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1. Social InteractionSocial Interaction

2. Social InteractionSocial Interaction
• Includes the third school of sociologyIncludes the third school of sociology
• Is easily studied using approaches at theIs easily studied using approaches at the
micro level of investigationmicro level of investigation

3. Social InteractionSocial Interaction
Many apparent trivial aspects of our day-to-Many apparent trivial aspects of our day-to-
day behavior turn out to be importantday behavior turn out to be important
aspects ofaspects of social interaction.social interaction. An exampleAn example
is gazing at other people. In mostis gazing at other people. In most
interactions, eye contact is fairly fleeting.interactions, eye contact is fairly fleeting.
To stare at another person could be takenTo stare at another person could be taken
as a sign of hostility or, on someas a sign of hostility or, on some
occasions, of love. The study of socialoccasions, of love. The study of social
interaction is a fundamental area ininteraction is a fundamental area in
sociology that illuminates many aspects ofsociology that illuminates many aspects of
social life.social life.

4. Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication
Many different expressions are conveyed byMany different expressions are conveyed by
the human face. It is widely held thatthe human face. It is widely held that
basic aspects of the facial expressions ofbasic aspects of the facial expressions of
emotion are innate. Cross-cultural studiesemotion are innate. Cross-cultural studies
demonstrate quite close similaritiesdemonstrate quite close similarities
between members of different culturesbetween members of different cultures
both in facial expression and in theboth in facial expression and in the
interpretation of emotions registered oninterpretation of emotions registered on
the human face.the human face.

5. Face, gestures, and emotionsFace, gestures, and emotions
• Paul Ekman have developed the FacialPaul Ekman have developed the Facial
Action Coding System (FACS) forAction Coding System (FACS) for
describing movements of the facialdescribing movements of the facial
muscles that give rise to particularmuscles that give rise to particular
emotions.emotions.
• There is little agreement on how to identifyThere is little agreement on how to identify
and classify emotions.and classify emotions.
• Darwin believed that the basic modes ofDarwin believed that the basic modes of
emotional expression are the same in allemotional expression are the same in all
human beings.human beings.

6. • Psychologists and sociologists havePsychologists and sociologists have
identified six basic emotions that areidentified six basic emotions that are
common among human societiescommon among human societies
– HappinessHappiness
– SadnessSadness
– AngerAnger
– DisgustDisgust
– FearFear
– SurpriseSurprise

7. • These emotional expressions are innate inThese emotional expressions are innate in
human beingshuman beings
• They occur in both deaf and blind childrenThey occur in both deaf and blind children
without the benefit of ever directly experiencingwithout the benefit of ever directly experiencing
others facial expressions and to situations thatothers facial expressions and to situations that
would elicit pleasure, surprise, and dislike.would elicit pleasure, surprise, and dislike.
• There is also a gender dimension to everydayThere is also a gender dimension to everyday
social interaction.social interaction.
• This includes eye contact, touching, and voiceThis includes eye contact, touching, and voice
tone.tone.

8. EthnomethodologyEthnomethodology
The study of ordinary talk and conversationThe study of ordinary talk and conversation
has come to be calledhas come to be called ethnomethodologyethnomethodology,,
a term coined by Harold Garfinkel.a term coined by Harold Garfinkel.
Ethnomethodology is the analysis of theEthnomethodology is the analysis of the
ways in which we actively, althoughways in which we actively, although
usually in a taken for granted way, makeusually in a taken for granted way, make
sense of what others mean by what theysense of what others mean by what they
say and do.say and do.

9. Garfinkel’s ExperimentsGarfinkel’s Experiments
• Students engaged in conversation and thenStudents engaged in conversation and then
pursued casual remarks for precise meaning.pursued casual remarks for precise meaning.
• The stability and meaningfulness in our dailyThe stability and meaningfulness in our daily
lives depends on the sharing of unstated culturallives depends on the sharing of unstated cultural
assumptions about what is said and why.assumptions about what is said and why.
• What at first sight appears to be unimportantWhat at first sight appears to be unimportant
conventions of talk, turn out to be fundamental toconventions of talk, turn out to be fundamental to
the very fabric of social life.the very fabric of social life.

10. Interactional VandalismInteractional Vandalism
When one party in a conversation isWhen one party in a conversation is
“uncooperative”, this can give rise to“uncooperative”, this can give rise to
tension.tension.
Conversational analysisConversational analysis is used to examineis used to examine
all aspects of a conversation including theall aspects of a conversation including the
exact meaning of words, timing, etc.exact meaning of words, timing, etc.

11. Interactional vandalismInteractional vandalism describes a situationdescribes a situation
in which a subordinate person breaks thein which a subordinate person breaks the
tacit rules of everyday interaction that aretacit rules of everyday interaction that are
of value to the more powerful.of value to the more powerful.
Examples include theExamples include the openingsopenings andand closingsclosings
in conversations. This happens to bothin conversations. This happens to both
resistance to start and to stopresistance to start and to stop
conversations.conversations.

12. Face, Body, & Speech inFace, Body, & Speech in
InteractionInteraction
Unfocused interactionUnfocused interaction is the mutualis the mutual
awareness individuals have of oneawareness individuals have of one
another in large gatherings when notanother in large gatherings when not
directly in conversation together.directly in conversation together.
Focused interactionFocused interaction, which can be divided, which can be divided
into distinctinto distinct encounters,encounters, or episodes ofor episodes of
interaction, is when two or moreinteraction, is when two or more
individuals are directly attending to whatindividuals are directly attending to what
the other or others are saying and doing.the other or others are saying and doing.

13. Impression Management and rolesImpression Management and roles
come fromcome from theatricaltheatrical settingssettings
• Impression management compels othersImpression management compels others
to react to them in the ways they wish.to react to them in the ways they wish.
• Most of this reaction is out of the actorsMost of this reaction is out of the actors
awareness.awareness.

14. • Within every group each person has a setWithin every group each person has a set
ofof statuses.statuses.
• Ascribed status –Ascribed status – from birth based onfrom birth based on
biological factors such as age, sex, andbiological factors such as age, sex, and
racerace
• Achieved statusAchieved status – one that is earned– one that is earned
through one’s effortsthrough one’s efforts
• Master statusMaster status – has priority over all other– has priority over all other
statuses and generally determine astatuses and generally determine a
person’s overall position in societyperson’s overall position in society

15. Social interaction can often be studied usingSocial interaction can often be studied using
the dramaturgical model which is studyingthe dramaturgical model which is studying
social interactions as if those involvedsocial interactions as if those involved
were actors on a stage, having a set andwere actors on a stage, having a set and
props.props.
As in a theater, in the various contexts ofAs in a theater, in the various contexts of
social life there tend to be clearsocial life there tend to be clear
distinctions betweendistinctions between front regionsfront regions (the(the
stage itself) andstage itself) and back regionsback regions (where the(where the
actors prepare themselves for theactors prepare themselves for the
performance and relax afterwards.performance and relax afterwards.