I prepared this presentation to give primary care physicians (general practitioners) updates on treatment of adult ADHD.
It is a summary of relevant European and UK guidleins.
The presentation will be uploaded to GP Lectures website:
http://www.gplectures.co.uk/
2. By the end of this presentation
you should know more about..
• Evidence base
• Drugs used in Adult ADHD and their side effects
• Shared care protocols
• How to monitor treatment and when to refer back to
specialist
3. Recommend reading
NICE guidelines for treatment of ADHD [CG72] (2008-
updated 2013)
Summary of the guidelines for the pharmacological
management of ADHD recommendations from the British
Association for Psychopharmacology (Bolea-Alamañac at
al, 2014)
European consensus statement on diagnosis and
treatment of adult ADHD: The European Network Adult
ADHD (Kooij et al, 2010)
4. Two important neurotransmitters:
(dopamine, noradrenaline)
Responsible for most functional impairment in
ADHD
There is impairment in neurotransmitters' function
and 70% of patients report improvement with
medication
The improvement is dramatic
Side effects are transient and not severe (usually)
5. Neurobiological dysfunction in ADHD
This has been demonstrated by numerous
literature and brain imaging studies
The most effective treatment is to target this
neurotransmitters dysfunction
Unless this is done, other interventions may not
be so effective
6. Substance Misuse in ADHD
The prevalence is higher in adults with ADHD
The onset is typically earlier, last longer, and
slow to remit (compared to non ADHD adults)
Early treatment reduce risk of drug abuse in
future (results of meta-analysis review by
Wilens et al, 2003 and case control study by
Wilens et al, 2008)
7. ADHD in older people
ADHD is not “outgrown” in older persons
The prevalence is similar across all ages (3-5%)
There are 15 case studies of older patients (67-81 yrs)
successfully treated with stimulant medication
Close monitoring of physical health (especially
cardiovascular side effects) during treatment
( Michielsen et al, 2012, Das et al, 2014)
8. Aims of Drug Treatment
To treat the core symptoms:
Inattentive ± hyperactive, impulsive
To treat the associated impairment:
Educational, learning problems, problems due to poor
performance at work (clumsiness, attention problems)
To treat comorbidities:
Mood and anxiety treatment has better outcome if ADHD is
treated. Combined treatment (for ADHD and for the
comorbidity) is the rule rather than the exception
9. Impact of non-treatment
Higher rates of academic failure
Low occupational status
Increased risk of substance use disorders (tobacco,
alcohol or drugs)
Accidents and delinquency
Fewer social relationships or friends
10. Controversial Treatments for
ADHD
Dietary modification (avoiding artificial additives,
sugars, etc...)
Dietary supplements: vitamins or anti-oxidants,
algae, omega 3.
No established evidence for the effectives and
safety of these treatments.
11. Treatment priorities in ADHD
First treat most severe disorder, usually affective
disorders, substance misuse, then treat ADHD
In case of personality disorder: first treat ADHD
Treatment of milder depressive and anxiety
disorders may be delayed and re-assessed after
ADHD treatment (may improve significantly)
12. Types of non-pharmacological
treatments
Psycho-education very important component of
treatment.
Cognitive-behavioral treatment: to improve self-
confidence, self esteem
Coaching
Others: Meta-cognitive therapy (MCT), Cognitive
remediation programs (CRP) and Mindfulness
based therapies
13. Medications for ADHD
Are safe and effective but need specialist input
The doses for adults can be more difficult to determine,
as most studies were done on children
Require gradual titration and monitoring to “fine tune”
according to the individual needs and daily life activities
Drug treatments for adults with ADHD should always
form part of a comprehensive treatment (NICE)
14. Prevalence of treatment in the adult
in UK
Less than 10% of adults with ADHD requiring medication
are thought to receive treatment
High discontinuation rate during transition from adolescents
to adulthood (16-18 years) (McCarthy et al., 2009).
In contrast to children ADHD treatment, NICE recommends
that pharmacological interventions are always first line in
adults (NICE, 2008).
15. Patients’ Concerns Regarding
Medications
My change my personality, dull, become like a “zombie”?
I will become a “junkie”, or people will think I am one
Effect on growth
Induce tics (or make them worse)
Effect on sleep, appetite, sex
I need to use it all my life
16. Licensed indications
Currently only atomoxetine is licensed for treatment of
adults with ADHD provided that it was started before
the age of 18.
The prescription of atomoxetine for the first time after
the age of 18 and the prescription of stimulants is “off-
label”.
But stimulant medications are supported by NICE,
BAP & European guidance and the BNF.
17. Summary of NICE Guidelines
Medication is the first-line treatment in adults
Methylphenidate is the first-line drug
If methylphenidate is ineffective or unacceptable then
atomoxetine or dexamphetamine can be tried 2nd line
In the following situations:
1. Residual symptoms
2. Poor or no response
3. Medication is not an option
4. The patient refuses medication
........then consider CBT
18. Controlled Drugs
Methylphenidate and dexamfetamine are schedule 2
controlled drugs (CD) thus are subject to prescription
requirements.
Hence prescriptions must states the form and strength
of preparation (e.g. 10mg tablets); the dose (e.g. 10mg
TDS) and total quantity or number of dose units in
words AND figures (e.g. 500 mg = Five Hundred
milligrams).
A prescription can be given for a maximum of 28 days.
21. Stimulants
Have been used for decades (treatment of ADHD since
1960s)
Available in prolonged release formulations
(recommended)
Use is supported by more than 250 randomised controlled
studies over 40 years
They enhance dopamine levels by blocking pre-synaptic
dopamine transporter
Almost immediate effects is noticed with short acting
formulation (within 20 minutes)
(Faraone et al 2003, Volkow et al 2002, Pietrzak at el 2006)
22. Advantages of Extended-Release
Formulations of Stimulants
They provide prolonged and sustained level of
medication spread throughout the day
The onset of the action and end is smoother, which
reduces the symptoms fluctuations during the day
May fit better around school, work commitments
Better compliance, less doses
May reduce diversion and abuse
23. Substance misuse and medication
Not widely reported in the UK.
To provide a sensation of “high”, the stimulant (short acting)
should be injected or snorted.
The risks of abuse can therefore be largely avoided by use
of long-acting formulations of stimulants.
The prodrug lisdexamfetamine is the first pro-drug licensed
in Europe for ADHD and has a very low abuse potential and
is a good alternative to immediate-release dexamfetamine.
24. Management of some of the
common side effects
Appetite loss
Monitor weight before and after treatment
regularly
Take the medication with or after meals
Eat regularly
Use medication holidays
25. Insomnia
Explore pre-treatment sleep pattern (ADHD is
commonly associated with delayed sleep onset
and insomnia)
Advice about sleep hygiene
Reduce the dose, or switch to shorter acting
stimulant
Consider adjunctive medication (e.g., melatonin,
clonidine)
26. Irritability
Assess onset (when the drug level peaks:
too high dose, or when the drugs wears off:
rebound symptoms)
Review the dose
Assess for comorbidity (is irritability part of
anxiety/mood symptoms)
Consider combined treatment
27. Methylphenidate
Methylphenidate hydrochloride (5, 10, 20) including
Medikinet®
Duration of action: 3-4 hours
Dose: 5 mg 2–3 times daily increased if necessary at weekly
intervals according to response, max. 100 mg daily in 2–3
divided doses
Evening dose If effect wears off in evening (with rebound
hyperactivity) a dose at bedtime may be appropriate
(establish need with trial bedtime dose)
28. Concerta® XL tablet (Janssen)
Schedule 2 controlled drug
22% immediate-release component, 78% modified-release
Dose: 18 mg, 27 mg, 36 mg.
Initially 18 mg once daily in the morning, adjusted at weekly
intervals according to response, max. 108 mg daily
15 mg of standard-release methylphenidate is equivalent to 18
mg Concerta® XL 18 mg once daily
29. Equasym XL® capsules (Shire)
Schedule 2 controlled drug
10 mg 20 mg 30 mg
30% immediate-release component, 70% modified-release
Dose: initially 10 mg once daily in the morning before
breakfast, increased gradually at weekly intervals if
necessary, max. 100 mg daily
Contents of capsule can be sprinkled on a tablespoon of
apple sauce (then swallowed immediately without chewing)
30. Medikinet XL® capsules (Flynn)
Schedule 2 controlled drug
5 mg 10 mg 20 mg 30 mg 40 mg
50% immediate-release component, 50% modified-release
Dose: initially 10 mg once daily in the morning with breakfast,
adjusted at weekly intervals according to response, max. 100 mg
daily
Contents of capsule can be sprinkled on a tablespoon of apple
sauce or yoghurt (then swallowed immediately without chewing)
31. Stimulants Effects
Improved sustained attention
Reduced distractibility
Reduced impulsivity
Improve work performance and academic work
Positive effect on behaviour (reduces aggression and
disruptive behaviour)
Effective in 75% of adult ADHD cases.
32. Stimulants Side Effects
Insomnia
Decreased Appetite (in 50-60%): Weight Loss
Headaches
Stomach aches (20-40%)
Mood changes/dysphoria
(Mild) Increases in Heart Rate and Blood Pressure
Tics (very rarely Tourette syndrome)
Psychosis
Seizures
Tolerance and dependence?
34. Atomoxetine (Strattera)
Potent pre-synaptic, noradrenergic transport blocker
with low affinity for other neurotransmitters
Structurally similar to Fluoxetine
Optimal effects seen at 2 weeks
May be given as single daily dose or bd
Dispensed in a capsule that cannot be opened
39. Cautions
Methylphenidate: history of seizures, tics or family
history of Tourette or other movement disorders, known
drug dependence/history of drug
dependence/alcoholism, depression, psychosis.
Atomoxetine: Cardiovascular disease, QT interval
prolongation, psychosis/mania, history of seizures,
aggressive behaviour/hostility/emotional labiality,
hepatic impairment, pregnancy and lactation.
41. Interactions
Alcohol: Effects of methylphenidate possibly enhanced by
alcohol.
Methylphenidate possibly inhibits metabolism of SSRI’s and
TCA’s.
Metabolism of atomoxetine possibly inhibited by fluoxetine
and paroxetine
Antipsychotics: methylphenidate possibly increases side
effects of risperidone. Increased risk of ventricular
arrhythmias when atomoxetine given with antipsychotics
that prolong QT interval.
42. Shared Care Protocols
Funding threatens these protocols
The specialist will initiate treatment
Transfer of prescribing responsibility to GP when the
patient’s condition is stable and dose is specified
The GP should agree on this transfer
The specialist will continue to supply prescriptions
until transfer of the responsibilities.
There should be regular review of the patient (by the
specialist)
The specialist give advice on when and how to
change the dose, discontinue or refer back
The GP will monitor patient’s pulse, BP and weight
43. Pre-treatment assessment
Full history with a basic physical exam including height,
weight, pulse, blood pressure, and heart and lung
auscultation
If there is family or personal history of heart disease or the
cardiovascular examination is abnormal an ECG is
recommended.
Risk of self-harm and substance misuse should also be
assessed.
In the case of atomoxetine, previous history of liver disease
should be evaluated.
44. Clinical monitoring
To be done by the GP (if in agreement with the specialist) in
accordance with NICE recommendations
Weight: To be measured 3 and 6 months after initiation and
six monthly thereafter.
If evidence of weight loss monitor BMI, if weight loss
persists refer back to consultant.
Heart rate and Blood pressure: Chart before and after each
dose change and routinely every three months. Sustained
resting tachycardia, arrhythmia or clinically significant high
systolic blood pressure (on two occasions: consider dose
reduction and refer to specialist)
45. Duration of treatment
Should be continued “as long as clinically effective” with
regular reviews at least annually.
Effects of dosage changes or no treatment periods should
be evaluated.
Drug holidays may be useful to ascertain the need of
continuation of treatment.
46. ADHD in Pregnancy
Amphetamine, lisdexamfetamine,
methylphenidate, atomoxetine, bupropion, and
modafinil are all category C by FDA classification
(Bazire, 2012).
This category includes drugs where animal
studies have reported some harm without there
being any robust evidence in humans.
Both continuing and stopping drug treatment
carries risk.
47. Medication in Breastfeeding
Very little knowledge
Drugs licensed for children in general less risky
than those that have not been used in this
population.
A recent systematic review supports the idea that
very little methylphenidate reaches the infant
during breastfeeding (Bolea-Alamanac et al., 2013)
48. Conclusion
Treatment of adult ADHD is crucial and it is the responsibility of
primary and secondary care.
Treatment associated with significant benefits to the person and
society.
There are clear guidance on efficacy of treatment with stimulants
and non-stimulants
Addressing co-morbidity is important.
Developing local shared protocols throughout the UK is crucial
49. References
NICE, BAP and European consensus
Wilens TE, Faraone SV, Biederman J, Gunawardene S. Does stimulant therapy of attention-
deficit/hyperactivity disorder beget later substance abuse? A meta-analytic review of the literature.
Pediatrics. 2003 Jan;111(1):179-85.
Wilens TE, Adamson J, Monuteaux M, Faraone SV, et al. Impact of Prior Stimulant Treatment for
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in the Subsequent Risk for Cigarette Smoking, Alcohol, and
Drug Use Disorders in Adolescent Girls. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2008 October ; 162(10): 916–
921.
Faraone SV, Sergeant J, Gillberg C, Biederman J. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: is it an
American condition? World Psychiatry. 2003 Jun;2(2):104-13.
Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Logan J, et al. Relationship between blockade of dopamine
transporters by oral methylphenidate and the increases in extracellular dopamine: therapeutic
implications. Synapse. 2002;43:181–187.
Pietrzaka RH, Mollicab CM, Maruffc P, Snyde PJ. Cognitive effects of immediate-release
methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder