cow
– General appearance
– Dairy character
– Body capacity
– Udder