Getty Vocabularies and LOD Conversion

THE GETTY
VOCABULARIES
A Brief Overview &
Linked Open Data
Patricia Harpring
Managing Editor, Getty Vocabulary Program
Revised October 2014 Patricia Harpring © 2014 J. Paul Getty Trust. For educational purposes only. Do not distribute. Images may be under additional copyright

www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/index.html
 For basic information on vocabularies, see
Introduction to Controlled Vocabularies
(Harpring, Baca editor, revised 2013) and its
bibliography
Patricia Harpring © 2014 J. Paul Getty Trust. For educational purposes only. Do not distribute.

www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/index.html
What Are the Getty Vocabularies?
AAT TGN ULAN CONA
Patricia Harpring © 2014 J. Paul Getty Trust. For educational purposes only. Do not distribute. Images may be under additional copyright

What are the Getty vocabularies?
 Catherine wheel or rose window? Mona Lisa or La Gioconda?
 The AAT, TGN, ULAN and CONA contain multilingual terminology
and other related data to describe
o visual art, architecture, other cultural heritage works, conservation,
archaeology, archival materials, visual surrogates, and related
bibliographic materials

 Getty vocabularies are valued as authoritative
o Grow through contributions from experts
o Contributors and sources are cited
 Compiled, merged, edited, and published by the Getty Vocabulary
Program and our technical team
 Data is made available in various ways: via online searching; relational
tables, XML format, Web services APIs
o Now as Linked Open Data: structured and published to make it openly
accessible and shareable on the Semantic Web
 Open Data Commons Attribution License (ODC-By) v1.0
 Allows sharing, creation, adaptation of data with attribution

 Getty vocabularies are thesauri compliant with national (NISO)
and international (ISO) standards for thesaurus construction
 They are compliant with / map to other standards:
o CDWA (Categories for the Description of Works of Art)
o CCO (Cataloging Cultural Objects)
o VRA Core (Visual Resources Association core categories)
o LIDO (Lightweight Information Describing Objects)
o CIDOC CRM (CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model) (ISO 21127:2006)
o etc.

 Features that allow the Getty vocabularies to be used in
cataloging, retrieval, and linking
o Each Getty vocabulary record, each term, and other data
are identified by unique numeric IDs
o Many other fields are controlled by lookup lists
o The vocabularies are linked to each other
o The vocabularies share a core data structure

Scope and Content
of the Getty Vocabularies
AAT TGN ULAN CONA

AAT, the Art & Architecture Thesaurus®
Generic terms for describing art and architecture
(fine art, built works, decorative arts, other
material culture, visual surrogates, archival
materials, archaeology, and conservation) (e.g.,
oil paintings, Baroque, lithographers, sintering).
Current totals: 36,000 records; 245,000 terms
• AAT is multilingual; large translation projects are underway
• Conceptually organized from terms to describe abstract
concepts to generic terms for concrete, physical artifacts
• Facets are the upper levels of the AAT structure
• AAT is not organized by subject matter or discipline

hierarchical
Objects Facet
.... Furnishings and Equipment
........ Containers
............ culinary containers
................ <vessels for serving / consuming food>
.................... rhyta
stirrup cups
coaching glasses
hunting glasses
associative
sturzbechers
Sturzbecher
stortebekers distinguished
from
rhyta
rhyton
rhytons
rhea
rheon
rheons
ritón
equivalence
Thesaural relationships

Sample record
ID: 300132869
Terms:
bobbin lace (pref, en)
bone lace (en)
cushion lace (en)
梭心蕾絲(zh)
線軸編織花邊(zh)
kloskant (nl)
dentelle aux fuseaux (fr)
encaje de bolillos (es)
encaje de bolillo (es)
Klöppelspitze (de)
Klöppelspitzen (de)
Associative Relationships
requires ... lace pillows (<textile
fabricating tools and
equipment>...Objects Facet)
[300132869]
Hierarchical Relationships (poly)
.Objects Facet
... Visual & Verbal Communication
..... Visual Works
....... visual works (works)
......... <visual works by material >
........... needlework (visual works)
............. lace (needlework)
............... bobbin lace
Note: With "needle lace," one of two primary
types of handmade lace. It is characterized by
being made by ...
Chinese (traditional) ..... 與「針織蕾絲（needle
lace）」同為主要的手工蕾絲，其特色是以纏繞
於線軸或梭心...
Dutch ..... Een van de twee belangrijkste soorten
met de hand vervaardigde kant; 'naaldkant' is ...
German ..... Zusammen mit der “Nadelspitze”
eine der wichtigsten...
Spanish ..... Junto a "encaje a aguja", uno de los
dos tipos principales de …
Contributors: VP,CHIN,AS,RKD,IfM-SMB-PK,CDPB-DIBAM
Sources: Earnshaw, Clabburn, Needleworker's Dictionary (1976); Identification
of Lace, 2d ed. (1984); Ginsburg, Illustrated History of Textiles (1991)
Images by be under additional copyright

• Getty Conservation Institute
(Los Angeles, California)
• Academia Sinica (Nankang,
Taiwan)
• Netherlands Institute for Art
History (RKD: Bureau AAT)
(The Hague, The Netherlands)
• Centro de Documentación de
Bienes Patrimoniales
(Dirección de Bibliotecas,
Archivos y Museos) (Santiago,
Chile)
• Staatliche Museen zu Berlin
Preussischer Kulturbesitz
(Berlin, Germany)
• [Canadian Heritage Information
Network (CHIN) (Gatineau, Quebec,
Canada), Istituto Centrale per il
Catalogo e la Documentazione
(Rome, Italy)(ICCD)] and other
contributors of partial translations;
future translations in French, Italian,
Portuguese, other languages

TGN, the Getty Thesaurus of
Geographic Names®
Names, other information for current & historical
administrative places (cities, nations, empires) and
physical features (e.g., Firenze, Roman Empire,
Ganges River).
Current totals: 1,241,000; 1,800,000 names
• It includes formerly inhabited places, archaeological
sites, and historical places with unknown exact
locations (i.e., “lost settlements”)
• It focuses on places important to study of art and
related disciplines
• It grows through contributions from large national
geographic databases, the expert user community,
archaeology projects, scholars, etc.

