The document discusses several key concepts: - Postmodernism first emerged in 1979 with Jean-François Lyotard's work, questioning rationalist European philosophy and the Enlightenment assumptions of objective truth and the ability of reason to improve society. - It rejects ideas like the existence of objective reality, universal human nature, language representing external reality, and the ability to construct general explanatory theories of the natural world. - Consumer capitalism refers to consumption driving the capitalist economy through corporate manipulation of consumers to continually purchase goods.

2. • The term “postmodernism” first entered the philosophical lexicon in
1979,
with the publication of The Postmodern Condition by Jean-François
Lyotard.
• It’s a reaction against the philosophical assumptions, values, and
intellectual
worldview of the modern period of western history.
• Postmodernism questions everything rationalist European philosophy
held to
be true.

4. • An economy that operates by voluntary exchange in a free
market and is not planned or controlled by a central
authority;
a capitalistic economy.

5. • A capitalist system typified by trade monopolies in the hands
of
a few people.

6. • Consumer capitalism is a term that has been continually redefined
since its
introduction into popular culture in the 1920s as the public relations
industry became ubiquitous, and used techniques derived from
psychology
and sociology to mass market consumer goods. Most commonly, this
term
refers to the idea that consumption drives the capitalist economy
through
corporate manipulation of the consumer to purchase (and continue
purchasing) material goods.

7. • Many of the doctrines characteristically associated with
postmodernism can fairly be described as the straightforward
denial
of the general philosophical viewpoints that were taken for
granted
during the 18th-century Enlightenment.
1. There is an objective natural reality.
2. The descriptive and explanatory statements of scientists and
historians can, in principle, be objectively true or false.
3. Through the use of reason and logic, and with the more
specialized tools provided by science and technology, human
beings are likely to change themselves and their societies for
the better.

8. 5. There is such a thing as human nature; it consists of
faculties, aptitudes, or dispositions that are in some
sense present in human beings at birth rather than
learned or instilled through social forces.
6. Language refers to and represents a reality outside
itself.
7. Human beings can acquire knowledge about natural
reality.
8. It is possible, at least in principle, to construct general
theories that explain many aspects of the natural or
social world within a given domain of knowledge.

9. • It is cultural activities or commercial products
reflecting, suited
to, or aimed at the tastes of the general masses of people.
• There are four main types of popular culture analyses :
• Production analysis
• Textual analysis
• Audience analysis
• And historical analysis