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On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For
Roof Perimeters

Wilma Leung
Williams Engineering Canada
Outline
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Photo Credit: Gord Rajewski

Roof Overhangs
Roof Parapets
Environmental Barriers
at Roof Perimeters
Changes in
Environmental Loads
on Roof Perimeters
An Integrative Design
Process

On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
Roof Perimeters: Overhangs & Parapets
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Cantilevered
Appendages
Inconvenient Details
No Man’s Land ?
Confluence of
Contradiction ?

Photo Credit: Gord Rajewski

On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
Roof Perimeters: Overhangs & Parapets
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Frontline Defense
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Deflect Rain & Snow
Control Solar Radiation
Support
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Wind Damage
Snow Damage
Ice Damage

Gutters
Walls
Slabs

Protect
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People
Walls & Openings
Ground & Foundation

On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
Roof Perimeters: Multidisciplinary
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Discipline-based Design
Perspectives
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Overlaid ?
Optimized ?

Critical Early Stages of
Building Design
Integrate
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Rain, Snow, Ice
Fire, Wind, Drainage
Durability, Airtightness
Thermal Separation
Structural Stability
Environmental Changes

On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
Roof Perimeters: Multidisciplinary
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“ If all you have is a
hammer, everything
looks like a nail.”
– English Proverb

Discipline-based Design
Perspectives

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Overlaid ?
Optimized ?

Critical Early Stages of
Building Design
Integrate
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Rain, Snow, Ice
Fire, Wind, Drainage
Durability, Airtightness
Thermal Separation
Structural Stability
Environmental Changes

On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
Roof Overhangs
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Vernacular & Universal
Control Indoor Climate
Passive Solar Strategies
Protect from Wetness
Evolved to incorporate
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Vented Soffits
Gutters

On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
Roof Overhangs: Potential Conflicts
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Wildfire Vulnerability
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Flame Impingement
Ember Exposure

Wildfire Mitigation
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Narrower Overhangs
Fewer Joints
Screened Soffit Vents
Choice of Material
Removal of Plants

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High Wind & Coastal Areas
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Intensified Wind Speeds
Wind-driven Rain
Accelerated Weathering

Wind Mitigation
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Narrower Overhangs

On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
Roof Overhangs: No Exhausts Below
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No Moisture Exhausts
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Boilers
Dryers
Kitchens
Bathrooms

Aggravated Damage
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Moisture to Attics
Rapid Freeze-Thaw
Cycling
Porous Material: Wood,
Stucco, Concrete, Paint
Mildly Acidic Emissions
Neighboring Buildings

On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
Roof Overhangs: Eavestroughs
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Seldom Professionally
Designed
High Risk Impromptu
Gutter Installations
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On Eaves with No Overhangs
For Low-slope Roofs
Mounted on Walls &
Parapets
Ends butting against a Wall
or a Sloped Roof Underneath

Inadequate First Defense
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Flow Concentration
Wind Uplift

On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
Roof Overhangs: Eavestroughs
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Gutters for Colder Regions
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Overhang 12” with Drip
Flashing; Or
Roof Edge Made
Waterproofed

Lower Gutter Position on
Fascia
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Avoid Damming of Ice or
Snow
Avoid Being Damaged by Ice
or Snow

On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
Eave Overhangs: Falling Ice & Snow
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Assessing Hazards
Icicles
Snow Cornices
Overhead Cables
Plumbing Vents

Gable Overhangs:
Safe Zone for Entrances,
Parking, Prized Plants …
Note: Slanted Gables are
more similar to Eaves.


