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1. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.7, 2013
105
Soil Geochemical Survey of Eruku and Environs
Omorinoye, O.A.1
& Adekeye , J.I.D.2
Department of Geology and Mineral Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Email:omolayosamuel@yahoo.com1
,adekeye2001@yahoo.com2
ABSTRACT
The study area, Eruku and its environs, is located approximately 124km east of Ilorin and lies within Osi
migmatite gneiss complex to the west and Egbe schist belt in the east. The area falls within longitudes 50
23’E
and 50
30’E and latitudes 80
05’N and 80
13’N represented in Osi sheet 224SE . Detailed mapping and sampling of
rocks and soils were carried out in this area. The soil samples were collected from the B horizon at a depth of
20cm-25cm. Twenty-five selected soil samples were analyzed for trace and rare earth elemental concentration
using ICP, INAA, MS and ICP-MS analytical methods. The result of the geochemical analysis was thereafter
subjected to statistical analysis and isograde plotting.
The multivariate statistical analysis shows a total of eleven factor groups. Seven of the factor groups are
of importance in the study area with five related to mineralization. The correlation coefficients of some selected
elements show that Be is strongly correlated with Rb, Ga, Sn and Ta while Nb is strongly correlated with Ta.
The area and bar charts show that the highest concentrations of Be, Nb, Sn and Ta are in the northeastern part of
the study area. The isograde plots show that almost all the elements have their peaks in the northeastern part of
the study area.
From the integration of geochemical and multivariate analyses, and isograde plotting, the study area has
anomalous concentration of cassiterite-tantalite-columbite minerals. These mineralizations are hosted by
pegmatites that intrude the country rocks in the study area. This establishes similarity in terms of host rocks and
mineralization type of the Eruku area compared to Egbe.
Keywords: Mineralization, soils, geochemical data, cluster groups, isograde plotting, Eruku.
INTRODUCTION
The study area, Eruku and its environ is located approximately 124km east of Ilorin and 8km west of
Egbe (Fig.1). The area studied is appropriately 224.44km2
located within longitudes 50
23’E and 50
30’E and
latitudes 80
05’N and 80
13’N represented in Osi sheet 224SE. The climate of Eruku and its environs is typically
of the tropical climate. The vegetation is typical of guinea savanna characterized by tall slender grasses, sparsely
distributed trees and denser vegetation around the river courses. The area is well drained by Rivers Agboro, Ofo,
Aru, Gburugburu, Aye, Ela and Oro and their tributaries. The common drainage patterns are dendritic and
trellis. The settlement is typical of linear settlement with some houses clustering around a particular region to
form a conubated settlement.
This work is aimed at identifying the mineralized zones in the study area using soil sampling survey.
Also, it is aimed at comparing the mineralization type present in the area with those of Egbe east of the study
area. Ultimately, it is to delineate and confirm the occurrence of cassiterite, tantalite, columbite and beryl
mineralization potential.
Dada (1978) and Bafor (1981,1988) worked in Egbe-Isanlu area and recognized the Sudbury type
mineral association of rocks in this area. Rahaman (1988) found out that the sediments found in the area
originate from weathering of igneous rocks from the area, probably Older Granite of the Basement Complex.
Olobaniyi (1997) envisaged Egbe-Isanlu schist belt to have originated by the deformation and metamorphism of
sediment volcanic sequence with the volcanic component resulting from the episodic uprise of mantle plumes.
He also reported that the mineralized pegmatites (e.g. around Eruku and Ogbom) have well formed crystals of
quartz, K feldspar, mica, beryl and tantalite. The maiden work in Eruku and its environs by Adedoyin and
Adekeye (2007) grouped the pegmatites hosted by gneisses in this area into barren and mineralized pegmatites.
The role of geochemical exploration in the investigation of ore deposits are based on the chemical
dispersion of metallic elements in soils from weathered bedrock (Lecomte et al. 1975). It has been observed from
the results of trace element studies in lateritic soil profiles that most trace elements retain more or less their
bedrock concentrations during pedogenetic development; thus characteristic differences in bedrock composition
are still reflected by the trace element pattern of the sampling horizons (Matheis, 1981).
GEOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA
The study area, Eruku and its environs, lies between the Egbe schist belt in the east and Osi
migmatite-Gneiss complex in the West. It falls within the Precambrian Basement Complex of Southwestern
Nigeria estimated to be of Late Proterozoic to Early Paleozoic age by Adekeye and Adedoyin (2007). The rocks
can be grossly divided into five namely: gneiss, migmatite, granite, gabbro and pegmatite (Fig.2).

2. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.7, 2013
106
The gneisses cover about 80% of the total area studied. They dominate the area and are very
extensive. The gneisses can be divided into banded gneiss and granite gneiss. The gneisses trend mainly in north-
eastern direction. They have sharp contact with the granitic rocks that are present in the study area. The
migmatites occur in the eastern and southwestern part of the study area (Fig. 2). The migmatites are associated
with gabbro. They occur essentially as pockets of rock within the gneiss. The granites in the mapped area have
sharp contact with the gneiss. They are found in the northeastern part and in the western part of the mapped area.
The granites have been intruded by pegmatites in some parts of the study area (Fig.2). The gabbro occur as
boulders and cobbles arranged in south-western-northeastern direction. They often occur as xenoliths within the
gneisses and migmatitic rocks. The pegmatites occur as intrusive rocks. They are hosted essentially by granites
and gneisses. They can be divided into the mineralized and barren pegmatites.
METHODOLOGY
This research work was carried out in two phases. The first phase is the fieldwork exercise while the
second phase involves laboratory analysis. A total of 25 soil samples were collected from the B-horizon of about
20-30cm depth (Fig.3). 10gram of each sample was weighed and sent to Activation Laboratory Limited, 1336,
Sandhill Drive, Ancaster Ontario, Canada for further preparation and analysis. The result of the geochemical
analysis was subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS software and isograde plotting.
DATA PRESENTATION
The result of the geochemical analysis in which the concentration of elements in the soil sample is shown in
Table 1.The geochemical result was subjected to simple statistical analysis to determine simple statistical
parameters, Pearson correlation, multivariate analysis and isograde plotting. The simple statistical parameters
were determined using SPSS software (Table.2).The background and threshold values were also determined
(Table 3) .Pearson correlation is used to study inter-element relationships (Table 4). Cluster analysis is a
multivariate statistical method for identifying homogenous groups of objects called clusters (Table 5).It helps to
detect natural grouping in data. Cluster plot shows fusion at each successive stage of the analysis, thereby helps
to visualize cluster analysis’ progress (Fig.4).The area and bar charts shows the concentration of elements in the
study area (Figs.5-12) The isograde plots link areas of equal concentration of elements together (Figs. 13,14,15
and 16).
DISCUSSION
It was observed from the geochemical result that the concentrations of Ba (>400ppm), Rb (130ppm)
and Sr (100ppm) were high in most samples (Table1). The concentrations of Nb (>10ppm), Sn (3ppm) and Ta
(1ppm) were relatively high in some samples. From the Pearson correlation (Table 4), it was observed that the
correlation coefficient of Sn with Be is 0.926, Nb is strongly correlated with Ta (0.796). Eleven (11) factor
groups were identified. Factors 1 to 7 are the most important because it shows the association of wide range of
elements (Table 5). Factor 1 which has Nd, Pr, Tb, La, Sm, Eu, Dy, Ho, Y, Ce and Er are produced from
weathering of rocks within the study area. Hence, it is influenced by lithology and not related to mineralization
(Imeokpara, 1981; Levinson, 1981).
Factor 2 which comprises of Sn, Cs, Bi, Be, Rb, Tl and Li is related to granites (Rose et al. 1979,
Levinson, 1981), particularly base metal bearing granites. Factor 3 comprises of Ca, Mg, Sr and Fe. Factor 4
comprises of Ti, Co, Mn, Na, V and Ni. In which Co, V and Ni are related to ultramafic rocks. Factor 5
containing Yb, Lu, Te, Ta and Nb, is related to mineralization. They occur in highly differentiated granites,
which host numerous rare metals particularly tantalite-columbite bearing pegmatites. Factors 2 and 5 are
probably due to mineralized weathered bedrock within Eruku and its environs (Table 4). Li, Be, Nb, Ta, Sn, U,
W, Zr and rare earth elements tend to be preferentially concentrated in residual fluids which is typical of
pegmatites. Factor 6 has U, P, Th, Cr, Mo and Se while Factor 7 consists of Hf, Zr and Ba which are related to
pegmatitic intrusion found within the study area. The elements in Factors 8 to 11 are not important in mineral
exploration with the exception of As in factor 10 which is a pathfinder element for gold.
The bar and area charts show the highest concentration of Be, Sn and occur in sample BS23, while that
of Nb and Ta occur in BS20 (Figs.5-12).These elements are typically associated with rare-metal pegmatites
(Fig.2).The isograde plots of Be, Sn, Ta and Nb occur in the northeastern quadrant of the study area. The local
threshold values for Nb, Sn,Ta and Be are 22 ppm, 11 ppm, 3 ppm and 6.5 ppm respectively were determined
from the isograde plots(Figs.13-16).
CONCLUSION
The study area lies within the basement complex and is underlain by gneiss, migmatite, granite, gabbro
and pegmatite, the gneiss covers about 80% of the study area. The migmatites are associated with the gabbro.

3. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.7, 2013
107
The granite has sharp contact with the gneiss. They have been intruded by both rare-metal and barren pegmatites.
The geochemical result shows that Ba, Sr and Rb have high concentration in all the samples analysed.
The Pearson correlation shows that Be is strongly correlated with Sn, also Nb is strongly correlated with Ta.
Eleven factor groups were identified from the cluster analysis. Factors 2 and 5 are influenced by mineralization.
The isograde plots show that most elements have their peaks in the northeastern quadrant of the study area. The
local threshold values from the isograde plots for Nb ,Sn, Ta and Be are 22ppm, 11ppm, 3ppm and 6.5ppm
respectively.
It is observed from the integration of geochemical result, statistical analysis and isograde plotting that
the area is enriched in cassiterite, tantalite, columbite and beryl. The peaks of the isograde plots suggest the
metallogenic potential of the pegmatites and/ or granites in the northeastern quadrant of the study area. The
mineralization is concentrated in the northeastern part of the study area, therefore, establishing the mineralization
type as found in Egbe east of the study area.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors sincerely appreciate Mr. Femi Bamigboye of the Department of Geology, Kwara State University,
Malete, Kwara State, for his kindness and assistance for the successful completion of this work, particularly
during the fieldwork exercise. We also appreciate Mr. Damola of Statistics Department, University of Ilorin, for
his assistance during the statistical analysis.
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Fig.1: Map of Nigeria showing study area (after Kogbe,1976)

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Fig.2: Geological Map of Study Area
Fig.3: Map of Study Area Showing Sampling Points
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Fig. 4: 3D Cluster plots for factor analysis
Fig.5: Bar chart for Be Fig. 6:Area chart for Be
Fig. 7: Bar chart for Nb Fig. 8:Area chart for Nb

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Fig. 9: Bar chart for Sn Fig.10: Area chart for Sn
Fig.11: Bar chart for Ta Fig.12: Area chart for Ta
Fig.13: Isograde plot for Be
Fig.14: Isograde Plot for Nb
1
1.5
2
2.5
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3.5
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4.5
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Fig 15:Isograde plot for Sn
Fig.16:Isograde Plot of Ta
1.5
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Table1: Geochemical data showing concentration of some elements in soils of Eruku and its environs
Element/Sample Cu Ni Fe Be Ba Sr Li Mn Nb Rb Sn Sr Ta
BS1 10.1 6.3 2.68 1.4 935 134 9.6 446 7.5 139 2 134 0.3
BS2 18 12.5 3.96 1.6 485 132 18.4 649 6.9 135 2 132 0.4
BS3 9.5 6.9 2.74 1.9 620 128 11.5 553 5.4 171 2 128 0.6
BS4 12.6 6.5 2.52 1.4 882 135 6.8 348 6 140 2 135 0.6
BS5 14.1 7 2.75 2.2 322 102 13.9 724 5 183 2 102 0.4
BS6 10.8 7 2.97 1.9 872 131 17.8 594 7.7 129 2 131 0.7
BS7 12 6.1 2.7 1.5 672 127 8.8 390 4.1 110 1 127 0.6
BS8 11.1 6.8 2.34 0.7 1020 110 4.4 250 4.3 95.9 1 110 0.5
BS9 10.4 9.6 3.36 2 966 125 15.7 491 9.1 107 3 125 1
BS10 15.5 5.9 2.86 1.7 809 85.5 14.5 370 7.8 95.8 2 85.5 1
BS11 9.8 13.7 3.65 1.2 156 27.8 10.3 1310 23.4 153 3 27.8 2.5
BS12 11.1 5.7 3.49 2.3 893 59.9 40.6 586 19.7 161 5 59.9 1.2
BS13 12.1 5.6 2.24 2.1 662 63.9 33.7 653 14.4 180 3 63.9 0.7
BS14 16.4 11.4 4.38 1.8 578 265 11.8 619 6.5 68.8 3 265 0.4
BS15 12.4 11.7 4.33 1.4 966 267 6.3 649 6.8 93.7 3 267 0.5
BS16 9.8 6.7 2.05 1.6 393 32.7 30.2 424 9.9 180 4 32.7 0.4
BS17 13.4 7.1 2.47 1 197 26.9 23.9 504 11.4 205 2 26.9 1.1
BS18 16.6 12.9 3.02 1.7 557 158 11.3 657 8.2 86.6 2 158 0.6
BS19 20.5 11.7 2.54 1.6 704 171 11.1 519 5.3 102 2 171 0.4
BS20 13.5 9.8 2.68 1 609 68.1 12 273 26.4 123 2 68.1 3.9
BS21 8.8 6.1 2.8 3 641 123 19.7 440 11 127 3 123 2.8
BS22 10.3 7 2.52 3.1 453 96 35.9 637 13 189 4 96 2.1
BS23 7.9 3.8 1.35 8 136 32.9 45.4 244 12.8 325 14 32.9 0.6
BS24 9.4 8.5 4.11 2.3 872 174 15.9 633 6.1 136 4 174 0.2
BS25 12 7.9 3.15 2.2 714 162 16.6 625 1 130 5 162 0.1
Table 2: Elements with corresponding statistical general parameters
Element Mean Median Mode Std.Dev. Minimum Maximum Sum
Be 2.02 1.70 1.40 1.37 0.70 8.00 50.60
Nb 9.59 7.70 1.00 6.05 1.00 26.40 239.70
Sn 3.12 2.00 2.00 2.51 1.00 14.00 78.00
Ta 0.98 0.60 0.40 0.92 0.20 3.90 23.50
Table 3: Background and threshold values of selected elements in soil samples
Element Background Value Threshold Value
Be 2.02 4.76
Nb 9.59 21.69
Sn 3.12 8.14
Ta 0.98 2.82
Table 4: Pearson Correlation
Be Nb Sn Ta
Be 1
Nb 0.071 1
Sn 0.926 0.187 1
Ta -0.041 0.796 -0.057 1

11. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.7, 2013
115
Table 5: Rotated components matrix (Varimax with Kaiser Normalization)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Gd .967 .038 .026 .077
Nd .963 .132 .022 .020
Pr .957 .127 .035
Tb .946 .124 .066 .073
La .928 .161 .120 .088
Sm .925 .040 .042 .170 .075 .103 .075
Eu .898 .334 .015
Dy .890 .144 .226 .067 .265 .006
Ho .815 .077 .149 .014
Y .773 .319 .028 .413 .064 .055 .162 .077
Ce .704 .136 .178
Er .682 .060
Zn .582 .392
Sn .969
Cs .945
Bi .935
Be .930 .030 .107 .028
Rb .794
Tl .788
Ga .425 .780
Li .438 .745
Ba -.489 .290 .393
Ca .207 .935
Mg .922
Sr .907
Ti .924
Co .090 .915
Mn .159 .914 .170 .087
Na .301 .271 .831
V .646
Ni .619 .128 .395
Fe .152 .624 .538
Yb .956
Lu .922
Te .854
Ta .571
Nb .204 496
U .761
Th .586
Cr .524
Mo .318 .518
Hf .867
Zr .857
Cu .269 -.503
Pb .797
K .255 .714
Sb .770
As .615
Br .072 .514
Cd .891

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