Paper presented during my Masters studies at Alliant International University

1. Analyzing September 11 and the consequent Afghanistan and
Iraq wars using the Postmodernism Paradigm
Paper presented for the course
Advanced International Relations
MAIR Program
Alliant International University
Mexico city campus
By
Abdelhamied El-Rafie
Presented to
Professor Professor
Pierro Fransisco Ghaleb Krame
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2. Analyzing September 11 and the consequent Afghanistan and
Iraq wars using the Postmodernism Paradigm
Introduction :
The aim of this paper is to analyze 9/11 and the consequent Afghanistan and Iraq wars. I
will do that using the Postmodernism Paradigm. In doing so, I will use the following
analytical tools: Genealogy, Deconstruction and Double Reading. Through these tools I
will try to answer the following questions: What are the historical origins of the three
events? What are the points of views of every side of the coin, meaning the US and the
Muslim Public opinion? What are the basic differences between the first and second
reading of the three events?
In this order, I will divide my paper into the following parts: first a brief explanation of
Postmodernism, second undeniable facts about the three events (9-11, Afghanistan and Iraq
wars) and finally the Postmodernist analysis of the three events.
Part I Defining Postmodernism:
“Postmodernism can narrowly be defined as a set of critical, strategic and rhetorical
practices employing concepts such as difference, repetition.”(Stanford Encyclopedia)
Postmodernism is a complicated term, or set of ideas, one that has only emerged as an
area of academic study since the mid-1980s. Postmodernism is hard to define, because it
is a concept that appears in a wide variety of disciplines or areas of study, including art,
architecture, music, film, literature, sociology, communications, fashion and technology.
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3. It's hard to locate it temporally or historically, because it's not clear exactly when
postmodernism begins (Prelectur, Stanford, edu ).
Postmodernism is a complicated term and has no one particular agreed upon definition,
it almost started by the eighties of the last century the concept has wide dimensions you
can find it in arts, sociology ,fashion and technology that’s why the . easiest way to trace
Postmodernism is to start by modernism, which is built upon the western ideas that were
spread through the Twentieth Century, rejecting the Old Victorian standards in arts and
Literature. Therefore, Postmodernism does not recognize boundaries in every thing and
every walk of life (prelectur.stanford.edu).
There are three points that indicates postmodern analysis in International Relations. First,
postmodernists are hostile towards claims to universal or absolute truth. Second,
postmodernists seek to unmask putatively emancipator grand narratives as oppressive.
Third, in so far as postmodernism does turn out to have a distinctive ethical position of its
own; it might be summed up as ‘respect for difference’. ( International Relations: The
Key Concepts, Second Edition)
Genealogy:
“Genealogy is, put simply, a style of historical thought which exposes and registers the
significance of power-knowledge relations. It is perhaps best known through Nietzsche`s
radical assault on the concept of origins” (Devetak, 2005:,161-187) (redo all the
references like this example I made for you. They will be highlighted in yellow).
Therefore, genealogy is getting the historical roots of events and crucial points of history.
These events have starting, middle and end points.
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4. Deconstruction
“Deconstruction is a general mode of radically unsettling what are taken to be stable
concepts and conceptual oppositions. Its main point is to demonstrate the effects and costs
produced by the settled concepts” (Devetak, 2005:,161-187)
“For Derrida, though, deconstruction deals with texts, it is not a method for criticizing
texts. Deconstruction is an attitude” (Faulconer 1998).
“Deconstruction is not synonymous with "destruction", however. It is in fact much closer to
the original meaning of the word 'analysis' itself, which etymologically means (to undo)
(stanford. edu.derrida). So deconstruction is a kind of reverse engineering and rebuilding
analysis on new basis.
Double reading
“The first reading is commentary or repetition of the dominant interpretation. The second
counter memorializing reading unsettles it by applying pressure to those points of
instability within the text, discourse or institution, it exposes internal tensions and how
they are covered over or expelled ”( Devetac, 161-187). In other words is trying to read
between lines and finding the true meaning of the event or discourse.
Part II Post modernist analysis of September 11 and its consequent events:
The September 11 attacks:
Genealogy :
Simply the 9-11 attacks didn’t start at 8:45 in the morning when a hijacked passenger jet
crashes into the north tower of the World trade center or at 9: 30 another jet crashes into the
second tower or at 9:43 when a third jet crashes into the Pentagon (CNN, September 12,
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5. 2001 ). Let’s get to the roots or more accurately the historical roots of the September 11
attacks, I think the beginning comes from The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979,
when the United states trained the Mujahidin with weapons logistics and intelligence
training to face the Soviet Union. From that moment on appeared characters like Osama
Bin Laden and Ayman El Zawahry, so that according to genealogy this is the starting point.
The next point is when those Islamic extremists started to do operations against the Allied
Forces, like in Egypt during the 80’s and 90’s and then Algeria. Afterwards, these groups
became stronger, due to the fact of illiteracy in the region of the Middle East and the fact
that the people had no proper understanding of Islam and its practices. Add to this the
deteriorated economic situation in the region and we can understand how they attracted
sympathy from the people of lower Economic and social classes.
Deconstruction and Double reading:
To deconstruct the September 11 attacks, we should get the two opposites. The first one is
that the US is attacked in its homeland. On the other side, Al Qaeda attacked the Towers
and the Pentagon as a result of the US actions in the region and its support for Secular un
Islamic regimes. Plus, and that is the most important, its support to Israel and its acts in the
occupied territories of the Gaza strip and the West Bank . Therefore, to reach an interaction
process within the two extremes, we can find that these attacks are actions and reactions
from both sides at the same time.
In order to deconstruct these events we find that Al Qaeda leaders were built by the US. If
we look at the Chronology of Both Bin Laden and El Zawahiry we will find the following:
1. According to the CNN, the relation between the US and Osama Bin Laden, started with
the beginnings of Afghanistan invasion, when Bin Laden traveled to Peshawar in
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6. Pakistan, where he met the Afghan leaders. He then returned to Saudi Arabia to raise
funds to finance the rebels. Afterwards, in 1982 he decided to travel back to Afghanistan
to fight with the aid from the US, in the order of 3 billion US Dollars. He also received
training weapons and logistics by the CIA.
(http://arabic.cnn.com/2004/world/9/8/binladen.cv/index.html)
2. Elzawahry:” according to the BBC, was a member of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt
and he was under trial for participating in the assassination of President Sadat in 1981.
Back then he was a leader of Egyptian Islamic Jihad, then he traveled to Afghanistan to
participate in the war against the Soviets and according to the banned BBC documentary
“Power of Nightmares” he met Bin Laden there.”
( http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=D2C4D4A6FEC99E02)
Logic says, in my opinion, that the equation is not Islam versus the west or Al Qaeda
against the US, it is rather a matter of contradiction of interests. It is not the new crusade
like George Bush tried to phrase it. It is rather the power logic that drives them, but this
power can not control everything in the world, and this is proven by the fact that they
created freedom fighters all around the Middle East and eventually these leaders have
turned against them.
The first reading of the event shows that the US is attacked by Al Qaeda, as mentioned in
my deconstruction, but the second reading shows that the US has trained fighters, who
became the elite of Al Qaeda, with training and weapons and even the money so the US
used them in a certain historical point and neglected them after that, due to the
consequences of the end of the Cold War. The US, did not pay attention to the warning
from Arab leaders, like the President of Egypt, that Terrorism will be an international
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7. phenomena that will travel across the borders of the Middle East; so this double reading
shows that the allies now have differences and their interests are contradicted by that point
of history .” Actually it is like an illegitimate child that is trying to kill its parents.” (http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=oL8MhYq9owo)
War in Afghanistan:
Genealogy a, deconstruction , and double reading of the war:
The Afghanistan war didn’t start when US and Britain launched an air strikes against
Afghanistan after Taliban refuse to hand over Osama bin Laden, held responsible for the
September 11 attacks on America (BBChttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/1162108.stm ).
The roots of 9/11 itself. To deconstruct that we will find that the US, as a reflex actions
to the September 11 attacks, the Bush administration and his allies found out that he
could chase Terrorism and get Osama Bin Laden and to destroy Al- Qaeda but the
question is where is Bin Laden now ? did the US find him? but actually Bush tried to
redraw the map of the American empire all over the World he on one side was trying to
find out some virtual enemy and he put his nation and its allies in a war that have costed a
lot of casualties on every thing lives ,weapons and money and It was actually a new
realist strategy and a tendency to use more of the hard power of the US ..
The first reading is it’s a simply a reflex action, but the Second reading shows that it was a
battle between two parties but in two different Worlds. Or to use a sport metaphor like a
football game, but every team is playing in his own yard. In order to clarify, I must say that
the audio of the Afghan war from American perspective was the US and the west and the
audio for Al Qaeda was The Islamic public opinion. For example, if you go to a simple
Christian and tell him that the Muslims are attacking us, he will believe you, because of the
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8. impact of Christianity on large number of believers in the west. Instead, if you go to a
Muslim and tell him that the US is supporting Israel in killing your Muslim brothers in
Gaza and they are against The Muslims in general, it is as if you put gasoline on the fire.
The Iraq War :
Genealogy, Double reading and Deconstruction:
“If we use the timeline of the Iraq invasion, as the BBC states, we will find that the
process of invasion did not start in 2003, but when US President George W Bush brought
his doubts to the UN , about the Iraqi capabilities of building Weapons of Mass
Destruction. When the UN weapons inspectors returned to Iraq searching for those
weapons and they did not find them it was a big smack against his convictions, but he
went on forward anyway, supported by the Allied Coalition. On the 9th of April 2003,
when the US forces advanced into central Baghdad, was just the final stage of the attack
strategy towards the Islamic world.”
(BBChttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/737483.stm )
Lets directly get to the point, the Iraq invasion of 2003 comes back to the Iraqi-Iranian
war happened from 1980 till 1988. The following website shows the declassified official
US documents proving links between the US and Saddam during those years.
http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/ (Battle National Security Archive
Electronic Briefing, 2003).
The deconstruction of the 2003 invasion is that the US needed some power to oppose Iran
hegemony in the region, so they found their opportunity helping a leader like Saddam
Hussein who was very secularized and not religious. Doing so, they wanted to redraw the
balance of power in the Arabic Gulf, by exhausting the basic two big military powers in the
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9. region, fuelling a war that went on for 8 years. Then lets move to the second turning point,
which is the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on the Second of August of 1990. By then, Saddam
Hussein stepped out of the line drawn by the US by threatening their interests in the region
and threatening Israel. The third turning point was the 9/11 attacks, in which the US tried
to convince the World that there is International hierarchy, and they are on top of the
ladder.
The second reading needs us to see the official justifications of the Iraqi war by the George
Bush :
1. “2003: Iraq has WMDs and links to Al Qaeda.
2. 2003-2005: Insurgents against the US Occupation were foreign terrorists.
3. 2006: Bush Administration still calls Iraq part of War on terror. Others say it is a Civil
War.
4. 2007: A New Justification, Iran is sponsoring terrorism in Iraq”(Amy Zalman, , -
Bush Iraq War Justification Timeline)
This clearly shows the change in the Political speech of the previous American
Administration which shows either lots of confusion and doubts for the decision makers
or lack of transparency of the Bush administration .
Conclusion:
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10. In the previous analysis of the September 11 attacks and its consequent two wars of
Afghanistan in 2001 and the invasion of Iraq in 2003 we can find out the following short
conclusions:
1. The September 11 attacks were not a war between Islam and the west but it was a
battle between two parties who were challenging each others for certain strategic
agendas.
2. The Afghanistan war in 2001 was, from the tactical point of view, a reflexive action to
the 9/11 attacks. Even though deep down it was more than that.
3. The Iraq invasion was not for weapons of mass destruction or to spread democracy in
Iraq but to end the ruling of Saddam Hussain.
4. The great development in technology of what is called “ postmodern war “have lead to
a revolution in Military affairs that had a large impact on the applications of US foreign
policy. This started on the Gulf War of 1991 and the War in Afghanistan and more
recently the invasion of Iraq. (Kellner ,The Politics and Costs of Postmodern War in the
Age of Bush II,)
5. This have lead to a new trend in International relations which calls for more
diplomatic cooperation in the field of diplomacy to prevent the reach of weapons of mass
destruction to terrorist groups like Al-Qaeda
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11. 6. The notion of postmodern drama (like that of other postmodern art forms) cannot be
reduced or limited to represent a specific political formation or era. (Wessendorf
Postmodern Drama Post-9/11)
We can see in the final analysis that “there are many Islams, there are many Wests”
( Ethics & Global Politics Book Review, Deconstruction after Derrida). We cannot just
simplify the issue into what some people call radical Islamic terrorists, but there are the
Sunnis, the Shias and the Sufis,. There is more to that, in every subgroup there are
moderates and hardliners. In the West there are Realists ,Liberals and Marxist. In that
sense, we cannot describe the September 11 attacks and its consequent wars as a
struggle or conflict between Islam and the West. There are lots of diversities and
intersections between the thoughts of moderates on both side.
On the analysis of the relationship between the Islam and the west there are
disagreements even between the Postmodernists. Some see that there is a space for
dialogue , others see that there will be always contradiction, but in my opinion there is a
huge room for dialogue. Because this will lead to the interest of both moderate Muslims
and moderate Westerns. In that sense, we can see the Obama speech at Cairo University ,,
which was a new intercultural approach to interact with Islam and a postmodern way of
dialogue by using in his own speech verses from the Holy Quran.
Therefore, if we consider that postmodernism is unveiling the truth or is refusing the
objective truth, we might reach the conclusion that these events happened because the
strategic interests of the US and the status of the International system. This has proved
that: although the US is the Super power, that is on top of the International system, still it
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12. ‫‪does not have control on all the world. This power can be challenged by terrorists who‬‬
‫.‪were created by the US‬‬
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13. Bibliography
1. Afghanistan – Timeline, A chronology of key events,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/1162108.stm
2. Amy Zalman, Ph.D, Iraq War - - Bush Iraq War Justification Timeline The Bush
Administration's Changing
War Justifications ,http://terrorism.about.com/od/wariniraq/a/IraqWaronTerror.htm.
3. Douglas Kellner ,The Politics and Costs of Postmodern War in the Age of Bush II,
http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/essays/politicscostspostmodernwar.pdf.
4. Ethics & Global Politics Book Review, Deconstruction after Derrida,
http://www.ethicsandglobalpolitics.net/index.php/egp/article/viewArticle/2108/3931
5. International Relations: The Key Concepts, Second Edition, http://www.bookrags.com/
tandf/postmodernism-16-tf/
6. Iraq timeline A chronology of key events,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/737483.stm
7. James E. Faulconer ,Deconstruction , (Revised 15 June 1998),
http://jamesfaulconer.byu.edu/deconstr.htm.
8. . Markus Wessendorf (University of Hawai‘i at Manoa), Postmodern Drama
Post-9/11: Adriano Shaplin’s Pugilist Specialist and David Hare’s Stuff Happens, http://
www2.hawaii.edu/~wessendo/Post911Drama.htm.
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14. 9. Mary Klages, Literary Theory: A Guide for the Perplexed ,From Continuum Press,
January 2007, http://www.colorado.edu/English/courses/ENGL2012Klages/pomo.html.
10. http://prelectur.stanford.edu/lecturers/derrida/deconstruction.html.
11. Richard Devetac, Theories of International Relations ,Third edition ,Postmodernism,
pages 161-187 .
12. “September 11: Chronology of terror, September 12, 2001 Posted: 12:27 PM EDT
(1627 GMT), ,http://edition.cnn.com/2001/US/09/11/chronology.attack/index.html.
13. Shaking Hands with Saddam Hussein: The U.S. Tilts toward Iraq, 1980-1984
National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82 Edited by Joyce Battle
February 25, 2003 ,. http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/#docs.
14. Stanford encyclopedia of Philosophy , Postmodernism ,
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/postmodernism/.
15. The Power of Nightmares (BBC) , http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?
p=D2C4D4A6FEC99E02.
16. Who is Osama Bin Laden ?
http://arabic.cnn.com/2004/world/9/8/binladen.cv/index.html, (source in Arabic).
17. Who is Ayman ElZawahry?
http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/arabic/middle_east_news/newsid_3550000/3550565.stm
(source in Arabic).
18. Whats Postmodernism? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oL8MhYq9owo.
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