On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
Eave Overhangs: Falling Ice & Snow
Temporary Fix
 “Beware of Falling Ice”
 Heat Trace may
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Create Path for Water
to Drain
Create More Icicles

Mitigation
 Reduce Freeze-Thaw
Factors
 Reduce Heat Loss into
Attic, and onto Roof
 “Cold Roof” Strategy

Photo Credit: Gord Rajewski

On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
Eave Overhangs: Air Inlets for “Cold Roofs”
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Prerequisites for Cold
Roofs
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1 ½” - 5” High Air Space
Eave Air Inlets to Avoid
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Well-insulated Ceiling
Airtight Ceiling

Warm Air Sources
Air Exhausts & Entrance
Doors
Façade with High Solar
Absorption Material
Stack Effects

Protects Roof in Winter
Saves $ in Summer

On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
Roof Parapets

Historically Promoted to
Displace Wood Overhangs

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For Fire Protection Benefits

Fire Resistant Unreinforced
Masonry Parapets

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Hazard for Firefighters
Hazard during Earthquakes

Main Functions Today

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Proper Installation of Roof
Membranes and Flashings
Protect Roof Assemblies
from Wind Uplift, esp. at
Roof Perimeters
Guardrail, increasingly

On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
Roof Parapets: Reducing Wind Uplift
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Parapets Higher than 1 m
Significantly Reduce
Wind Uplift on Flat Roofs
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Lower Parapets
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Photo Credit: Gord Rajewski

Both Low- & High-Rise
Esp. near Roof Perimeters
Marginal for Corner
Regions of Low-Rise
Significantly Increase
Local High Uplift
Pressures near Roof
Corners

On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
Roof Parapets: Reducing Wind Uplift
Scuppers up to 1 m Wide
Installed near Roof Corners

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Effective for Corner Regions
of High-Rise

Short Section of Open
Guardrail in lieu of Parapet

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Effective for Corner Regions

Low Parapets, based on
Wind Exposure & Design
Wind Speed

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Can Prevent Blow-off of Roof
Aggregate of Prescribed Sizes

On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
Roof Parapets: Adjoining Building
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Waterproofed Parapet
of Adequate Height to
Prevent Liabilities from
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Drainage Blockage
Roof Overflow
Melting of Drift Ice

On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
Roof Parapets: Multi-Tasking

 Proper Installation of Roof
Membranes and Flashings
 Reduce Roof Penetrations

 Piping & Wiring to Emerge from
Parapets
 Provide Support to Roof Grillage

 Protect & Enable Sustainability
Roof Services
 Green Roofs
 FM Global Property Loss
Prevention Data Sheet 1-35
 Height, Scupper, Vegetation
 Biophilic / Food Gardens
 Solar Arrays
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
Roof Parapets: Cap Flashings & Copings
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Effectively Reduce
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Uncapped Concrete /
Masonry Copings
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Wall Wetting
Water Infiltration
Staining on Cladding
Damage to Masonry

Lack Waterproofing
Exposed to Extremes of
Moistures & Temperature

Slanted Parapets
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No Drip Edges
More Staining

On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
Roof Parapets: Protecting Cap Flashings
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High Wind Damage
Initiated at Roof Edges
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Starting with Lifting of Cap
Flashings
Membrane Dislodgement
Flying Debris
Punctures & Tears

Vortex Suppression
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Innovative Aerodynamic
Roof Edge Devices
Minimize Vortex Uplifts
Under Full-Scale Testing
Double Damage Threshold
Cost-Effective

Photo retrieved from http://www.professionalroofing.net
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
Roof Perimeters: Environment Barriers
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Durable Continuity
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Connects Exterior Walls
with Roof Assemblies
Air Barrier
Vapor Barrier
Weather Barrier
Thermal Barrier

Intersection
Avoidable Stresses
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Thermal Bridging
Air Leakage

On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
Roof Perimeters: Environment Barriers
 Avoidable Stresses
 Thermal Bridging
 Air Leakage

 Brick Veneer Parapet
 Freeze-Thaw Cycling
Accelerates Deterioration
 Worsened by Coping with
 Inadequate
Waterproofing
 No Cross Slope
 No Drip Edge
 Hence Water
Absorption & FreezeThaw Damage
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
Roof Perimeters: Air Leakage
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The Source of Moisture
Issues in Steel/Wood
Buildings
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Improper Detailing e.g.
Balloon Framing
Design Not Ready for
Construction
Frost in Attics
Ice-Damming
Efflorescence
Spalling of Brick/Mortar
Metal Corrosion