TGN, the Getty Thesaurus of
Geographic Names®
Sample record
Hierarchical Rels. (polyhier.) Place Types
Associative Rels
AAT

ULAN, the Union List of Artist Names®
Names, other information for people (artists,
patrons, sitters) and corporate bodies (repositories,
studios) related to the design, creation, patronage,
collection, conservation, etc. of art, architecture, and
other cultural materials (e.g., Bartolo di Fredi, Santa
Eufemia Master, National Palace Museum)
Current totals: 223,000 records; 582,000 names
• ULAN includes current and historical associative
relationships (e.g., student-teacher, firm-member)
• Contributions to ULAN are from experts (museums, art
libraries, cataloging projects, etc.)
• ULAN contributes to the Virtual International Authority
File (VIAF) (joint project with US Library of Congress and numerous
libraries worldwide to combine name authority)

Within the last several years the scope has grown to include
“Non-Artists” (e.g., sitters and patrons) and “Unknown People
by Culture” (e.g., unknown Aztec) [different from anonymous
masters, e.g., Santa Eufemia Master]
The newest facet is “Unidentified Named People”
For the most part, includes people named in original sources,
such as archival documents and inventories
Their name or partial name is known, they are linked to the
document (if linked to a work, the work is often unidentified),
but their biography is unknown and thus they cannot be
associated with a known person or anonymous personality

Sample record
ID: 500115493
Names:
Dürer, Albrecht (pref,de,en)
Albrecht Dürer
Duerer, Albrecht (en)
Durer, Albrecht (en)
Dürero, Alberto (it)
Durerus, Albertus (la)
Direr, Albreht
Djurer, Albrecht
Dyûrâ, Albrecht
Dīrers, Albrehts
Alberto Duro Tedesco
デューラー, アルブレヒト(ja)
阿尔布雷希特·丢勒(zh)
Nationalities:
German (pref)
Bavarian
Roles:
artist (preferred)
painter
printmaker
engraver (printmaker)
woodcutter
draftsman
illustrator
designer
mathematician
theorist
portraitist
religious artist
Gender: male
Birth and Death Places:
Born: Nuremberg (Bavaria, Germany) (inhab place)
Died: Nuremberg (Bavaria, Germany) (inhab place)
Events:
active: Nuremberg (Bavaria, Germany) (inhab pl)
active: Venice (Veneto, Italy) (inhabited place)
Associative Relationships:
apprentice of Wolgemut, Michael; 1486 to 1489
..............(German painter, printmaker, 1434/1437-1519)
child of Dürer, Albrecht, the elder
.............(German goldsmith, 1427-1502)
founder of ...Albrecht Dürer Workshop
............. (German workshop, established 1495)
patron was ...Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
............. (Roman emperor, 1459-1519)
Contributors:
VP,JPGM,Avery,WCI,Prov,GRLPSC,BHA,CCA
Sources: Bartrum, Albrecht Dürer and his Legacy
(2002); Bénézit, Dictionnaire des Peintres (1976;
Bartsch, Le peintre graveur.
AAT
AAT TGN

CONA, the Cultural Objects
Name Authority®
Titles, other information for moveable works
(paintings, sculpture, prints, drawings,
photographs, ceramics, etc.) and architecture
(buildings, bridges, etc.) (e.g., Hagia Sophia,
Mona Lisa, Fantastic Landscape with a
Pavilion).
Current totals: [5,500 records; 9,300 titles]
• It includes works executed or designed (e.g., a built work for
which only design drawings exist); extant or destroyed /
historical
• CONA is a thesaurus; it is mapped to CDWA, CCO,
CIDOC CRM, and LIDO
• CONA grows through contributions from repositories of art
and the expert cataloging and scholarly community

The Simplified entity-relationship diagram for CONA
is the same as CDWA / CCO
ULAN
TGN
AAT
Iconography
Authority
CONA
(Work Records) Source Records

CONA, the Cultural Objects Name Authority®
What is a minimum record for contribution?
Core elements
Catalog Level
Classification
Work Type
Title
Creator
Creation Date
Subject
Current Location
Measurements
Materials
Catalog Level item
Classification paintings
Work Type painting (visual work)
scroll (information artifact)
Title Scene of Early Spring
宋郭熙早春圖軸
Creator Guo Xi (Chinese painter, 1023 - ca.1085 CE)
Creation Date 1072 CE
Subject (general) landscape
(specific) | spring (season) | trees pine (genus) |
streams
Current Location National Palace Museum (Taipei,
Taiwan) ID: 000053N000000000
Measurements 158.3 x 108.1 cm
Materials painted scroll | ink | silk | paper
* Instructions are available to
contributors for defaults when
core data is unavailable

Under discussion are the possible applications of CONA:
Perhaps in the future
• CONA can merge information from various sources and contributors about a given
architectural or movable work, and provide a unique ID for that work in LOD
• Information from the repository of a work will be preferred (e.g., attribution), but
other opinions and additional information of scholars could be included
• CONA could be a resource to link the Getty vocabularies to records for art and
architecture (in LOD, ingested, or otherwise made available)
• CONA could link subject terminology to art and architecture records
• CONA could facilitate linking between works, including works held in different
repositories but having historical relationships (e.g., studies, disassembled
manuscripts, etc.)

 CONA merges information from
multiple sources in one record
CONA ID: 700000178
Catalog Level item
Classification paintings
Work Type panel painting | altarpiece
Title Adoration of the Magi
Adorazione dei Magi (repository title)
Creator Bartolo di Fredi (Sienese painter, active by 1353,
died 1410)
Creation Date ca. 1385
Subject (general) religion and mythology
allegory | human figures
(specific) | Adoration of the Magi | Siena | horses | camels |
Magi | retinue | Holy Family | Journey of the Magi | gold |
frankincense | myrrh | kingship | godship | death
Current Location Pinacoteca Nazionale di Siena (Siena,
Italy); ID: no. 104
Measurements 195 x 158 cm (76 x 61 5/8 inches)
Materials tempera on panel
Contributors
Sources
• CONA ID uniquely identifies the work in LOD world
• Repository title is flagged, others included
• Date of execution is in dispute: The display of the
CONA record prefers the date espoused by the
Repository, but the other scholarly opinions are included
elsewhere in the record
Patricia Harpring © 2014 J. Paul Getty Trust. For educational purposes only. Images may be under additional copyright

 CONA could link work
records to Getty vocabularies
Name Authority®
Catalog Level item
Classification vessels
Work Type vase
Title Blue and White Glazed Globular Vase
明永樂青花龍紋天球瓶
Creator unknown Chinese
Creation Date 1403/1424 CE
Subject (general) object (utilitarian)
(specific) | animal | dragon
Current Location National Palace Museum
(Taipei, Taiwan) ID: 012547N000000000
Measurements 42.9 cm high and 9.7 cm
diameter; foot diameter 15.8 cm
Materials blue and white porcelain
| porcelain (material) | blue-and-white
(ceramic glaze)
Linking to the AAT and other
Getty vocabularies allows the
variant terms and other links and
information in the AAT, ULAN, or
TGN record to be used in
retrieval of the work
Images may be under additional copyright

Name Authority®
Sample record
 CONA could link work
records to Getty vocabularies
ID: 700001950
Titles:
Shiva met de maan in het haar (nl)
Shiva with the Moon in his Hair (en)
Catalog Level: item
Work Types:
sculpture (visual work)
Classifications:
sculpture (preferred)
Creation Date: 1000/1200
Creator Display:
anoniem
sculptor: unknown Chola
ULAN TGN
Locations:
Current: Rijksmuseum (Amsterdam, North Holland,
Netherlands) AK-MAK-1291; RM001.collect.910; Bruikleen
van de Vereniging van Vrienden der Aziatische Kunst
Creation: Tamil Nādu (India)
Materials: bronze founding
AAT
Dimensions: 40 cm (height) x 24cm (width) x 10.5 (depth)
Events: exhibition: Metamorfoze/Geheugenproject Willem
Witsen
AAT
Cultures:
Indian Chola
AAT
AAT
General Subject:
TGN
human figure(s) (preferred )
ULAN
religion and mythology
CONA
Specific Subjects:
CONA IA
Shivá (Hindu iconography)
mudrā (pose, <visual and representational concepts>)
[link to Iconclass]
AAT
ULAN Images may be under additional copyright
Patricia Harpring © 2014 J. Paul Getty Trust. For educational purposes only. Contributors & Sources: [Rijksmuseum;VP]; Rijksmuseum XML file

Name Authority®
Sample record
AAT
ULAN
Associative Relationship
TGN
AAT
AAT
TGN
ULAN
CONA
CONA IA
Patricia Harpring © 2014 J. Paul Getty Trust. For educational purposes only. Images may be under additional copyright

 Since CONA is linked to the other vocabularies, it is
necessary to match incoming values to the AAT, ULAN,
TGN, and CONA Iconography Authority when loaded
 The CVA/Processor was developed in-house for editors
to use where auto-links are not possible
 Such a tool for contributors should be investigated
CONA record, creator
Koenig, Pierre (American architect, 1925-2004) 500086520
link to ULAN
Patricia Harpring © 2014 J. Paul Getty Trust
Tools to link as data is
loaded or processed:
Example
Name Authority®

 CONA could link depicted subjects
 Whereas libraries have a tradition of cataloging the subjects
of works
 Many art museums typically do not index subject matter
depicted in / represented by works
o [sitters, places, events, iconographical themes, dedication
of certain buildings, etc.]
o In a survey conducted of American art museums’ data, of
the core fields (agreed by consensus in CDWA, CCO, etc.), all
museums included all core fields except the subject [by
OCLC (Online Computer Library Center, a nonprofit computer library
service and research organization); core fields per CCO and CDWA
(Categories for the Description of Works of Art)]

 CONA could link depicted subjects
Index three levels of subject analysis
Objective description
Identification of named subject
Interpretation of the meaning or theme
Of-ness
About-ness
• For such subject indexing: CONA can link to AAT, TGN, ULAN,
CONA itself, and the CONA Iconography Authority • As well as to other sources for subjects, such as the US Library of
Congress authorities and Iconclass (we intend to work closely with
Iconclass, a Dutch classification system, www.iconclass.nl/)

Terms for General Subjects (partial list)
advertising & commercial allegory animal
apparel architecture botanical
cartographic ceremonial object cityscape
didactic & propaganda funerary art genre
history and legend human figure interior architecture
landscape literary theme machine
military mixed motif nonrepresentational art
object (utilitarian) performance portrait
religion and mythology seascape still life
• General subject is an extensible controlled list, originally derived from CDWA and CCO
• One term for general subject is the minimum required
• Additional terms to describe the specific subject are strongly encouraged
• How to supply values when missing in large data sets? Title and notes could be mined, parsed,
mapped to vocabularies, checked by editors as necessary

Class: photograph
Work Type: albumen print
Title: Lincoln on the Battlefield of Antietam,
Maryland, October 2, 1862
Creator/Role: Alexander Gardner (American
photographer, 1821-1882)
Creation-Date: 1862
Current Location: J. Paul Getty Museum (Los
Angeles, CA), 84.xm.482.1
Measurements: 8 5/8 x 7 3/4 in.
Materials and Techniques: albumen print
Descriptive Note: Twenty-six thousand soldiers
were killed or wounded in the Battle of Antietam on
September 17, 1862, after which Confederate
General Robert E. Lee was forced to retreat to
Virginia. Lincoln stands tall, front and center in his
stovepipe hat, his erect and commanding posture
emphasized by the tent pole that seems to be an
extension of his spine...
Depicted Subjects
General
portraits
history and legend
Specific
Antietam National Battlefield
(Sharpsburg, Maryland, United
States) . TGN
American Civil War (event) . . . .
. . .
CONA
IA
Abraham Lincoln (American
president, 1809-1865) . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ULAN
John McClernand (American
Union General, 1812-1900) . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . ULAN
Allan Pinkerton (American
Secret Service agent, detective,
1819-1884) . ULAN
army camp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . AAT
tents (portable buildings) . . . . . .
. . . AAT
Lincoln on the Battlefield of Antietam;
albumen print; Alexander Gardner
(American photographer, 1821-1882);
1862; 8 5/8 x 7 3/4 inches; J. Paul
Getty Museum (Los Angeles, CA);
Patricia8 H4arp.rxinmg ©. 240184 2J. .P1aul Getty Trust. For educational purposes only. Do not distribute. Images may be under additional copyright

Class: prints and drawings
Object Type: record drawing
Title: Plan and Elevation of the left side of the façade of San Lorenzo, and various other details
Creator: Aristotile da Sangallo (Italian) after Michelangelo
[link] Sangallo, Aristotile da Role: draftsman
Date: late 15th century
Subject*:
architecture
San Lorenzo (Florence, Italy)
church
façade
elevation
plan
Measurements: 32.0 x 21.5 cm (12 1/2 x 8 3/8 inches)
Material and Technique: pen and sepia ink
Inscription: Upper center: chiosi grande achoperatione; el tondo tanto grande che / vengha al pari de nichi;
Descriptive Note: This is a copy of a design by Michelangelo for the façade.
Current Location: Staatliche Graphische Sammlung, Munich, Germany; #33258
General
architecture
Specific
San Lorenzo
(built work,
Florence, Italy) .
. . . . . . . CONA
church . . . . . . . .
. . . . . AAT
façade . . . . . . . .
. . . . . AAT
elevation . . . . . .
. . . . . AAT
plan . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . AAT
Plan and Elevation of the façade of San
Lorenzo; drawing; Aristotile da Sangallo
after Michelangelo; late 15th century; 32.0 x
21.5 cm (12 1/2 x 8 3/8 inches); pen and
sepia ink; Staatliche Graphische Sammlung
(Munich, Germany) #33258.
Depicted Subjects

Bodhisattva, probably
Avalokiteshvara (Guanyin),
Northern Qi dynasty (550-
577), ca. 550–560. Shanxi
Province, China. sandstone
with pigments ; height 13 3/4
ft. (419.1 cm); Metropolitan
Museum of Art (New York);
The Sackler Fund, 1965
(65.29.4).
Depicted Subjects
General
religion and
mythology
human
figure(s)
Specific
Bodhisattva . . .
. AAT
Avalokiteshvar
a. CONA IA
Maitreya . . . . .
. . CONA IA
Compassion . .
. . AAT

The CONA Iconography Authority
Named events, religious/mythological
iconography, fictional characters and places,
themes from literature
 Includes the proper names of subjects not covered
by other Getty vocabularies
 The CONA Iconography Authority (IA) is a module
within CONA; over time, it could become a stand-alone
authority through contributions
 Includes links to other sources, such as Iconclass
and the US Library of Congress subject authorities
Battle of Little Bighorn
Nohochacyum
Amun
Ἄμμων
Valhöll
Valhalla
Pied Piper of Hamelin
Rattenfänger von Hameln
Shiva
Siva
Xiva
िशव
Adoration of the Magi
Adorazione dei Magi
Anbetung der Heiligen
Drei Könige
Bambi
Battle of Salamis
Naumachia tēs Salaminos
Enthronement of Puyi
溥儀的登基大典

The CONA Iconography Authority
Sample record
ID: 1000085
Names:
Avalokiteshvara
Avalokiteśvara
अवलोिकतेæवर
Kannon
Guanyin
Guānzìzài
觀自在
觀音
观音菩萨
AAT link:
AAT
role/attribute bodhisattva
TGN
role/attribute Lotus (genus)
ULAN
related to Mahayana Buddhism
CONA
related to Theravada Buddhism
Associative Relationship:
associated with .... Krishna (Hindu iconography)
Note: The bodhisattva of infinite compassion and mercy;
embodies the compassion of all Buddhas. This
bodhisattva is variably depicted and portrayed in
different cultures as either female or male…
Contributors & sources
[VP] Encyclopedia Britannica Online (2002-); Bowker, Oxford
Dictionary of World Religions (1997); Huntington, Art of Ancient
India (1985)
Iconclass: no LC: LC control no.: sh 85010492

Relationships in CONA
 CONA could provide links
between works
• Whole/part
relationships for
groups, subgroups,
items
• CONA can
accommodate links
that a repository would
maintain
The Dissipation; Jacques Callot
(French, 1592-1635); etching;
Lieure, no. 1407, State ii/iii;
National Gallery of Art
(Washington, DC); R.L.
Baumfeld Collection;
1969.15.833.

Record Type: set
Class: decorative arts
Work Type: tea service silver
Title: Traveling tea service
Creation Location: Paris (France)
Creation Dae: 1728/1729
Creator: probably by: Martin Berthe, master in 1712
Measurements:
Overall (Teapot): 10 x 16.8 x 10.3 cm (3 15/16 x 6 5/8 x 4 1/16 in.)
Overall (Tea Canister): 9 x 5.9 x 4.9 cm (3 9/16 x 2 5/16 x 1 15/16 in.)
Overall (Sugar bowl): 10 cm (3 15/16 in.)
Overall (Tea bowl and saucer): 4.9 cm (1 15/16 in.)
Overall (Scent flask): 13.7 cm (5 3/8 in.)
Overall (Spoons (each)): 11.7 cm (4 5/8 in.)
Overall (Box): 15.4 cm (6 1/16 in.)
Materials: silver and ebonized wood; porcelain; glass; kingwood; rosewood
Inscriptions/Marks: Maker's Mark: a crowned fleur-de-lys, 2 grains, [M]B, a bunch of grapes ?
(Dennis 50): Underside. Warden's Mark: 1728-29, a crowned M (Dennis 57): Underside. Charge
Mark: 1727-32, an A crowned on the side (Dennis 57): Underside, partially effaced. Discharge
Mark: for medium-sized work, 1727-32, a crowned martlet (Dennis 57): Underside. Countermark:
1727-32, a crowned bell (Dennis 343): flange of lid.
Description: Traveling tea service consisting of a teapot; tea canister; suagrbowl; teabowl and
saucer; scent flask; two spoons; box.
Current Location: Museum of Fine Arts (Boston, Massachusetts);
Elizabeth Parke Firestone and Harvey S. Firestone, Jr. Collection, 1993; Accession number:
1993.520.1-8
Ownership History: By 1955, with Jean-Louis Bonnefoy, Au Vieux Paris, Paris; November 1955,
sold by Au Vieux Paris to Elizabeth Parke Firestone (1897-1990) and Harvey S. Firestone, Jr.
(1898-1973), Akron, OH and Newport, RI; 1993; gift of the Estate of Elizabeth Parke Firestone and
Harvey S. Firestone, Jr. (Accession date: May 26, 1993)
Traveling Tea Service
Teapot
Tea Caddy
Japanese Imari Sugar Bowl and Cover
Chinese Famille- Verte Tea Bowl and Saucer
Silver-mounted Scent Flask
Two Spoons
Wooden Box
Traveling tea service; probably Martin Berthe (French
silversmith, master 1712); 1728/1729; silver and
ebonized wood, porcelain, glass; various dimensions;
Museum of Fine Arts (Boston, Massachusetts);
1993.520.1-8
Create separate records when each part of a work contains
enough unique information so that it would be difficult to
clearly delineate the information in a single record
Repositories decide when separate records may be necessary
to manage the works

Cat. Level[controlled]: series  Class. [controlled]: prints
*Work Type [link to authority]: color woodcuts
*Title : Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji: First Series
Alternate Title: First Series: Mt. Fuji Views
*Creator Display: Katsushika Hokusai (Japanese, 1760–1849); Published by Eijudo Japan
*Role [controlled]: painter [link]: Hokusai, Katsushika Role: [cont.] publisher [link]: Eijudo Japan
*Creation Date 1827-1837 [controlled]:  Earliest: 1827  Latest: 1837
*Subject [links] Mount Fuji ocean genre scenes meisho-e
*Current Location [link to authority]: not applicable
Style: Edo
*Measurements: 36 prints, average plate size: 24 x 37 cm
[cont.] Extent: items Value: 36 Unit: N/A Type: count
Qualifier: average dimensions Extent: plate mark Value: 24 Unit: cm Type: height Value: 37
Unit: cm Type: width
 Whole/Part Records
for a series and items
(conceptual
relationship)
*Materials and Techniques: woodcuts, polychrome ink and color on paper
[link] ink color (pigment) paper woodcuts
Description: Hokusai produced two series of Views of Mt. Fuji. This is the first series.
Cat. Level [controlled]: item  Class .[controlled]: prints and drawings Asian art
*Work Type [link]:  color woodcut
 *Title: Great Wave at Kanagawa
Title: In the Hollow of a Wave off the Coast at Kanagawa Title Type: alternate
 *Creator Display: Katsushika Hokusai (Japanese, 1760-1849); published by Nishimura Eijudo (Japanese, 19th century)
*Role [link]: printmaker [link]: Hokusai, Katsushika
*Role [link]: publisher [link]: Nishimura Eijudo
 *Creation Date: ca. 1831/1833 [controlled]:  Earliest: 1828  Latest: 1836
 *Subject [links]: seascape wave fishermen boat Mount Fuji (Chubu, Japan) Kanagawa (Kanto, Japan)
 Style [link]: Edo
 Culture [link]: Japanese
 *Current Location [link]: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, New York, USA) ID:JP1847
 *Measurements: 25.7 x 37.9 cm (10 1/8 x 14 15/16 inches)
[controlled]: Value: 25.7 Unit: cm Type: height | Value: 37.9 Unit: cm Type: width
 *Materials and Techniques: woodcut, polychrome ink and color on paper
Material [links]:  polychrome ink paper  color (pigment) Technique [links]:  woodcut
 Description: The large wave dominates the scene, with the small mountain in the background. It is said to have inspired said to
have inspired both Debussy's "La Mer" and Rilke's "Der Berg."
 Relationship:
Relationship Type: part of
Qualifier: 1st in series
[link to Work]: Katsushika Hokusai (Japanese, 1760-1849); Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji: First Series; 1827-1837
Great Wave at Kanagawa; Katsushika
Hokusai (Japanese, 1760-1849); published
by Nishimura Eijudo (Japanese, 19th
century); woodcut, polychrome ink and
color on paper; 25.7 x 37.9 cm (10 1/8 x 14
15/16 inches); Metropolitan Museum of Art,
New York, New York, USA), JP1847.

Record Type: multiples
Classification: prints and drawings
Work Type: drypoints
Title: Christ Presented to the People
Creator: Rembrandt van Rijn (Dutch,
1606–1669)
Description: Rembrandt treated this large
drypoint almost as a painting, making
marked changes to the composition as he
reconceived …
 Multiples: For example, prints
made from the same plate
 Each print is described as a
unique item; then linked to a
record for the multiples
 (conceptual relationship)
Patricia Harpring © 2012 J. Paul Getty Trust. For educational purposes. Do not reproduce.

Catalog Level: multiples
Classification: prints and drawings
Work Type: drypoints
Title: Christ Presented to the People
Creator: Rembrandt van Rijn (Dutch,
1606–1669)
Description: Rembrandt treated this large
drypoint almost as a painting, making
marked changes to the composition as he
reconceived …
State: 1
State: 2
State: 3
State: 4
State: 5
State: 6
State: 7
State: 8
 Combine relationships with
inferred relationships in other
fields to expand research
 E.g., to compare different items
representing various states of
this print
Patricia Harpring © 2012 J. Paul Getty Trust. For educational purposes. Do not reproduce.

Classification architecture
Work Type memorial
Titles Lincoln Memorial
Creator architect Henry Bacon (American, 1866-
1924) and sculptor Daniel Chester French (American,
1850-1931)
Creation Date designed 1911-1912; constructed
1914-1922
Subject (general) architecture
(specific) commemoration | Abraham Lincoln
Current Location Washington (DC, USA)
Measurements not available
Materials exterior: Colorado Yule marble, interior
walls and columns: Indiana limestone
 Work record for a built work
describes a physical work
 But designs may represent works
never constructed (conceptual
relationship to a nonexistent work)

Lincoln Memorial
Structure (as built)
Competition 1908-1909
Competition 1911-1912
 These competition designs are
works that were never constructed
 (conceptual relationships to a
nonexistent work, which had
architect and proposed physical
characteristics such as materials,
measurements, etc.)
Title: Circular Monument for Lincoln
Maker: architect: Daniel H. Burnham;
draftsman: C.B.
Date: 1908-1909
Location: United States Capitol
collection (Washington, DC)
Title: Temple design for the
Lincoln Memorial
Maker: architect: Henry Bacon;
draftsman: Jules Guéren
Date: 1912
Location: National Archives
(Washington, DC)
Burnham’s
Circular
Design
Bacon’s Temple
Design
Pope’s Temple
Design
Title: Temple design for the
Lincoln Memorial
Maker: architect: John Russell
Pope; draftsman: Otto R. Eggers
Date: 1912
(Washington, DC)
Pope’s Pyramid
Design
Title: Pyramid design for the
Lincoln Memorial
Maker: architect: John Russell
Pope; draftsman: attributed to
Rockwell Kent
Date: 1912
(Washington, DC)

• CONA could virtually reconstruct
disassembled works
• Held in different repositories or
locations
• Manuscripts, paintings,
sculpture, architecture, etc.
Proposed reconstruction of Matteo di Giovanni’s
Asciano Altarpiece by Rachel Billinge. Extant panels
are now in National Gallery London, Siena, Asciano,
Villa I Tatti, Esztergom, Altenburg, Rhode Island,
and Private Collections.

Associative Relationships
relationships may
also allow related
works in different
repositories to be
linked for
research and
discovery
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres;
Study for the Dress and the Hands
of Madame Moitessier; 1851;
graphite on tracing pape; 13 15/16
x 6 5/8 inches; J. Paul Getty
Museum (Los Angeles, California);
91.GG.79
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres; Madame Moitessier;
1851; Samuel H. Kress Collection, National Gallery of Art
(Washington, DC); 1946.7.18
Associative
study for
study is

part of
 Many complex
relationships are
possible
 Built work – dome –
design drawing –
record drawing -
model
study for
model for
Class: sculpture
Work Type: half model
Title: Half Model for the Dome and Drum for
St. Peter’s, Rome
Title Type: descriptive
Creators: Michelangelo and Giacomo della
Porta; Luigi Vanvitelli
Date: 1558-1561
Medium: linden wood, gesso, paint
Measurements: 5 x 4 x 2 m (without modern
base) Scale: 1:15
Current Location: Musei Vaticani (Vatican
City, Italy)
Subject: Dome of St. Peter’s
Related Work: Dome of St. Peter’s
Descriptive Note: The model was probably
completed under the direction of
Michelangelo during …
Class: prints and drawings
Work Type: •design drawing •preliminary drawing
Title: Section and Elevation of the Drum and Dome of St. Peter’s
Title Type: descriptive
Creator: Michelangelo (Florentine sculptor, painter, architect, 1475-1564)
Date: mid 1550s
Medium: incised lines, charcoal with traces of brown ink on paper
Measurements: 270 x 267 cm
Type, Purpose, Method of Representation:
Descriptive Note: This is the only known drawing where…
Subject/Built Work: •section •elevation •Dome (St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome)
Related Work: Dome (St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome)
Relationship type: design for
Current Location: Musée des Beaux Arts (Lille, France) Collection Wicar, 93-94
Class: prints and drawings
Work Type: measured drawing
Title: External elevation of the model
for St. Peter’s Title Type: descriptive
Creator: circle of Etienne Dupérac
Subject: •elevation •Model of St.
Peter’s
Related Work: Model of St. Peter’s
Date: probably late 1560s
Medium: brown ink on paper
Descriptive Note: Probably done in
preparation for the series of …
Current Location: Metropolitan Museum
of Art (New York, New York, USA);
49.92.91
depicts

Getty Vocabularies to LOD:
Usage and Editorial Perspective
AAT TGN ULAN CONA

How are vocabularies used? • Traditional use of
vocabularies for
retrieval focuses on the
names
• If a user asks for one
name/term, all of the
synonyms can be used for
retrieval
• For example, if a user
searches on “Giovanni da
Bologna”...
“giambologna” OR “giovanni da
bologna” OR “giovanni bologna”
OR “jean boulogne” OR
“bologna, giovanni da”
From ULAN
Giambologna
Giovanni da Bologna
Giovanni Bologna
Jean Boulogne
Jean de Boulogne
Bologna, Giovanni da
Giambologna
Female Figure;
Marble; H: 48 in.; 2008 J.
Paul Getty Museum;
82.SA.37
Jean
Boulogne;
Mercure
volant; Bronze;
H 1,7 m; L 0,57m; Pr
1,4 m; Musee du
Louvre, Collection
du duc de Brissac
(saisie en 1794)?;
MR
Giovanni
Bologna;
Triton, 16th
century (1560–70);
Bronze; H. 36 in;
Metropolitan Museum of
Art; Bequest of
Benjamin Altman, 1913
(14.40.689)
Bologna,
Giovanni
da; Christ
Crucified,
probably before
1588; bronze,
corpus, height including
foot rest: .371 x .254 x .078 m ; National
Gallery of Art, Washington, DC; Gift of
Mr. and Mrs. John R. Gaines in memory
…

• New methods and LOD can
incorporate hierarchical and
associative relationships,
and other links or inferred
relationships
to answer more complex
questions and
aid serendipitous discovery
How are vocabularies used?
Associative relationships
Marie de Medici (French
queen, patron, 1573-1642)
Tacca, Pietro (Italian sculptor
and architect, 1577-1640)
Giambologna (Flemish
sculptor and architect, 1529-
1608, active in Italy)

Editorial perspective: LOD
 The Getty vocabularies have always been
compiled by experts
o Using authoritative sources
o Rules in extensive editorial manuals
 Seen through the LOD lens, any inconsistency
or omission becomes ever more obvious
 Getty Vocabulary Program analyzes and
cleans up of the data for LOD releases
Editorial rules
Consistency in
application of
rules
Consistency in
content of
controlled
terminology within
each vocabulary
Creating actual
links between
vocabularies

AAT
CONA
TGN
ULAN
• From conceptual to
actual links
• Lookup lists had been based
on AAT, but had gotten out
of sync with AAT over the
years
• E.g., nationalities, roles in
ULAN and place types in
TGN must map to AAT
terms

• Nationality/
Culture/ Race/
Ethnicity in ULAN
was conceptual,
now needed to be
linked to AAT
• Certain matches
must be resolved
by hand
Matching ULAN Nationality to AAT
no match
ambiguous match
Many links cannot be made automatically
This
hessian
is bad
match,
type of
burlap
false match
ULAN
Example

Patricia Harpring
Managing Editor
Getty Vocabulary Program
1200 Getty Center Drive
Los Angeles, CA 90049
pharpring@getty.edu

A Brief History of the Project
October 21, 2014
Joan Cobb
IT Specialist Project Manager
Getty Information Technology Services

August 2010
Dresden, September 2014
November 2011
January 2013

Dr. Marcia Lei Zeng
Professor, School of Library and Information Science
Kent State University
Curriculum Vitae: http://marciazeng.slis.kent.edu/vita.htm

Provide proof that the concept for “rhyta” in AAT could be
represented as LOD without losing any of its rich content.
http://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=rhyta&logic=AND&note=&english=N&prev_page=1&subjectid=300198841

• Unique and persistent
term IDs
• Languages are
attributes of term
• Same term in multiple
languages
• Parts of speach

For the full list see “Crosswalk by Concept”
http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/crosswalk_aat_assoc_rels.pdf
Hierarchical
Associative
• Multiple parents
• Multiple other relationships

Chinese
German
Dutch
Spanish

• Subject
• Created
• Updated
• Term added
• Term deleted
• Note created
• Note updated
• Moved
• Parent added
• Relation deleted
• Merged
• Issued
• Source
• Created
• Updated
• Merge
Obsolete Subjects
• When, for some reason the
concept is deleted, we also
provide continuity.

• The way data is being published on the web is currently in
transition.
• A current trend in managing art information is to increasingly
make data about art, architecture, and cultural objects
available as Linked Open Data.
• This applies to the information directly describing the objects,
but also to the vocabularies used in the descriptions.
• For several years, the Getty Vocabulary team had been
receiving legitimate requests to publish our thesauri as LOD.
• Dr. Zeng’s 62-page report convinced us that it was possible to
publish all of our data as LOD. It was time to stop asking
“why” and to start exploring “how” to make it happen.

Finally, our time had
come!

Some facts and links that helped us take the leap into the LOD world

• Tim Berners-Lee TED Talk
• http://www.ted.com/talks/tim_berners_lee_the_year_open_data_went
_worldwide.html
• Europeana Video
• Sometimes a picture is worth a thousand words – in this case, it’s a video
• http://vimeo.com/36752317
• Several sessions with Pedro Szekely
• Helped us to understand the publishing process
• http://www.isi.edu/integration/karma/
• Eero Hyvönen’s book
• Publishing and Using Cultural Heritage Linked Data on the Semantic Web

• Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
• Hosted by OCLC (Online Computer Library Center)
• http://www.viaf.org/
• Semantic Technology & Business Conference
• http://semtechbizsf2013.semanticweb.com/agenda.cfm?confid=70&sche
duleDay=PRINT
• Linked Open Data in Libraries Archives and Museums
(LODLAM)
• http://lodlam.net/
• R2RML mapping language
• http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/wiki/R2RML
• http://www.w3.org/TR/r2rml/

Vocabulary Coordination System
(Oracle RDBMS)
R2RML + Perl
NT Files
OWLIM Triple Store
vocab.getty.edu/sparql
Internet
© 2014 J. Paul Getty Trust, author: Gregg Garcia. For educational purposes only. Do not distribute.

To offer the Getty Vocabularies as Conduits to connect resources

AAT
Place Types
TGN
ULAN
http://vocab.getty.edu
Roles
Nationalities
Event Terms
CONA
Event Places
Artist, Creator
Repository

Getty
Museum
Getty Wide
Search
Provenance
Index
AATA Online
The Getty Vocabularies acts as a conduit to
connect the projects to each other.

Chinese
AAT
VIAF
Spanish
AAT
German
AAT
Dutch
AAT
Arches
LCSH
Swiss
AAT
Project

Contributing
Institution
CONA
Mapping
Tool
CONA
Validation
Application
CONA
Interim XML
CONA
XML
ULAN
XML
TGN
XML
AAT
XML
AAT TGN ULAN CONA
Editorial System (VCS)
vocab.getty.edu
AAT TGN ULAN CONA
Bi-weekly LOD
Publication
Ability to Synchronize
Links
A contribution to CONA is a contribution to all 4 vocabularies

General information site
• Target audience: Anyone interested in
general information about the project
• http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/lod
/index.html
SPARQL Endpoint
• Target audience: Developers and
programmers who are interested in
consuming the data
• http://vocab.getty.edu/

February 2014

August 2014
In the first few days
1,700 hits / over 200 tweets

EADitor
Ethan Gruber
US Numismatic Society
Nomisma.org
Kerameikos.org

Visualizing Hierarchies with d3js
Matthew Lincoln
http://matthewlincoln.net/2014/02/21/hierarchies-of-the-getty.html

Visualization of AAT "Rhyta" on en.lodlive.it
http://en.lodlive.it/?http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300198841

Getty Vocabularies as LOD
A major 2014 milestone for
the LODLAM community
LODLAM: Linked Open Data in
Libraries Archives and Museums

Partage Plus
Digitising and Enabling
Art Nouveau for
Europeana
http://www.partage-plus.eu/

http://pro.europeana.eu/pro-blog/-/blogs/2293682

Indexing Plugin for Adobe Bridge
Greg Reser -UC, San Diego Library

Athanasios Velios
Ligatus
University of the
Arts London
https://www.drupal.org/sandbox/avelios/2328571

DIGIMUS
AAT
Classification
Astrolabe

Academia Sinica
Digitization of
the works of
Chengpo Chen
(1895-1947)
Using AAT LOD to bridge between the descriptions of the artworks
in the Chen collection and those in other collections in the world.

Union List of Artist Names (ULAN)
Cultural Objects Name Authority (CONA) 

Joan Cobb
IT Specialist Project Manager
Information Technology Services
1200 Getty Center Drive
Los Angeles, CA 90049
jcobb@getty.edu

Getty Vocabularies and LOD Conversion

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