Photo Credit: Gord Rajewski

Allow to Dry Out
Durable Material
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
Roof Perimeters: Durable Air Barrier
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Photo Credit: Gord Rajewski

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Protected from Severe
Thermal Cycling
Prefer Placing Air Barrier
within Insulation or on
Steady Temperature Side of
Insulation (if compatible
with air permeance of
material)
Air Barrier at Roof Deck Level
for Curtain Wall Panels
Structurally Supported to
Withstand Stack Effects

On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
Roof Perimeters: Thermal Bridging
 Structural Designers Can
Significantly Reduce
Energy Consumption of
Buildings
 Reduce Heat Loss
 Reduce Condensation on
Interior Cold Spots
 Prevent Mildews
 Reduce Radiant Heat Loss

 Raised Heel Trusses
 Provide Space for Insulation

On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
Roof Perimeters: Thermal Bridging

Reducing Thermal Bridging

 Reduce Frequency of Penetration
by Conductive Material
 Strengthen Structure Outside of
Insulation and Air Barrier
 Reduce Need to Transfer Loading
Across Insulation and Air Barrier
 Use Lower Conductive Material
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Fiberglass
Foam-glass
High Strength Foam
Use Wood / Stainless Steel instead of
Carbon Steel when Structure
Penetrates Insulation or Air Barrier

Photo Credit: Gord Rajewski

 Separating
 Tempered Structural Core & Frame
 Exposed Structural Fins & Shells
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
Roof Perimeters: Possible Configurations
 Intermittent Connections,
Not Continuous
 R Stainless Steel = 3 x R Carbon Steel
 R Stainless Steel = 12 x R Aluminum
 R Wood = 400 x R Carbon Steel
 Structural Stability
 Capacity for Lateral
Resistance

On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
Roof Perimeters: Possible Configurations

On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
Roof Perimeters: Possible Configurations

On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
Roof Perimeters: Changing Environmental Loads
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Design based on Historical Climate Data
Will Past Extremes Represent Future Conditions ?
Currently Projected Changes
 More Intense Precipitation
 Increased Summer Drying
 Intensified Peak Winds

 Higher Frequency of Damage Thresholds Being
Exceeded
 Roof Perimeters Critical in

 Protecting Roofs & Walls Against Wind & Storm Events
 Mitigating Wildfire & Earthquake Damages

On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
Roof Perimeters: Changing Environmental Loads
 If Building Envelope Fails
During a Storm
 Damage to Contents Likely 2 to 9
times Building Repair Cost

 Disasters Trigger Sequence
of Financial Events for
Insurers & Reinsurers
 Supply of Reinsurance May
Dwindle

On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
Roof Perimeters: Changing Environmental Loads
2 Main Concerns for Building Envelope
Durability of Building Envelope Fabric to Weather
Additional Environmental Stresses
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More Frequent Freeze-Thaw Cycles in Colder Regions
Potentially Increased Atmospheric Chemical Deposition
Initially Increasing UV Levels
Changes to Precipitation Regimes

Impact of Weathering Over Time on Building
Envelope’s



Durability
Resilience to Extremes

Increasingly Critical to



Resist Wind
Prevent Moisture Entry

On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
Roof Perimeters: Changing Environmental Loads
 Building Envelopes Adapt by

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Preventative Maintenance
Better Material Formulation
Changes in Engineering Practice
 More Durable
 Greater Resilience

 Parapets & Overhangs
Increasingly Important in

 Protecting Roof Equipment &
Surfaces
 Prolonging Life of Vulnerable
Claddings, and hence Buildings
 Protecting Heritage Buildings
with Effective Water Shedding &
Waterproofing Measures

On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
An Integrative Design Process
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Identify Performance Needs
Apply Building Science Thinking
Develop & Coordinate Design
Configurations
 Integrating Performance Needs



Adequately Develop
Construction Details
 Meeting All Performance Needs

On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
An Integrative Design Process


Without Building
Science Thinking At
Early Stages of Design
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

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Future Roof Perimeter
Issues can Expect to be
Challenging
Snap Decisions Leading
to Increased Workload
and Expenses for
Building Operations &
Maintenance
Less Durable Building
Missed Prevention of
Hazards & Nuisance

Photo Credit: Gord Rajewski

On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
An Integrative Design Process


An Optimal, Cost-Effective, Safe
& Durable Design

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Unlikely Arrived at by Chance
Unlikely Guided Solely by Minimum
Code and Legal Requirements

Maximizing Real Estate Value

 Range of Considerations Available to
Assist
 Rising Real Estate Value of Roofs



An Integrative Design Process

 Highest Degree of Accountability for
Holistic Property Value
 Begins with Owner’s Project
Requirements
 Verifications at Building’s
Commissioning
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
An Integrative Design Process
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An Expressive Atrium
Roof & Canopy
Largely Eliminated
Nuisance of Rain, Snow
and Ice
Improved Usability of
Outdoor & Indoor
Space
Sheds Water & Snow
onto Parapeted Roof of
Carport

On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
Conclusion
Building Science Thinking must be present at the early stages of
building projects when geometries determining the performance
of roof perimeters would likely be defined.

On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
Cited References & Additional Information
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th
Crandell, J., Fischer, M. (2010, March). Winds of Change: Resolving Roof Aggregate Blow-Off. Proceedings of the RCI 25 Anniversary Convention and Trade Show, Orlando, Florida, March

Lockyear, S. (2012). Creating Redundancy in Building Envelope Design. STRUCTURE magazine, April 2012. Retrieved from http://www.structuremag.org/Archives/2012-4/C-GuestColumnLockyear-Apr12.pdf

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Quarles, S.L. (2001, August 31). Conflicting Design Issues in Wood Frame Construction. Prepared for 9 Durability Building Materials Conference, Brisbane, Australia, March 2002.

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Lstiburek, J. (2008, June 8). Roof Design Research Report – 0404. Originally prepared for Builder’s Guide for Cold Climates, 2004 Edition. Retrieved from

Structural Engineering Institute (SEI) /American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC). Thermal Bridging Solutions: Minimizing Structural Steel's Impact on Building Envelope Energy

http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0404-roof-design.pdf

Transfer. A Supplement to Modern Steel Construction, March 2012. Retrieved from

Morrison Hershfield (2011). Thermal Performance of Building Envelope Details for Mid- and High-Rise Buildings (1365-RP). ASHRAE Technical Committee 4.4.
Retrieved from http://www.morrisonhershfield.com/ashrae1365research/Documents/MH_1365RP_Final_small.pdf

http://www.modernsteel.com/Uploads/Issues/March_2012/032012_thermal_bridging_March_insert.pdf

Novesky, M.E. (2011, October). Effects Causing Wintertime Condensation Particular to High-Rise Buildings. Proceedings of the RCI Symposium on Building

Seifert, R. (2003, December). Attics and Roofs for Northern Residential Construction. The University of Alaska Fairbanks Cooperative Extension Service. Building in Alaska. HCM-00559.

Envelope Technology, October 10 – 11, 2011. Retrieved from http://www.rci-online.org/interface/2011-BES-Novesky.pdf

Retrieved from http://www.uaf.edu/files/ces/publications-db/catalog/eeh/HCM-00559.pdf

Prevatt, D.O., Acomb, G.A., Masters, F.J., (2012, June). Comprehensive Wind Uplift Study of Modular and Built-in-Place Green Roof Systems. Florida Building
Commission. Retrieved from http://www.floridabuilding.org/fbc/commission/FBC_0812/HRAC/Task_2_Final_Report_Green_Roof.pdf

Auld, H., MacIver, D. (2007). Changing Weather Patterns, Uncertainty and Infrastructure Risks: Emerging Adaptation Requirements. Proceedings of Engineering Institute of Canada:
Climate Change Technology Conference, Ottawa, May 2006. Retrieved from http://www.ipcc-wg2.gov/njlite_download.php?id=7166

Straube, J.F. (2001, November 21). Pressure Moderation and Rain Penetration Control. Ontario Building Envelope Council. Proceedings of Pressure Equalized
Rainscreens: Design and Performance, 2001. Retrieved from http://www.civil.uwaterloo.ca/beg/Downloads/Pressure_Moderation_Seminar.PDF
Straube, J. (2005). OAA Rain Penetration Control Practice Guide. Retrieved from www.oaa.on.ca/images/docs/1305204815_Rain_Penetration_Intro.pdf,

Coleman, T. (2001). The Impact of Climate Change on Insurance against Catastrophes. Insurance Australia Group, Melbourne, Australia. Retrieved from

Guide_pg_15_-_28.pdf, Guide_pg_29_-_50.pdf

http://stephenschneider.stanford.edu/Publications/PDF_Papers/IAG-Climate_Change_Paper.pdf
Auld, H., Klaassen J., Comer, N. (2007). Weathering of Building Infrastructure and the Changing Climate: Adaptation Options. Proceedings of Engineering Institute of Canada: Climate
Change Technology Conference, Ottawa, May 2006. Retrieved from http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2012/ec/En57-41-11-2007-eng.pdf
Quirouette, R.L. (1986). The Air Barrier Defined. Building Science Insight '86, "An Air Barrier for the Building Envelope". Retrieved from http://archive.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/ibp/irc/bsi/86air-barrier.html

On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
Thank You

Wilma Leung
Williams Engineering Canada

On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters

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On the Edge? Defensive Strategies for Roof Perimeters

  • 1. On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters Wilma Leung Williams Engineering Canada
  • 2. Outline      Photo Credit: Gord Rajewski Roof Overhangs Roof Parapets Environmental Barriers at Roof Perimeters Changes in Environmental Loads on Roof Perimeters An Integrative Design Process On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
  • 3. Roof Perimeters: Overhangs & Parapets      Cantilevered Appendages Inconvenient Details No Man’s Land ? Confluence of Contradiction ? Photo Credit: Gord Rajewski On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
  • 4. Roof Perimeters: Overhangs & Parapets  Frontline Defense       Deflect Rain & Snow Control Solar Radiation Support     Wind Damage Snow Damage Ice Damage Gutters Walls Slabs Protect    People Walls & Openings Ground & Foundation On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
  • 5. Roof Perimeters: Multidisciplinary  Discipline-based Design Perspectives     Overlaid ? Optimized ? Critical Early Stages of Building Design Integrate       Rain, Snow, Ice Fire, Wind, Drainage Durability, Airtightness Thermal Separation Structural Stability Environmental Changes On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
  • 6. Roof Perimeters: Multidisciplinary    “ If all you have is a hammer, everything looks like a nail.” – English Proverb Discipline-based Design Perspectives   Overlaid ? Optimized ? Critical Early Stages of Building Design Integrate       Rain, Snow, Ice Fire, Wind, Drainage Durability, Airtightness Thermal Separation Structural Stability Environmental Changes On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
  • 7. Roof Overhangs      Vernacular & Universal Control Indoor Climate Passive Solar Strategies Protect from Wetness Evolved to incorporate   Vented Soffits Gutters On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
  • 8. Roof Overhangs: Potential Conflicts  Wildfire Vulnerability    Flame Impingement Ember Exposure Wildfire Mitigation      Narrower Overhangs Fewer Joints Screened Soffit Vents Choice of Material Removal of Plants  High Wind & Coastal Areas     Intensified Wind Speeds Wind-driven Rain Accelerated Weathering Wind Mitigation  Narrower Overhangs On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
  • 9. Roof Overhangs: No Exhausts Below  No Moisture Exhausts      Boilers Dryers Kitchens Bathrooms Aggravated Damage      Moisture to Attics Rapid Freeze-Thaw Cycling Porous Material: Wood, Stucco, Concrete, Paint Mildly Acidic Emissions Neighboring Buildings On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
  • 10. Roof Overhangs: Eavestroughs   Seldom Professionally Designed High Risk Impromptu Gutter Installations      On Eaves with No Overhangs For Low-slope Roofs Mounted on Walls & Parapets Ends butting against a Wall or a Sloped Roof Underneath Inadequate First Defense   Flow Concentration Wind Uplift On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
  • 11. Roof Overhangs: Eavestroughs  Gutters for Colder Regions    Overhang 12” with Drip Flashing; Or Roof Edge Made Waterproofed Lower Gutter Position on Fascia   Avoid Damming of Ice or Snow Avoid Being Damaged by Ice or Snow On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
  • 12. Eave Overhangs: Falling Ice & Snow      Assessing Hazards Icicles Snow Cornices Overhead Cables Plumbing Vents Gable Overhangs: Safe Zone for Entrances, Parking, Prized Plants … Note: Slanted Gables are more similar to Eaves.  On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
  • 13. Eave Overhangs: Falling Ice & Snow Temporary Fix  “Beware of Falling Ice”  Heat Trace may   Create Path for Water to Drain Create More Icicles Mitigation  Reduce Freeze-Thaw Factors  Reduce Heat Loss into Attic, and onto Roof  “Cold Roof” Strategy Photo Credit: Gord Rajewski On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
  • 14. Eave Overhangs: Air Inlets for “Cold Roofs”  Prerequisites for Cold Roofs     1 ½” - 5” High Air Space Eave Air Inlets to Avoid       Well-insulated Ceiling Airtight Ceiling Warm Air Sources Air Exhausts & Entrance Doors Façade with High Solar Absorption Material Stack Effects Protects Roof in Winter Saves $ in Summer On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
  • 15. Roof Parapets Historically Promoted to Displace Wood Overhangs  For Fire Protection Benefits Fire Resistant Unreinforced Masonry Parapets   Hazard for Firefighters Hazard during Earthquakes Main Functions Today    Proper Installation of Roof Membranes and Flashings Protect Roof Assemblies from Wind Uplift, esp. at Roof Perimeters Guardrail, increasingly On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
  • 16. Roof Parapets: Reducing Wind Uplift  Parapets Higher than 1 m Significantly Reduce Wind Uplift on Flat Roofs     Lower Parapets  Photo Credit: Gord Rajewski Both Low- & High-Rise Esp. near Roof Perimeters Marginal for Corner Regions of Low-Rise Significantly Increase Local High Uplift Pressures near Roof Corners On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
  • 17. Roof Parapets: Reducing Wind Uplift Scuppers up to 1 m Wide Installed near Roof Corners  Effective for Corner Regions of High-Rise Short Section of Open Guardrail in lieu of Parapet  Effective for Corner Regions Low Parapets, based on Wind Exposure & Design Wind Speed  Can Prevent Blow-off of Roof Aggregate of Prescribed Sizes On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
  • 18. Roof Parapets: Adjoining Building  Waterproofed Parapet of Adequate Height to Prevent Liabilities from    Drainage Blockage Roof Overflow Melting of Drift Ice On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
  • 19. Roof Parapets: Multi-Tasking  Proper Installation of Roof Membranes and Flashings  Reduce Roof Penetrations  Piping & Wiring to Emerge from Parapets  Provide Support to Roof Grillage  Protect & Enable Sustainability Roof Services  Green Roofs  FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheet 1-35  Height, Scupper, Vegetation  Biophilic / Food Gardens  Solar Arrays On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
  • 20. Roof Parapets: Cap Flashings & Copings  Effectively Reduce      Uncapped Concrete / Masonry Copings    Wall Wetting Water Infiltration Staining on Cladding Damage to Masonry Lack Waterproofing Exposed to Extremes of Moistures & Temperature Slanted Parapets   No Drip Edges More Staining On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
  • 21. Roof Parapets: Protecting Cap Flashings  High Wind Damage Initiated at Roof Edges      Starting with Lifting of Cap Flashings Membrane Dislodgement Flying Debris Punctures & Tears Vortex Suppression      Innovative Aerodynamic Roof Edge Devices Minimize Vortex Uplifts Under Full-Scale Testing Double Damage Threshold Cost-Effective Photo retrieved from http://www.professionalroofing.net On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
  • 22. Roof Perimeters: Environment Barriers  Durable Continuity        Connects Exterior Walls with Roof Assemblies Air Barrier Vapor Barrier Weather Barrier Thermal Barrier Intersection Avoidable Stresses   Thermal Bridging Air Leakage On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
  • 23. Roof Perimeters: Environment Barriers  Avoidable Stresses  Thermal Bridging  Air Leakage  Brick Veneer Parapet  Freeze-Thaw Cycling Accelerates Deterioration  Worsened by Coping with  Inadequate Waterproofing  No Cross Slope  No Drip Edge  Hence Water Absorption & FreezeThaw Damage On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
  • 24. Roof Perimeters: Air Leakage  The Source of Moisture Issues in Steel/Wood Buildings          Improper Detailing e.g. Balloon Framing Design Not Ready for Construction Frost in Attics Ice-Damming Efflorescence Spalling of Brick/Mortar Metal Corrosion Photo Credit: Gord Rajewski Allow to Dry Out Durable Material On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
  • 25. Roof Perimeters: Durable Air Barrier   Photo Credit: Gord Rajewski   Protected from Severe Thermal Cycling Prefer Placing Air Barrier within Insulation or on Steady Temperature Side of Insulation (if compatible with air permeance of material) Air Barrier at Roof Deck Level for Curtain Wall Panels Structurally Supported to Withstand Stack Effects On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
  • 26. Roof Perimeters: Thermal Bridging  Structural Designers Can Significantly Reduce Energy Consumption of Buildings  Reduce Heat Loss  Reduce Condensation on Interior Cold Spots  Prevent Mildews  Reduce Radiant Heat Loss  Raised Heel Trusses  Provide Space for Insulation On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
  • 27. Roof Perimeters: Thermal Bridging Reducing Thermal Bridging  Reduce Frequency of Penetration by Conductive Material  Strengthen Structure Outside of Insulation and Air Barrier  Reduce Need to Transfer Loading Across Insulation and Air Barrier  Use Lower Conductive Material     Fiberglass Foam-glass High Strength Foam Use Wood / Stainless Steel instead of Carbon Steel when Structure Penetrates Insulation or Air Barrier Photo Credit: Gord Rajewski  Separating  Tempered Structural Core & Frame  Exposed Structural Fins & Shells On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
  • 28. Roof Perimeters: Possible Configurations  Intermittent Connections, Not Continuous  R Stainless Steel = 3 x R Carbon Steel  R Stainless Steel = 12 x R Aluminum  R Wood = 400 x R Carbon Steel  Structural Stability  Capacity for Lateral Resistance On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
  • 29. Roof Perimeters: Possible Configurations On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
  • 30. Roof Perimeters: Possible Configurations On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
  • 31. Roof Perimeters: Changing Environmental Loads    Design based on Historical Climate Data Will Past Extremes Represent Future Conditions ? Currently Projected Changes  More Intense Precipitation  Increased Summer Drying  Intensified Peak Winds  Higher Frequency of Damage Thresholds Being Exceeded  Roof Perimeters Critical in  Protecting Roofs & Walls Against Wind & Storm Events  Mitigating Wildfire & Earthquake Damages On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
  • 32. Roof Perimeters: Changing Environmental Loads  If Building Envelope Fails During a Storm  Damage to Contents Likely 2 to 9 times Building Repair Cost  Disasters Trigger Sequence of Financial Events for Insurers & Reinsurers  Supply of Reinsurance May Dwindle On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
  • 33. Roof Perimeters: Changing Environmental Loads 2 Main Concerns for Building Envelope Durability of Building Envelope Fabric to Weather Additional Environmental Stresses     More Frequent Freeze-Thaw Cycles in Colder Regions Potentially Increased Atmospheric Chemical Deposition Initially Increasing UV Levels Changes to Precipitation Regimes Impact of Weathering Over Time on Building Envelope’s   Durability Resilience to Extremes Increasingly Critical to   Resist Wind Prevent Moisture Entry On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
  • 34. Roof Perimeters: Changing Environmental Loads  Building Envelopes Adapt by    Preventative Maintenance Better Material Formulation Changes in Engineering Practice  More Durable  Greater Resilience  Parapets & Overhangs Increasingly Important in  Protecting Roof Equipment & Surfaces  Prolonging Life of Vulnerable Claddings, and hence Buildings  Protecting Heritage Buildings with Effective Water Shedding & Waterproofing Measures On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
  • 35. An Integrative Design Process    Identify Performance Needs Apply Building Science Thinking Develop & Coordinate Design Configurations  Integrating Performance Needs  Adequately Develop Construction Details  Meeting All Performance Needs On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
  • 36. An Integrative Design Process  Without Building Science Thinking At Early Stages of Design     Future Roof Perimeter Issues can Expect to be Challenging Snap Decisions Leading to Increased Workload and Expenses for Building Operations & Maintenance Less Durable Building Missed Prevention of Hazards & Nuisance Photo Credit: Gord Rajewski On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
  • 37. An Integrative Design Process  An Optimal, Cost-Effective, Safe & Durable Design    Unlikely Arrived at by Chance Unlikely Guided Solely by Minimum Code and Legal Requirements Maximizing Real Estate Value  Range of Considerations Available to Assist  Rising Real Estate Value of Roofs  An Integrative Design Process  Highest Degree of Accountability for Holistic Property Value  Begins with Owner’s Project Requirements  Verifications at Building’s Commissioning On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
  • 38. An Integrative Design Process     An Expressive Atrium Roof & Canopy Largely Eliminated Nuisance of Rain, Snow and Ice Improved Usability of Outdoor & Indoor Space Sheds Water & Snow onto Parapeted Roof of Carport On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
  • 39. Conclusion Building Science Thinking must be present at the early stages of building projects when geometries determining the performance of roof perimeters would likely be defined. On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
  • 40. Cited References & Additional Information Kazmeierczak, K. (2010, April). Review of Curtain Walls, Focusing on Design Problems and Solutions. Proceedings of the BEST 2 Conference, Portland, Oregon, April 2010. Retrieved from Strathopoulos, T., Baskaran, A., (1988). Turbulent Wind Loading of Roofs with Parapet Configurations. Proceedings of the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering Annual Conference in http://www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/best/best2_008_ee4-1.pdf Montreal, May 1987. Retrieved from http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/pdf/10.1139/l88-077 U.S. Department of Energy (2000, December). Passive Solar Design. Technology Fact Sheet. Retrieved from http://www.southface.org/factsheets/PSD-Passivesolar 00-790.pdf th Crandell, J., Fischer, M. (2010, March). Winds of Change: Resolving Roof Aggregate Blow-Off. Proceedings of the RCI 25 Anniversary Convention and Trade Show, Orlando, Florida, March Lockyear, S. (2012). Creating Redundancy in Building Envelope Design. STRUCTURE magazine, April 2012. Retrieved from http://www.structuremag.org/Archives/2012-4/C-GuestColumnLockyear-Apr12.pdf 25-30, 2010. Retrieved from http://www.rci-online.org/interface/2010CTS-Proceedings-crandell-fischer.pdf Morrison, R.V. (2011, July). Field Investigation of Aggregate Blow-Off of Spray Polyurethane Foam Roofs. Originally presented at the Roofing Industry Committee on Weather Issues th Quarles, S.L. (2001, August 31). Conflicting Design Issues in Wood Frame Construction. Prepared for 9 Durability Building Materials Conference, Brisbane, Australia, March 2002. (RICOWI) Fall Symposium, November 11, 2010, in Rock Hill, SC. Interface Magazine, July 2011. Retrieved from http://www.rci-online.org/interface/2011-07-morrison.pdf th Ennis, M., (2010). Fire and Wind Resistance Standards for Vegetative Roofs. Proceedings of the RCI 25 International Convention March 25 – 30, 2010. 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  • 42. Thank You Wilma Leung Williams Engineering Canada On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters