Tratamento superficies

T4/09 Tratamento de superficies e protección contra a
corrosión mariña
Informe preliminar para Aux Navalia
Táboa de contidos
0. Prefacio......................................................................................................................................................2
1. Introducción................................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Ámbito terminolóxico............................................................................................................................3
2. Patentes.....................................................................................................................................................4
2.1 Patentes. Tratamento de superficies...................................................................................................5
2.2 Patentes. Anticorrosión......................................................................................................................10
2.3 Patentes. Antifouling..........................................................................................................................14
3. Artigos......................................................................................................................................................19
4. Oferta-demanda de tecnoloxía.................................................................................................................35
Tecnoloxías. Solicitudes e ofertas...........................................................................................................36
5. Informes...................................................................................................................................................41
Outros informes xerais.............................................................................................................................46
6. Proxectos.................................................................................................................................................49
6.1 Proxectos. Ámbito europeo................................................................................................................49
6.2 Proxectos. Ámbito estatal..................................................................................................................53
6.3 Proxectos. Ámbito galego..................................................................................................................54
7. Lexislación................................................................................................................................................55
8. Eventos....................................................................................................................................................58
Anexo I. Centros Tecnolóxicos e Universidades..........................................................................................61
Centros tecnolóxicos e de investigación. Ámbito estatal.........................................................................62
Universidades. Ámbito nacional...............................................................................................................66
Centros Tecnolóxicos e de Investigación. Ámbito internacional..............................................................68
Anexo II. Empresas......................................................................................................................................73
Empresas de tratamento de superficies e pintado...................................................................................73
Oferta de empresas na web.....................................................................................................................77
Estaleiros.................................................................................................................................................78
Talleres de reparación.............................................................................................................................82
Anexo III.......................................................................................................................................................84
Documentación adxunta..........................................................................................................................84

Estado do documento: Actualización Informe Tecnológico
Identificador e versión: Trimestre T4/09. Tratamento de superficies e protección contra a corrosión
mariña
Data de publicación: 07/10/2009
Periodo que abrangue: 2005-2009
Contacto técnico: Eva García Rivera (egarcia@cisgalicia.org)

T4/09 Tratamento de superficies e protección contra a corrosión mariña

0. Prefacio
O obxecto deste informe é describir o estado actual das técnicas e métodos de tratamento de superficies
en barcos e a protección contra a corrsión mariña e mediambiental.

A corrosión mariña e a incrustación de microorganismos, que se coñece como biofouling, fai que cada
ano sexa necesario gastar miles de euros en limpeza, mantemento, reparacións e demáis. Unha boa
protección e prevención fronte a corrosión mediante pinturas e diversos productos axudaría a un gran
aforro económico. Hai que ter en conta que aparte dos gastos xerados polas reparacións propias dun
barco debido á corrosión hai que sumarlle o tempo que estea parado, tempo no que deixa de producir

Os actuais métodos de limpeza de superficies pretenden ser menos abrasivos e máis repsetuosos cos
materiais. Por outra banda as pinturas e productos antifouling e anticorrosión buscan a máxima eficacia
repetando o medio mariño e evitando o uso de sustancias contaminates moitas delas prohibidas por
diversas leis.

Nota: As informacións que se relacionan neste documento teñen carácter referencial. Se desexa o
texto completo de calquera delas, pode solicitalo ao servizo de recuperación de documentos:
diríxase ao contacto técnico que figura na portada deste informe indicando o título(s) ou
referencia(s) se se indican.
Para unha óptima visualización do informe e funcionamento das hiperligazóns recoméndase a
utilización de Adobe Acrobat 8.0

2


1. Introducción
O obxecto deste documento é describir os novas técnicas de tratamento de superficies en buques e a
protección contra a corrsión mariña e os métodos antifouling

Decidíuse seguir o seguinte esquema para a realización do informe:
● técnicas de preparación de superficies
● pinturas
● técnicas de aplicación
Polo tanto, as patentes e artigos seguen este esquema de traballo.

1.1 Ámbito terminolóxico
Para delimitar o obxecto da busca de información, definiuse o ámbito terminolóxico mediante a extracción
dos identificadores en linguaxe natural:

● [GL] chorreado, granallado, tratamento de superficies, fouling, antifouling, corrosión mariña,
anticorrosión.
● [ES] chorreado, granallado, tratamiento de superficies, fouling, antifouling, corrosión marina,
anticorrosión, pinturas antifouling, pinturas anticorrosivas

Os identificadores foron complementados coa selección de termos controlados multilíngües, sinónimos e
complementarios, utilizando a ferramenta IATE. Esta primeira acotación resultou na elección dos
seguintes termos:

● [EN] blasting, sand blasting, surface treatment, fouling, antifouling, marine corrosion, antifoluling
paints, anticorrosive paints

Resultando a análise anterior na cadea de interrogación (query) seguinte:

(ship) AND (blasting OR antifouling OR anticorrosion OR surface treatment)

A query xenérica foi adaptada ás características da sintaxe e limitacións na busca de cada fonte
de información utilizada, de cara a obter os resultados óptimos en cada caso.

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2. Patentes
As patentes que se amosan a continuación proceden da base de datos especializada Derwent Innovation
Index. Pinchando no título pódese acceder a unha ficha co resumo e debuxo nalgúns casos. Dita ficha
obtívose da base de datos de patentes Espacenet que é de acceso público.
Para clasificar o listado de patentes seguíuse o proceso natural de tratamento de superficies. Este
proceso comprende os seguintes pasos:
● Primeiramente límpase unha superficie mediante técnicas de granallado (chorreado con area),
chorreado con auga ou incluso con productos químicos.
● Despois aplicanselle pinturas ou diversos productos antifouling ou/e anticorrosión.

Dentro das patentes de tratamento de superficies están recollidas tanto técnicas de limpeza como
equipos de chorreado. Igualmente, as patentes referidas a antifouling e anticorrsión, inclúen tanto pinturas
como outros productos e incluso aparatos (como por exemplo o novidoso inhibidor do biofouling mediante
ultrasonidos).

Innovamar publica unhos boletíns de intelixencia tecnolóxica. O boletín nº2 titulado “Pinturas y
tratamiento antifouling” recolle por un lado, as patentes en materia antifouling desde o ano 2000 e por
outro ofrece unha selección de importantes artigos publicados que tratan dito tema. Este informe
recóllese no apartado de Informes e pódese acceder a el na seguinte URL.
http://www.innovamar.org/descargas/N2%20Antifouling.pdf

Destacar o proxecto HISMAR , que se recolle tanto no apartado de patentes como de proxectos, no que
se crea un robot capaz de limpar autonomamente o casco dun barco e detectar posibles defectos na
superficie.

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2.1 Patentes. Tratamento de superficies
O proceso de tratamento de superficies consiste principalmente na limpeza da superficie para o que
tradicionalmente se utilizou o granallado. Este método básase no chorreado con area a gran presión
sobre a superficie o que fai que se elimine os restos de pintura e demáis. O inconvinte é que é moi
abrasivo
Tamén se utiliza chorro de auga, paletas para rascar, golpes de electricidade e demáis. O método que se
escolla dependerá do tipo e nivel de incrustación da suciedade a limpar.. Por exemplo para eliminar
restos de pintura será suficiente con chorros de auga pero para eliminar antifouling moi incrustrado é
posible que teñamos que recurrir a métodos máis abrasivos.
O elemento común a tódolos métodos é tentar que sexa o menos abrasivo posible coa superficie do
barco.
Máis recentemente inventaronse robots que realizan este proceso automáticamente. Cabe destacar o
proxecto HISMAR de creación de robots de limpeza e o proxecto EFTCOR recollido no apartado de
proxectos.

As últimas novidades en limpeza de barcos refírense á limpeza crioxénica. En lugar de disparar area o
que se dispara é xeo seco, ou o que é o mesmo, micrcristais de dióxido de carbono conxelado que teñen
a particularidade de sublimarse e desparecer unha vez efectuado o impacto abrasivo. A principal vantaxe
na pouca abrasión do xeo seco.
Pinche na seguinte imaxe ou na URL facilitada máis abaixo e accederá ó video demostrativo da limpeza
crioxénica

Vídeo demostrativo

A continución cítase o proxecto de robots de limpeza para despois citar distintas patentes sobre técnicas
de limpeza de superficies

5


HISMAR Project: Hull Identification System for Marine Autonomous
Robotics
HISMAR is a multifunctional
robotic platform for specific
inspection or maintenance tasks
such as structural integrity
monitoring of the ship’s hull or
cleaning operations. This project
offers a means for effectively and
efficiently undertaking hull
inspection and maintenance thereby potentially extending the safe working life of the vessel, and
reducing maintenance and fuel costs.
A unique patented navigation system has been developed for HISMAR that allows the robot to
map the ship’s hull and, subsequently, autonomously guide the robot through a defined
maintenance path. As part of this project, HISMAR aims to perform two hull maintenance task;
1. Cleaning of the hull surface
2. And hull integrity monitoring

The following sections aim to explore the various technologies that are currently being used by
the ship maintenance industry to carry out hull cleaning and inspection.
Pinche na seguinte imaxe se quere ver o vídeo demostrativo:

Video demostrativo

Infome en formato pdf

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Nº Patente Título Solicitante

2009
Blasting apparatus for ship, has separator that
includes filter segmented by separate unit, and fuel
KR893153-B1 ash discharged in lower part of bucket elevator BNP ENG CO LTD
after being inhaled by vacuum system, where ash is
separated from dust and recycled

Direct pressure type polishing apparatus for steel
metal structure of ship, has collection tank
JP2008307675-A collecting projection materials, and shut-off valve SINTOKOGIO LTD
body isolating projection materials from collection
tank to pressure tank

Flow adjusting structure for abrasive material i.e.
WO2009018590-A2; sand, classifying apparatus of blast system, has
BNP ENG CO LTD
WO2009018590-A3 horizontal outer tube with outer tube hole, where
flow rate of material is continuously adjustable by
rotating horizontal outer tube

2008
Iron structure's surface processing method for
ship, involves forming and selecting crushed
KR2008101467-A material in constant individual size, and spraying YUN Y S
rough grinded material on surface of iron structure
of ship

Hull surface cleaning assembly, at a ship, has a
WO2005068287-A1; buoyancy unit with a flat surface for exchangeable
MARR N
US2008229994-A1 cleaning brushes operated by a handle through a
swivel joint

Washing apparatus for bottom surface of ship, has
JP2005066529-A; nozzle to inject cleaning liquid stored in tank on HITACHI PLANT ENG
JP4154527-B2 vehicle to bottom surface of ship and return & CONSTR CO LTD
apparatus to return filtered cleaning liquid to tank

Remote digital ultrasonic antifouling and descaling
CN101108383-A device has electrical wire that is wound around pipe LIU L
and connected to frequency converter circuit

Blasting machine for polishing e.g. ship, marine
JP2005342800-A; structure, includes forced sending machine which SOWA CORP KK
JP3866252-B2 forcedly discharges blast materials out of pressure
vessel through discharge port and in fixed amounts

JP2008088725-A KIKUSUI KAGAKU
Asbestos removal method for wall surface of KOGYO KK(KIKS-C);
building, involves spraying polishing material from YAMADA TOSO KK;
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HITACHI ENG
nozzle accommodated inside brush assembly on SERVICE CO
working plane, and sucking powder dust through LTD(HITJ-C);
suction cover with polishing material SHINTO
SABURASUTO KK

Mobile blasting apparatus for ship, has operator
chair in upper end of body, battery to supply driving
KR825462-B1 power to operating unit, control unit to move body KIM D
in all directions, and tilting unit to adjust blasting
nozzle

Multi-functional surface cleaning and pre-treatment
apparatus for use in ship, has valve opened to
KR826367-B1 permit grinding chips to move along flexible pipe, JUNG J
and electric power distribution cable equipped in
control box

Shot blasting machine for polishing processing
KR440999-Y1 object i.e. warped surface of ship, has horizontal JEONG R P
tubes and spray nozzle provided in cart part, which
is connected to storage tank and air tank

Sponge blasting machine used for e.g. removing
foreign material e.g. rust, stain, old coating on KINSOKU KAGAKU
JP2008023673-A surfaces has suction opening, which is provided in KENKYUSHO KK;
casing to suck blast medium were ejected from TECHNOS CO LTD
inner side of casing with negative pressure

2007
Blasting system in which vacuum cup is movable in
KR665873-B1 forward and rearward directions and movable on KIM D H
main frame by moving unit to effectively remove
foreign substances from surface of ship

Spraying equipment for vertical walls, has chassis METALBLAST EQUIP
BR200601335-A located in back of tanks or ships, hoisted by crane & MAQUINAS LTDA
and auto-propagated by device

2006
Ferrous surface treating method for use in e.g. dry
US2006118134-A1; cargo ship, involves attracting treating apparatus to
WO2006062937-A2 ferrous surface, and moving apparatus through GRIFFITH N
application of maneuvering force by user from
location spaced from carriage

DAEWOO
Method for suppressing rust on the surface of SHIPBUILDING &
KR2006114564-A shipbuilding steel by spraying quicklime on the MARINE ENG CO
steel surface in blowing air LTD

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DAEWOO
Mobile blasting apparatus for overhead preparation SHIPBUILDING &
KR2006030546-A of ship, capable of performing blasting operation MARINE ENG CO
and movement of travel unit at same time LTD

Target surface coating treatment apparatus for
coating ship hull, positions guide support at
US2159-H different locations along linear paths of movement US SEC OF NAVY
of guidance assembly from which ejection of
coating material on target surface is performed

2005
CN1583661-A Ceramic blast nozzle and preparation UNIV SHANDONG

WO2005044657-A1;
NO200304978-A; Cleaning device for surface of object under water
NO319207-B1; e.g. ship hull, sets tangential velocity component CLEANHULL
EP1685022-A1; for liquid discharged from half of nozzles to have NORWAY AS
US2007051392-A1; same direction as selected rotation direction of disc
JP2007510588-W; in relation to nozzle inclination
KR2006129184-A

Upward polishing apparatus for slag skimming of
welded portion of ship's bottom in shipbuilding
JP2005230982-A yard, has coil springs which are interposed ATSUJI TEKKO KK
between elastic section and nozzle-head elevating
device

9


2.2 Patentes. Anticorrosión
Corrosión é a interacción dun metal co medio que o rodea, producindo o conseguinte deterioro nas súas
propiedades tanto físicas como químicas.
Tipos de corrosión.
● Corrosión uniforme: onde a corrosión química ou electroquímica actua en toda a superficie do
metal
● Corrosión galvánica: cando metais diferentes se atopan en contacto, ambos metais poseen
potenciais eléctricos diferentes.
● Corrosión por picadura: aquí producense furados por un axente químico
● Corrosión intraganual
● Corrosión por esfuerzo
A protección catódica é unha técnica de control da corrosión, que está sendo aplicada cada día con maior
éxito no mundo enteiro.
Na práctica pódese utilizar protección catódica en metais como o aceiro, cobre, plomo , latón... contra a
corrosión en casi todolos medios acuosos.

Moitas das patentes aquí recollidas tratan sobre a protección catódica. Tamén se recollen patentes de
pinturas que retardan a aparición da corrosión.

10


A continuación amósanse gráficos que analizan as patentes dos últimos catro anos segun inventor e país
de orixe obtidas mediante a ferramenta de análise de patentes Mateo Patent.
Os países que lideran son Dinamarca e Xapón

Patentes anticorrosión según inventor:

Patentes anticorrosión según país de orixe:

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2009
Anti-corrosion material for concrete structure
JP2009097049-A comprises porous material containing electrolytic DENKI KAGAKU
KUMAI T solution with sufficient pH to avoid passive KOGYO KK
production of blister-like metal surface in
surroundings of blister-like metal

WO2008038828-A1;
JP2008106235-A; Anticorrosive paint for ferrous materials used for NIPPON STEEL
TW200829657-A; industrial machines and vehicles, contains zinc CORP ;
EP2070995-A1; metal particles containing fine granules and coarse YOSHIKAWA KOGYO
KR2009060312-A; grains, having preset peak particle size, dispersed KK
NO200901042-A in inorganic/organic binder

Anti-rusting process for vessel steel materials NIPPON STEEL
involves coating inorganic primer consist of CORP ;
JP2008223137-A inorganic binder as base layer and zinc alloy YOSHIKAWA KOGYO
particles which contains magnesium, zinc and KK
unavoidable impurity

Corrosion protection system for use in marine
engine system comprises components subject to
US2009138148-A1 corrosion where the component forms a cathode CATERPILLAR INC
element, anode element, reference element, and
engine control module

Organic siloxane composite material for applying to
field of conductivity and corrosion protection
US2009110931-A1 comprises polyaniline/carbon black composites YANG C
distributed in siloxane, where material contains
polyaniline/carbon black in specific amount

2007
REDEKOP A G;
RU2299273-C1 Apparatus for protecting against corrosion FEDOTOV E A

Organopolysiloxane rubber composition, useful e.g.
WO2007104121-A1; as anti-corrosion, cathodic protection coating,
US2007232749-A1 comprises product obtained by mixing CSL SILICONES INC
polyorganosiloxane fluids, sacrificial metal,
conductive fillers, catalyst and cross linking agent

2006
CN1789492-A Anode assembly with large discharge capacity for CSIC NO 725 RES &
cathodic protection DEV INST

12


CN1844454-A Metal oxide anode assembly for cathode protection of CSIC NO 725 RES &
ship DEV INST

Meter for testing marine corrosion, comprises HOWARD J D;
US2006065551-A1; reference electrode element, alligator clamp, and ALI M,
US7238263-B2 housing mechanism comprising input jack LISSON C;
receptors, light emitting diodes, central processing CONCEPTS INC
unit, multiplexer and micro-processor chip

2005
THOMAS E D;
Corrosion sensor system for shipboard tanks, LUCAS K E,
US2005000831-A1; includes electronic module connected to reference SLEBODNICK P;
US6896779-B2 module for monitoring and storing potential and HOGAN E A;
current data to allow for analysis of tank coatings US SEC OF
degradation NAVY(USNA-C)

Electrolytic-protection method for protecting marine
structural steelwork, coastal structure and ship, NKK CORP(NIKN-C);
JP2005213634-A involves using structural material whose preset UNIVERSAL ZOSEN
portion is stainless steel material of preset surface KK
roughness

WO2005116148-A1; Paint for steel product, contains flakes-shaped NIPPON STEEL
JP2005336432-A; metal or alloy, whose electric potential in aqueous CORP(YAWA-C);
JP2005336431-A solution is baser than steel KATOH K; IMAI S

DAEWOO
SHIPBUILDING &
KR2005086129-A Structure of a temporary sacrificial anode fabricated
as a band or a wire to prevent corrosion of ship MARINE ENG CO
LTD

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2.3 Patentes. Antifouling
A incrustación ou biofouling é o crecemento de organismos mariños sobre a área en inmersión do casco
da embarcación.
Hay tres tipos de incrustacións:
➢ Algas: de cor verde, marrón ou vermello
➢ Limos: barro, bacterias e algas microscópicas
➢ Orgánicas: poden ser de dous tipos: non calcáreas (esponxas, briozoas..) ou calcáreas ( con
cáscara), moluuscos...
A aparición de unha ou outra clase de incrustación, así como o seu desenrolo, dependerá de factores
como a temperatura, luz e salinidade da auga. Estas incustacións teñen efectos na embarcación que
debemos considerar:
✗ Pérdida de velocidade
✗ Aumento do consumo de combustible
✗ Dificultade para a realización de maniobras de emerxencia.

As pinturas antifouling ou antiincrustantes teñen por obxetivo evitar a incrustación dos organismos
anteriormente citados no casco da embarcación sumerxida.
A forma de actuar de calqueira antiincrustante é a liberación de compostos activos chamados biocidas
que crean un ambiente hostil para organismos incrustantes. A incrustación será polo tanto previda e
calquer crecemento de organismos será inhibido.
As pinturas con compostos de estaño, en foma de tribulilestaño, eran moi eficacies, pero os seus efectos
nocivos nos moluscos levaron a súa prohibición para as alicacións mariñas. Dita prohibición quedou
totalmente plasmada na INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE CONTROL OF HARMFUL ANTI-
FOULING SYSTEMS ON SHIPS, 2001. En Xaneiro de 2008 entraba totalmente en vigor dita prohibición

Os diferentes tipos de antifouling que existen difiren entre sí na forma en que liberan as sustancias
biocidas. A sua durabilidade dependerá do espesor da capa aplicada, ó que se unen outros factores que
se relacionan directamente coa auga con son a súa riqueza, temperatura, nivel de polución da mesma.

Podemos falar de tres tipos principales de antiincrustantes:
● Autopulimentables: Reciben este nome porque se van desgastando co roce da auga. Mentras
haxa pintura, hai biocida (o casco está protexido). Son de máxima eficacia, polo cal hai un coste
superior.Presentan unha superficie moi lisa, polo que as suas propiedades hidrodinámicas son
excelentes
● De matriz dura: Estos antiincrustantes absorben a auga, mentras a parte solubre da resina se vai
desistengrando, deixando unha estructura insolubel que vai disolvendo os productos biocidas
É aconsellable para zonas de maior desgase, nas que o autopulimentable se desgastaría axiña
(hélices, eixes...)
● De matriz branda: É unha mezcla dos anteriores. Nelas a pintura vaise disolvendo. Te o
inconvinte de que solo poden estar expostos á intemperie unha semana

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As técnicas máis innovadoras de eliminación de biofouling discorren por sistemas de ultrasonidos.
Existen no mercado diversos equipos. Por exemplo Boatsonic consistente nun emisor de ultrasonidos que
emite vibracións ultrasónicas en gama baixa de frecuencias de ultrasonidos . O sistema incapacita a
adherencia de organismos vivos tanto animais como algas ó casco. As vibracións emitidas polo sistema
protexen creando unha película de moléculas de auga vibrando ó “son” da ultrafrecuencia o cal impide a
fixación de calquer forma de vida.
URL do producto Boatsonic: http://www.fp-nautic.com/inicio.html

15


A continuación amósanse gráficos que analizan as patentes dos últimos catro anos segun inventor e país
de orixe obtidas mediante a ferramenta de análise de patentes Mateo Patent.
Igual que ocorre coas patentes anticorrosión, Xapón situáse como un país lider.

Grafíco de patentes antifouling según inventor:

Gráfico de patentes antifouling según país:

16


As patentes que se amosan a continuación recollen tanto productos tales como pinturas que inhiben o
crecemento de organismos, materiais que repelen o biofouling como aparatos que eléctricamente fan que
o biofouling se desprenda da superficie.


2009
Antifoulant coating useful for inhibiting the growth
WO2009011990-A1; of marine foulants e.g. barnacles, algae on marine
WEIDMAN L
US2009022899-A1 vessels comprises polymer, marine biocide and
preservative

Epoxy composite material preparing method for e.g.
marine antifouling coating field, involves dispersing
US2009109791-A1 polyaniline/carbon black composites in epoxy resin YANG C , WU K
to produce epoxy composite material containing
polyaniline/carbon black

2008
US2005178286-A1;
WO2006025857-A2; BOHN C C; BRENNAN A
US7117807-B2; Dynamic polymer-based coating useful in e.g. non- B;
toxic bio-fouling preventing system and in BANEY R H;
EP1716451-A2;
UNIV FLORIDA(UYFL-
AU2005280637-A1; electrowetting-based pumps comprises a patterned
C);
JP2007529090-W; polymeric layer for attachment to a surface UNIV FLORIDA RES
AU2005280637-B2; containing electrically conductive polymer FOUND INC(UYFL-C)
AU2005280637-B8
WO2005056699-A1;
US2005152869-A1;
EP1699885-A1; Marine anti-fouling coating for, e.g. hulls of ships,
AU2004297396-A1; comprises, sequentially, primer adhesive to be ECOSEA LTD;
BR200417488-A; applied to surface to be coated, binder adhesive, WEED G
JP2007514035-W; and metallic component comprising metal(s) that
CN1902289-A; oxidizes when in contact with water
EP1699885-B1;
DE602004014978-E
COUNCIL SCI & IND
IN200602162-I1 Apparatus for prevention of biofouling RES INDIA

2007
Fiber-coated marine material with antifouling
properties for immersed structures, such as MATERIALS
WO2007108679-A1 platforms, oil rigs, mooring posts, ships, boats, and INNOVATION CENT
BV
buoys, is at least partially covered by piles of fibers
having certain thickness-to-length ratio

Low frequency electric current type ship's bottom
JP2007055568-A anti-fouling system, has electric current control unit ICHIMON KIKO KK
that controls supply of low frequency electric
current to several electrodes at ship's bottom

17


Paint/coating composition, useful to protect surface
EP1801169-A2; exposed to aqueous environment from fouling SYMRISE GMBH &
EP1801169-A3 organisms present in aqueous environment, CO KG
comprises menthol and/or isopulegol; compound
e.g. menthyl esters; and film forming agent

Sprayable antifouling product for protection of
FR2894974-A1; ships' hulls, contains a high proportion of particles DESBOIS M;
DESBOIS F;
WO2007080271-A1 of copper or copper-nickel alloy, plus a small
amount of binder and a volatile diluent to enable DESBOIS J P
application by spray gun

2006
Marine antifouling system for marine surfaces e.g.
WATERTECH
WO2006045161-A1 boat hull, marine vessel, underwater structure, has
partially magnetic transducer having polar axis in HOLDINGS LTD
parallel to marine surface

WO2006121937-A1; Substrate, e.g. ship surface such as hull, has
US2007042199-A1; antifouling coating comprising polymeric material NDSU RES FOUND
EP1879972-A1 including polyamine cross-linked polysiloxane
and/or its salts

2005
SE200400934-A; Film for preventing propeller fouling, comprises WINBERG R
SE527064-C2 layer for bonding to propeller and outer PTFE layer

TOMKO R R,
PAPAGIANIDIS D D;
US2005096407-A1; Marine self-polishing antifouling coating JOECKEN J A,
WO2005042649-A1; composition, useful to protect ship hulls, REUTER J M,
EP1675919-A1; underwater structures, fish nets and ship bottoms, TOMKO R,
MX2006004325-A1; comprises at least one biocidally active material and PAPAGIANIDIS D,
BR200415537-A a polymer binder JOECKEN J,
REUTER J

Removable and replaceable antifouling laminate to
provide protection to water submersed object e.g.
US6925952-B1 boat/vessel hull comprises protective layer having POPOVIC D J
blended mixture of synthetic rubber and cuprous
oxide

Environmental protection composite antifouling NST SEAWATER
CN1557896-A; paint comprises organic resin, hot natural plant DESALINATION &
CN1279132-C material, non-toxic mildew-preventing disinfectant MULTIPURPOS
and inorganic pigment

18


3. Artigos
O seguinte listado de artigos proceden da base de datos especializada Web of Science que inclúe tanto
artigos científicos publicados en revistas especializadas como en conferencias, congresos , simposios e
demáis eventos.
A grandes rasgos os artigos recollidos tratan os seguintes puntos:
● Técnicas electroquímicas como a que recolle o informe “Estudio de la corrosión en ambiente
marino de aleaciones del sistema fermanal mediante técnicas electroquímicas”
● Robots de limpeza para a posterior aplicación de pinturas
● Productos químicos ou pinturas que preveñen o biofouling e a corrosión

Hai que destacar que artigos relacionados con tratamentos antifouling ou anticorrsión non proceden de
eventos relacionados co mundo naval ou marítimo senón de congresos ou conferencias de ámbito
químico. Esto débese a que os productos utilizados para inhibir o crecemento de microorganismos
mariños ou protexer contra a corrosión son productos químicos .

Hai que sinalar que son artigos novidosos Butyltin compounds, sterility and imposex assessment in
Nassallus reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758), prior to the 2008 European ban on TBT antifouling paints, within
Basque ports and along coastal que trata sobre a prohibición do TBT en costas Vascas, Exposure and
protective measures during the application of antifouling paints que trata sobre a protección que hai que
ter en conta á hora de usar pinturas antifouling e protectoras.

19


Oxygen-depleted surfaces: a new antifouling technology
Autor:
J. Fredrik Lindgren; Mikael Haeffner; Claes T. Ericsson; Per R. Jonsson
Data:
JYU 2009
Fonte:
Biofouling, Volume 25, Issue 5 Páxs 455 - 461
Resumo:
A novel, non-toxic strategy to combat marine biofouling is presented. The technology is
paint with additions of up to 43% of industrial protein. Through microbial degradation of
the protein component, an oxygen-depleted layer rapidly forms in a 0.2 mm layer close
to the paint surface. With the present paint formulations, a stable, O2-depleted layer can
persist for 16 weeks. Barnacle larvae (cyprids) did not settle on panels where oxygen
saturation was <20%, and cyprids were killed when exposed to O2-free water for more
than 1 h. It is also shown that the O2-depleted layer will rapidly reform (within 15 min)
after exposure to turbulent flow. Field exposure of panels for 16 weeks showed that paint
with protein reduced fouling by barnacles and bryozoans by 80% and close to 100%,
respectively. The results suggest that this novel technology may be developed into a
non-toxic alternative to copper-based antifouling paints, especially for pleasure boats in
sensitive environments. There is clearly potential for further development of the paint
formulation, and a full-scale test on a boat-hull suggested that service-life under realistic
operations needs to be improved.

Butyltin compounds, sterility and imposex assessment in Nassallus
reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758), prior to the 2008 European ban on TBT
antifouling paints, within Basque ports and along coastal
Autor:
German Rodriguez, J. ; Tueros, Itziar ; Borja, Angel ; Franco, Javier ; Garcia Alonso, J.
Ignacio ; Mikel Garmendia, Joxe ; Muxika, Inigo ; Sariego, Cristina ; Valencia, Victoriano
Data:
APR 2009
Fonte:
CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH , Vol. 29, Issue 8; Páxs. 1165-1173
Resumo:
Levels of imposex (superimposition of male characters, upon females) and the presence
of sterile females are assessed in the gastropod Nassarius reticulatus (L), at 35
locations in the Basque Country. At 18 of these localities, organotin bioaccumulation
(tributyltin (TBT); dibutyltin; monobutyltin) was evaluated, using isotope dilution GC-ICP-
MS. Higher imposex levels and TBT body burden were found in confined harbours, with
large vessel traffic or the presence of an offshore fleet. The highest values were found
for the port of Pasaia, near to a shipyard (a relative penis size index of up to 92%, and
TBT body burden up to 405 ng g(-1) - given on a dry weight basis as Sn). Imposex
effects were evaluated also in parasitized females, at some of the sampling sites. The
percentage of presence of c-type Vas Deferens sequence stages (i.e., with vas deferens
beginning at the oviduct opening) was higher in parasitized females. In turn, there was
an absence of highly convoluted oviduct in parasitized females

20


Characterization of chemically active antifouling paints using
electrochemical impedance spectrometry and erosion tests
Autor:
Bressy, Christine ; Hugues, Christelle ; Margaillan, Andre
Data:
JAN 2009
Fonte:
PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS, Vol. 64, Issue 1, Páxs. 89-97
Resumo:
The water sorption and solubility parameters of chemically active paints were studied by
electrochemical impedance spectrometry (EIS) measurements. Erodible acrylic-based
coatings containing biocidal tertiary amines were investigated. Results from EIS
measurements show that both the water sorption at saturation and the apparent water
diffusion coefficient decrease as the alkyl chain length of the biocidal amines increases
from 8 to 16 carbon atoms. The increase of the hydrophobic character of the resulting
coatings results to a higher resistance to erosion. Erosion tests performed under static
and dynamic conditions show that the seawater conditions can markedly affect the
performance of chemically active paints.

Corrosion Protection Mechanism of Polyaniline Blended Organic Coating
on Steel
Autor:
Sathiyanarayanan, S.; Jeyaram, R. ; Muthukrishnan, S. ; Venkatachari, G.
Data:
2009
Fonte:
JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY , Vol 159, Issue 4, Páxs C127-
C134
Resumo:
Epoxy-coal tar coatings are widely used to protect steel structures exposed to marine
atmosphere due to their good barrier property. However, the presence of micropores
and microcracks formed during the coating formation leads to failure of the coating due
to permeation of corrosive ions. In recent years, it has been established that the coatings
containing polyaniline (PANI) is able to protect pinholes and defects due to its
passivating ability. Hence, a study has been made on the effect of polyaniline content (1
and 3%) in epoxy-coal tar coating on the corrosion protection of steel in 3% NaCl
solution by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies. Both phosphate- and
chloride-doped polyanilines were prepared by a chemical oxidative polymerization
method. From EIS studies, it has been found that the resistance value of the coatings
containing 1 and 3% phosphate-doped polyaniline and 3% chloride-doped polyaniline
pigmented coatings are similar to 10(9) Omega cm(2) even after 90 days exposure to
NaCl solution, which are two orders high in comparison to that of conventional coal tar
epoxy coatings. Besides, the conducting state of polyaniline has been found to be
decreased after exposure to NaCl solution due to redox property of PANI. X-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy studies have shown that polyaniline forms a complex layer
with iron beneath the coating along with iron oxide.

21


ESTUDIO DE LA CORROSIÓN EN AMBIENTE MARINO DE ALEACIONES
DEL SISTEMA FERMANAL MEDIANTE TÉCNICAS ELECTROQUÍMICAS
Autor:
Alejandro Vargas Uscategui, William Aperador Chaparro, Cesar Ortiz Otalora, Juan
David Betancur , Chaur-Jeng Wang
Data:
2009
Resumo:
Suplemento de la Revista Latinoamericana de Metalurgia y Materiales, Páxs. 251-257
En este trabajo se estudia la corrosión en ambiente marino simulado de las aleaciones
Fe- 22.6Mn – 6.3Al – 3.1Cr – 0.675C (F1), Fe- 28.0Mn – 5.2Al – 5.1Cr – 2.8 Si – 0.95C
(F2) y Acero AISI 316, mediante espectroscopia de impedancia electroquímica (EIS),
pulso galvanostático (GPT), curvas de polarización Tafel y difracción de rayos X (DRX).
Para la simulación del ambiente marino se empleó una solución al 3,5%wt. de NaCl. A
través de DRX se encontró que los principales productos de corrosión fueron Mn2O3,
Fe2O3 y Fe(Mn, Al)2O4, para las aleaciones F1 y F2, respectivamente
Documento orixinal

Exposure and protective measures during the application of antifouling
paints
Autor:
Bleck, D. ; Mueller, A ; Holthenrich, D. ; Schlueter, U. ;
Data:
MAY 2009
Fonte:
GEFAHRSTOFFE REINHALTUNG DER LUFT, Vol. 69, Issue 5, Páxs 215- 221
Resumo:
Information on exposure and protective measures during the application of antifoulants
was gathered by interviews and dockyard inspections. The different tasks and exposure
parameters were determined and best practise examples were identified. Mixing and
loading of airless spray-guns with large amounts of antifouling paint was associated with
high exposure of hands, feet and fronts of legs. Predominant exposure factors were the
diligence of the user and the general working conditions. The spraying direction in
relation to the workers and the tightness of the working space were important factors for
the amount and the patterns of aerosol-deposition onto the sprayers' bodies. Contact
with contaminated surfaces during the spraying process resulted in considerable
exposure of both hands and body. Personal protective equipment was generally worn
according to the instructions if frequent controls by a supervisor were to be expected.

Fouling control using air bubble curtains: protection for stationary
vessels
Autor:
Scardino, A. J. ; Fletcher, L. E. ; Lewis, J. A.
Data:
JAN 2009
Resumo:
JOURNAL OF MARINE ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Issue A 13 Páxs. 3-10
There is an increasing need by the marine industries for effective non-toxic control of
fouling. One of the major limitations of new fouling release coatings is that they cannot
protect structures whilst stationary and will not release certain fouling organisms when
vessels are operating at low speeds. This is a major problem for slow or infrequently
22


moving vessels and for vessels docked in tropical waters where fouling pressure is
extreme. This paper describes novel technology (provisional patent # 2008905482) to
protect vessels whilst stationary using air bubble curtains. The results of several panel
tests and one hull patch trial demonstrate that this technique is a simple, cost-effective
means to complement fouling release coatings whilst vessels are in dock

Implications of the ban on organotins for protection of global coastal and
marine ecology
Autor:
Sonak, Sangeeta ; Pangam, Prajwala ; Giriyan, Asha ; Hawaldar, Kavita
Data:
FEB 2009
Fonte:
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT , Vol. 90, Páxs. S96-S108
Resumo:
Organotin-based antifouling paints are highly effective against most fouling organisms,
and their application results in a large amount of savings for the shipping industry. On
the other hand, TBT (tributyltin) in antifouling paints is described as the most toxic
substance ever introduced into the marine environment. Consequential environmental
impacts of TBT led to its regulation in many countries, although concerns were raised
regarding the complete prohibition of organotin-based compounds in antifouling paints.
Serious concerns were also raised regarding the complete banning of organotins. After
long deliberations, the AFS Convention (convention to control the use of harmful
antifouling systems on ships) was adopted on 5 October 2001. The Convention, which
prohibits the use of harmful organotins in antifouling paints used on ships, will enter into
force on 17 September 2008. In view of the concerns raised against the prohibition of
organotin-based compounds in antifouling paints, this paper focuses on a review of the
AFS Convention, with a gap analysis on the difficulties in implementation of the
Convention. It also offers some recommendations for improved policies

MODELLING OF CORROSION PROTECTION FOR REINFORCED
CONCRETE STRUCTURES WITH SURFACE COATINGS
Autor:
Kamaitis, Zenonas
Data:
DEC 2008
Fonte:
JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT , Vol. 14, Issue 4, Páxs.
241-249
Resumo:
Corrosion is a serious problem for the durability of reinforced concrete structures. These
structures need to be protected from corrosion in a variety of exposure conditions
ranging From atmospheric to continuous immersion ill water or chemicals. One of the
ways to protect reinforced concrete structures from corrosion is 10 use protective
coatings. The surface barriers of non-degradable materials are able to slow down
considerably the rate of deterioration of concrete structures and to overcome most
durability problems associated with external attack. Design of durability of concrete
structures with protective coatings needs to be established. In this paper a general
framework for service life prediction and reliability evaluation of anticorrosion protective
system (CPS), which is represented by protective surface barrier, concrete cover, and
steel reinforcement itself of reinforced concrete structures, is presented. This approach

23


is based oil a reasonable understanding of the main degradation processes of all
components ensuring protection ability and durability of concrete structures.

A multipurpose compound for protective coatings
Autor:
Del Amo B, Blustein G, Perez M, et al.
Data:
JUL, 2008
Fonte:
COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS,
Vol. 324, Cap. 1- 3, Páx. 58-67
Resumo:
International regulations concerning the protection of both the environment and industrial
workers have prompted paint manufacturers and end users to look for suitable
replacements for traditional pigments.
One of the aims of this investigation was to study the inhibitive properties of ferric
benzoate-based paints in simulated marine corrosion condition (3% NaCl solution).
Anticorrosive paints containing ferric benzoate were formulated and their performance
was evaluated by accelerated (salt fog chamber) and electrochemical (corrosion
potential and ionic resistance) tests.
In addition, the action of ferric benzoate as a probable antifouling agent was studied
through laboratory tests and marine exposure. Ferric benzoate hydrolyzes in seawater
producing a pH decrease. In this sense, the effects of the pH and the anion benzoate
dissolved in seawater and leached from an antifouling paint were evaluated on Balanus
amphitrite nauplii. Although benzoate anion showed an intense narcotic effect on nauplii,
the results of this research clearly demonstrated that the antifouling activity is due to the
combined action of this anion and the pH decrease, i.e. there exists a synergic effect.
Field trials confirmed laboratory assays; paints containing ferric benzoate were effective
for inhibiting organism settlement and as corrosion of metal.

Component oriented development of robot control units: Service robots
for hull cleaning applications
Autor:
Iborra A, Pastor JA, Alvarez B, et al.
Data:
APR, 2008
Fonte:
REVISTA IBEROAMERICANA DE AUTOMATICA E INFORMATICA INDUSTRIAL, Vol.
5, Cap. 2, Páx. 107
Resumo:
A critical operation in the ship maintenance is the hull blasting before it is repainted. In
the last decade several solutions have appeared in the market that pretends to solve this
problem. They are focused on robotizing this operation. Despite it, the hull cleaning
operations are usually being carried out by manual means in shipyards. This article
presents a robot family that supposes a good solution for the outlined problem. It
reasonably satisfies all the requirements related to operatibility, efficiency, safety and
environmental protection. For the design of the control systems we have followed an
approach based on components, in order to reuse the code and to minimize the
development times. The work here presented has been developed inside the EFTCoR
project, funded by VFP of the EU

24


Marine paint fomulations: Conducting polymers as anticorrosive additives
Autor:
Armelin E, Oliver R, Liesa F, et al.
Data:
APR, 2007
Fonte:
PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS, Vol. 59, Cap. 1, Páx. 46-52
Resumo:
Within coating technology, there is increasing interest in the development of efficient
anticorrosive additives able to replace the conventional inorganic anticorrosive pigments
usually added to paints, which may have detrimental effects on both environment and
health. A number of recent studies have evidenced that the modification of a paint
formulation by the addition of a low concentration of conducting polymer (0.2-0.3%, w/w)
increases significantly the protective properties of the coating. Here we focus on the
principles of anticorrosive additives based on conducting polymers for marine paints.
The article reviews the most important findings achieved in recent studies. The relevant
factors that are determinant for the anticorrosive protection imparted by conducting
polymers, as the doping level, the miscibility with paint, the electrochemical stability, etc.,
are discussed in detail.

Marine paints: The particular case of antifouling paints
Autor:
Almeida E, Diamantino TC, de Sousa O
Data:
APR, 2007
Fonte:
Resumo:
The authors present a general overview of marine paints, paying particular attention to
the case of antifouling paints. After locating these paints in the anticorrosive protection
systems used on the underwater parts of ships and/or other moving structures, a
summary is made of the main types of antifouling products used through history up to
the present time. This is complemented by a systematic assessment of the main types of
living organisms that fix themselves to the underwater parts of ships. Consideration is
also briefly made of the main basic mechanisms by which the different types of
antifouling paints work. Finally a number of current research lines on antifouling
technologies are mentioned.

25


Reinforcing aluminium with cerium oxide: A new and effective technique
to prevent corrosion in marine environments
Autor:
Ashraf PM, Shibli SMA
Data:
MAR, 2007
Fonte:
ELECTROCHEMISTRY COMMUNICATIONS, Vol. 9, Cap. 3, Páx. 443-448
Resumo:
Cerium oxide (CeO2) is one of the potential choices to be explored for the protection of
aluminium from corrosion. However, usage of cerium ions for surface modification of
aluminium would not yield any potential effect in aggressive marine environments. Metal
matrix composites of aluminium can have all the merits of aluminium such as density,
strength, ductility and cost. In the present study, corrosion of aluminium in saline
environment was significantly suppressed by means of reinforcing the aluminium with
cerium oxide. The presence of cerium oxide in the matrix did not facilitate the formation
of Al2O3 which would cause potential reshift after few days due to the onset of pitting.
The present results strongly lay emphasis on the potential scope of use of CeO2 for
protection of aluminium in marine environments.

Laser ablation and competitive technologies in paint stripping of heavy
anti-corrosion coatings - art. no. 634633
Autor:
Schuocker GD, Bielak R
Data:
2007
Fonte:
XVI International Symposium on Gas Flow, Chemical Lasers, and High-Power Lasers,
Pts 1 and 2 Book Series: PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL
INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE), Vol. 6346, Cap. , Páx. 34633-34633
Resumo:
During the last years surface preparation prior to coating operations became an
important research and development task, since tightened environmental regulations
have to be faced in view of the deliberation of hazardous compounds of coatings.
Especially, ship-yards get more and more under pressure, because the environmental
commitment of their Asian competitors is fairly limited. Therefore, in the US and in
Europe several technology evaluation projects have been launched to face this
challenge. The majority of coating service providers and ship yards use grit blasting; this
process causes heavy emissions as of dust and enormous amounts of waste as polluted
sand. Coating removal without any blasting material would reduce the environmental
impact. Laser processing offers ecological advantages. Therefore thermal processes like
laser ablation have been studied thoroughly in several published projects and also in this
study. Many of these studies have been focused on the maintenance of airplanes, but
not on de-coating of heavy protective coatings. In this case the required laser power is
extra-high. This study is focused on the maintenance of heavy anti-corrosion coatings
and compares the industrial requirements and the opportunities of the innovative laser
processes. Based on the results of this analysis similar approaches as e.g. plasma jet
coating ablation have been studied. It was concluded that none of these methods can
compete economically with the conventional processes as grit blasting and water jetting
since the required ablation rate is very high (> 60 m(2)/h). A new process is required that
is not based on any blasting operation and which does not depend strongly on the
26


coating's characteristic. The delamination of the coating where the coatings is not
removed by evaporation, but in little pieces of the complete coating system meets these
requirements. The delamination can be accomplished by the thermal destruction of the
primer coating by an intense heat pulse generated by inductive heating of substrate's
surface. After this operation the coating can be peeled off.

Robots for hull ship cleaning
Autor:
Ortiz F, Pastor JA, Alvarez B, et al.
Data:
2007
Fonte:
2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS,
PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-8, Vol. , Cap. , Páx. 2077-2082
Resumo.
A critical operation for ship maintenance is periodical hull blasting before re-painting. Up
to date some partial solutions exist like blasting turbines for vertical surfaces or water
blasting units for striping. This paper presents the EFTCoR family of robots, designed by
DSIE, that represent an integral solution for hull blasting that achieves the efficiency,
safety and environmental requirements of shipyards. The paper also shows the results
of the tests performed under real working conditions and a brief summary of the
architectural framework for the robotic systems development.

Application of electrochemically produced and oxidized poly(3,4-
ethylenedioxythiophene) as anticorrosive additive for paints: Influence of
the doping level
Autor:
Liesa F, Ocampo C, Aleman C, et al.
Data:
OCT, 2006
Fonte:
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Vol. 102, Cap. 2, Páx. 1592-1599
Resumen:
This work investigates the resistance against marine corrosion of an epoxy-based
coating modified by the addition of electrochemically produced and oxidized poly(3,4-
ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). For this purpose, electrodeposition of PEDOT was
performed on steel electrodes by electrochemical polymerization of 3,4-
ethylenedioxythiophene. The doping level of the resulting material was increased by
chronoamperometry and chronopotentiometry (CP), three different oxidation degrees
being achieved. The electrochemical and electrical properties of such three samples,
which were used as anticorrosive additives, were examined. Furthermore, the physical
properties of the coating before and after addition of the conducting polymers were
characterized using FTIR, thermal analyses, and mechanical properties evaluations.
Accelerated corrosion tests indicated that the polymer with the highest amount of
positive charge per monomeric unit, which was achieved by CP, enhances considerably
the anticorrosive protection imparted by the coating.

27


Recent studies on antifouling systems to artificial structures in marine
ecosystem
Autor:
E. Ergía López, A. Trueba Ruíz, B. Río Calonge, M.A. Girón Portilla an C. Bielva Tejera
Data:
2006
Fonte:
Journal of Martime Research, Vol. III, nº1, Páxs 73-89
Resumo:
Any artificial structure in contact with seawater is rapidly coated by a microbiological
biofilm, which serves as a base for macro-orgnisms to grow on. It tis known the
biofouling phenomenon, as well as the negative consequences that it means for the
artificial structures in contact with seawater in form of structural defects and of additinal
expenses for the companies which develop their work in the marine scope due to the
processes of cleaning and prevention, the evolution in th world of the technology of
antifouling pintings, once we analysed the serious environmental problems caused by an
indiscriminate use of bicides of high toxicity in its composition as they ar the organic
derivatives of in compounds made up and of the uncontrolled emission of volatile
orgnaic compounds (VOC) to the atmosphere, accoding to the present environmental
norm, has as only aim to develop environmentally innocuous coverings based on water
in wihich extracts of very same marine world ar used as biocides compunds.
Documento orixinal

Water-borne versus solvent-borne paints for protection of steel to
atmospheric exposure
Autor:
Fragata F, Almeida E, Santos D, et al.
Data:
SEP, 2006
Fonte:
SURFACE COATINGS INTERNATIONAL PART B-COATINGS TRANSACTIONS, Vol.
89, Cap. 3, Páx. 237-244
Resumo.
Water-borne anticorrosive paints are acquiring increasing relevance for the anticorrosive
protection of steel surfaces exposed to the atmosphere, mostly due to the restrictions
imposed by environmental and health protection agencies. However, some companies
continue to be reluctant to use paints of this type to protect steel against atmospheric
corrosion. Part of this reluctance may be attributed to low confidence, mainly due to a
lack of knowledge of the performance of water-borne paint systems compared with
traditional organic solvent-based paint systems. This paper presents results of
experimental studies and includes technical considerations on the anticorrosive
performance of paint systems using water-borne or solvent-borne paints when exposed
to atmospheres with different degrees of corrosivity. On the basis of the practical results
and the considerations presented in this paper, it may be stated that water-borne paint
systems are currently available which present excellent anticorrosive behaviour, even in
highly corrosive atmospheres.

28


Conducting polymers: Influence on the anticorrosive properties of marine
paints
Autor:
Aleman C, Ocampo C, Armelin E, et al.
Data:
JUL, 2006
Fonte:
CIENCIAS MARINAS
Conference Information: 12th Iberian Marine Chemistry Symposium, 2004 A Coruña.,
Vol. 32, Cap. 2B, Páx. 361-368
Resumo:
This work compares the resistance against marine corrosion of several paints before
and after being modified by adding a conducting polymer. The physical properties of the
paints were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, thermal analyses and mechanical
assays. Corrosion experiments were carried out by immersion of metallic substrates in a
3.5% NaCl solution. The effects of the degradation on the coating surfaces were
analyzed using both optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. An important
improvement in the protection was found after adding a small amount of conducting
polymer to the epoxy resin paint.

A study of the effects of pigments and fillers on the properties of
anticorrosive paints
Autor:
Kalendova A, Vesely D, Kalenda P
Data:
2006
Fonte:
PIGMENT & RESIN TECHNOLOGY , Vol. 35, Cap. 2, Páx. 83-94
Resumo:
Purpose - To investigate the properties of coatings containing various types of fillers
from the point of view of their physical-mechanical properties and anticorrosive
properties.
Design/methodology/approach - Research used fillers of different types varying in
morphology and/or chemical composition; these were then compared with selected
pigments and zinc phosphate, an anticorrosive pigment. The following parameters were
observed for all of the fillers and pigments: oil absorption, CPVC value, density, extract
pH, specific surface, particle size, and water-soluble substances. The morphology of
particles was observed by means of an electron-scanning microscope. The coatings of
these fillers and pigments were formulated on an epoxy resin binder basis cured with a
polyamine hardener. The coatings prepared were subjected to the measurement of
physical-mechanical properties such as hardness and deepening resistance, flex
resistance, adhesion to steel, and the gloss of the coatings. The coatings containing the
fillers and pigments studied underwent corrosion tests in a condenser chamber and in a
salt-spray cabinet.
Findings - The results obtained through the tests allowed the selection of the optimum
filler for an epoxy coating with barrier anticorrosive properties. As per respective
findings, some fillers in these coatings of significant thickness can be comparable to their
zinc phosphate counterparts.
Research limitations/implications - The anticorrosive properties of the coatings studied
can also be tested in paints by means of atmospheric exposure, for instance, with the
aid of a Florida test.
29


Practical implications - The findings are helpful towards applications in the formulations
of anticorrosive coatings of significant thickness that offer an effective barrier
mechanism.
Originality/value - The research presents the results of the properties of a whole range of
industrially employed fillers and pigments contained in paints. Based on this study, the
formulation of steel protecting coatings can be optimised.

A systematic approach to developing safe tele-operated robots
Autor:
Alonso D, Sanchez P, Alvarez B, et al.
Data:
2006
Fotne:
RELIABLE SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGIES - ADA - EUROPE 2006, PROCEEDINGS
Book Series: LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE, Vol. 4006, Cap. , Páx. 119-
130
Resumo: Tele-operated service robots are used for extending human capabilities in
hazardous and/or inaccessible environments. Their use is undergoing an exponential
increase in our society, reason why it is of vital importance that their design, installation
and operation follow the strictest possible process, so that the risk of accident could be
minimised. However, there is no such process or methodology that guides the full
process from identification, evaluation, proposal of solutions and reuse of safety
requirements, although a hard work is being done, specially by the standardisation
committees. It's also very difficult to even find in the literature examples of safety
requirements identification and use. This paper presents the engineering process we
have followed to obtain the safety requirements in one of the robots of the EFTCoR1
project and the way this requirements have affected the architecture of the system, with
a practical example: a crane robot for ship hull blasting.

Evaluation of fatigue strength improvement of ship structural details by
weld toe grinding
Autor:
Kim MH, Kang SW, Lee JM, et al.
Data:
2006
Fonte:
Fracture and Damage Mechanics V, Pts 1 and 2 Book Series: KEY ENGINEERING
MATERIALS , Vol. , Cap. , Páx. 1079
Resumo:
In order to strengthen or repair the welded structural members or fatigue damaged
areas, various surface treatment methods such as grinding, shot peening and/or
hammer peening are commonly employed among other methods available. While the
weld toe grinding method is known to give 3 similar to 4 times of fatigue strength
improvement, this improvement may significantly vary according to weld bead shapes
and loading modes. In this context, a series of fatigue tests is carried out for three types
of test specimens that are typically found in ship structures. Weld burr grinding is carried
out using an electric grinder in order to remove surface defects and improve weld bead
profiles. The test results are compared with the same type of test specimen without
applying the fatigue improvement technique in order to obtain a quantitative measure of
the fatigue strength improvement. Moreover, structural stress method is employed to
evaluate the effectiveness of the method in evaluating the fatigue strength improvement
of welded structures.

30


Teleoperated visual inspection system for hull spot-blasting
Autor:
Navarro P, Suardiaz J, Alcover P, et al.
Data:
2006
Fonte:
ECON 2006 - 32nd Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics, Vols 1-11, Vol. ,
Cap. , Páx. 3117-3122
Resumo:
This paper presents a robotized teleoperated visual inspection system for spot-blasting
applied to hull cleaning in ship maintenance tasks. It consists of a cleaning head, a robot
body, a remote control unit, and a teleoperation platform connected to a computer vision
system. This solution allows a reliable and cost effective operation for hull grit spot-
blasting. A prototype of this robot has been developed and tested in the Spanish IZAR
shipyards.

Understanding material interactions in marine environments to promote
extended structural life
Autor:
Shifler DA
Data:
OCT, 2005
Fonte:
CORROSION SCIENCE
Conference Information: International Symposium on Corrosion and Protection of Marine
Structures, AUG 29-31, 2004 Muroran Inst Technol, Muroran, JAPAN, Vol. 47, Cap. 10,
Páx. 2335-2352
Resumo:
Corrosion in marine environments is affected by how and to what extent seawater
interacts with materials, by the choice of material, and by design of components,
systems, and structures. Seawater is a complex, naturally buffered fluid that covers
much of the Earth's surface. The chloride content and the dissolved oxygen content in
seawater promote competing processes of passivation and the breakdown of passivity.
Seawater is a living medium where microbiological organisms thrive and attach to
virtually all materials leading to biofilm formation and micro- and macrofouling.
Microbiological activity may accelerate corrosion processes or act as a passive barrier.
Biofilms have been shown to ennoble materials in seawater after an induction period.
The behavior of materials, particularly metals and alloys, in marine environments
generally depend on the chemical composition, the stability of the oxide film,
metallurgical and processing parameters, and the effectiveness of any applied protection
and mitigation measures.
Materials selection and appropriate design can avoid, delay, or minimize the occurrence
of several forms of corrosion. The proper choices require an complete understanding of
materials, design factors, the type of marine environment, and the relevant corrosion
control methodologies in order to promote increasing service life to marine structures.
This paper will discuss some of the parameters that affect materials performance and
some effective measures by which alloys can be protected in selected marine
environments.

31


Marine corrosion and protection of aluminum alloys according to their
composition and structure
Autor:
Sinyavskii VS, Kalinin VD
Data:
AUG, 2005
Fonte:
PROTECTION OF METALS, Vol. 41, Cap. 4, Páx. 317-328
Resumo: Based on long-term tests of aluminum alloys in seawater of various climatic
zones from the Arctic to the tropics, the peculiarities of their corrosion behavior are
revealed. In contrast to other alloys, hydrogen sulfide has a beneficial effect on their
corrosion resistance due to the passivation. However, deep in the Black Sea, the alloys,
which are susceptible to structural types of corrosion, were subjected to strong
exfoliation corrosion, because hydrogen sulfide excluded fouling with microorganisms
that inhibits exfoliation corrosion. Alloys of the Al-Mg system exhibit the highest
corrosion resistance in seawater. Alloy of an AMr61 type (sigma(ul) = 340 MPa,
sigma(0.2) = 180-210 MPa, delta = 11-15 %) has shown a good performance. Alloying
with scandium and thermo-mechanical treatment make possible further simultaneous
improvement of mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. It is shown that crevice
corrosion is more typical of corrosion-resistant low aluminum alloys possessing lower
free-corrosion and pitting potentials compared to high alloys, which are susceptible to
structural types of corrosion, in particular, exfoliation corrosion. The methods of the
aluminum alloys protection against marine corrosion are considered. It is shown that, in
contrast to carbon steels, the anodic-cathodic protection is used for aluminum alloys.

Application of a polythiophene derivative as anticorrosive additive for
paints
Autor:
Ocampo C, Armelin E, Liesa F, et al.
Data:
JUL, 2005
Fonte:
Resumo:
This work compares the resistance against marine corrosion of several paints before
and after being modified by adding a conducting polymer derived from polythiophene.
The selected paints, which were applied to the naval steel St F111, are primers specially
indicated for protection in marine environments. The physical properties of both the
unmodified and the modified paints were characterized using viscosity measurements,
FTIR and thermal analyses, and mechanical properties evaluations. Results show that
the addition of a low concentration (0.2%, w/w,) of poly(3-decylthiophene-2,5-diyl)-
regioregular greatly improve the performance of the epoxy-based resin. Thus, laboratory
immersion tests in NaCl solution showed irregular surface and composition degradations
of the film without conducting polymer, after 3 days, while the polymeric film with the
conducting polymer did not suffer any change until 30 days. The effects of the
degradation on the coating surfaces were analysed using both optical and scanning
electron microscopy (SEM).

32


Corrosion of the marine infrastructure in polluted seaports
Autor:
Wiener MS, Salas BV
Data:
JUN, 2005
Fonte:
CORROSION ENGINEERING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY , Vol. 40, Cap. 2, Páx.
137-142
Resumo: Corrosion affects both fixed and mobile marine installations and equipment
made from two basic engineering materials: steel and reinforced concrete. Typical cases
of corrosion appear in the retaining walls of marine ports and in the floating docks of
shipyards. This situation has been aggravated in recent decades by the discharge of
municipal, industrial, and agricultural effluents which contain and/or produce by
biological and chemical decomposition, toxic and highly corrosive components. The
corrosive substances include hydrogen sulphide (H2S), oxygen (O-2), carbon dioxide
(CO2), ammonia (NH3) and heavy metals. In this brief review, contaminated ports are
described and typical cases of marine corrosion and methods of corrosion prevention
and protection are discussed.

33


Application of natural materials in marine paint formulations
Autor:
Tadros AB
Data:
2005
Fonte:
PIGMENT & RESIN TECHNOLOGY , Vol. 24, Cap. 6, Páx. 340-346
Resumo:
Purpose - Trials to develop environmentally friendly marine paints based on natural
materials as replacement for copper and tin compounds for fouling and marine corrosion
control.
Design/methodology/approach - Green algae, tubeworms in dead powder form and
garlic were used as natural anti-fouling components in the paints developed.
Electrochemical technique was employed for testing the potential of both tubeworms and
garlic in terms of inhibition of steel corrosion in seawater. Marine paint formulations
containing each of the three selected natural materials were applied onto PVC and un-
primed steel surface, which were immersed in natural seawater for the assessment of
their anti-fouling and anti-corrosion properties. The results of visual assessment and
seawater analysis were also used for such an evaluation.
Findings - Tubeworms act as mixed type inhibitor while garlic affects the potential
cathodic process of steel in seawater Tubeworms-based paint, with 25 per cent in the
dry paint film, could protect steel surface from marine corrosion up to 7 months. The
paints containing algae and garlic, and the corresponding algae/garlic free paints,
resisted slime film formation. Steel and PVC coated surfaces with paint containing algae
showed the best antifouling potential within the prepared series.
Research limitationsimplications - The investigation only involved the application of the
dead form of green algae and tubeworms as effective pigments in the developed paints.
It is recommended that further research should focus on extracting and identifying the
active components in each organism against fouling and marine corrosion.
Practical implications - The paint formulations developed (containing 25 per cent by
weight tubeworms in the paint film) could be used to protect un-primed steel surface
against fouling and marine corrosion for a reasonably long duration.
Originality/value - The application of one paint formulation on un-primed steel surface for
its protection from both fouling and marine corrosion is novel. The electrochemical
studies of steel in natural seawater in presence of tubeworms and garlic are original.

34


4. Oferta-demanda de tecnoloxía
A continuación preséntase unha lista de intercambio de tecnoloxía a nivel europeo obtida da Europe
Enterprise Network. Esta gran rede dá apoio en materia tecnolóxica, política, e de posibilidades de
financiación na UE ás empresas.

Para ampliar información sobre algunha demanda ou oferta de tecnoloxía hai que poñerse en contacto
coa Unidade de Vixilancia e Transferencia Tecnolóxica que a través do Consorcio Galactea Plus, membro
da Europe Enterprise Network, actúa como intermediario cara a Europa na difusión de calquera demanda
ou oferta tecnolóxica.
Email: cisgalicia@cisgalicia.org
Tel: 981 33 71 46

O gráfico que se amosa a continuación amosa que as tecnoloxías que se ofertan e demandan,
maioritariamente a oferta, pertencen a métodos para tratar superficies ou eliminar biofouling e outra parte
similar pertence a productos como poden ser as pinturas.

Tipoloxía das ofertas e solicitudes de tecnoloxía
22%

39%
Métodos
Productos
Outros:

39%

35


Tecnoloxías. Solicitudes e ofertas

Method to prevent and control the biofouling on objects immersed or
partially immersed in water
Tipo: Oferta
Referencia: 09 IT 54V8 3ELW
País: Italia
Data: 10/08/2009
Resumo:
An Italian micro-SME has developed a new technology/product that refers to a method
to prevent and control biofouling on objects immersed or partially immersed in water,
where one or more organic and inorganic compounds capable to generate gas, including
the application of a composition (a paint or coating containing one or more enzymes) on
the surface of that object are present. The company is looking for industrial partners
interested in further development and production.

Innovative Method for Removing/Destroying Polychloinated Biphenyls
(PCBs) in Painted Surfaces
Tipo: Oferta:
Referencia: 09 US 87GA 3EDQ
País: USA
Data: 10/07/2009
Resumo:
A US government agency has developed a new way to remove/destroy polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs) on painted surfaces. Despite a global ban on PCB production due to
human-health risks, many surfaces are still coated with PCB-laden paints. Disposing of
these paints has proven to be complex and expensive. To solve disposal limitations,
researchers developed the Activated Metal Treatment System (AMTS). The sponsoring
agency seeks partners interested in licensing/commercialising AMTS.

Technology for anticorrosion tape coatings of different isolation classes
used to secure steel pipes
Tipo: Oferta
Referencia: 09 PL 64BD 3CMV
País: Polonia
Data. 19/06/2009
Resumo:
A Polish medium-sized company is a specialist in anticorrosion coating, elements of
steel pipelines for gas, oil, heat distribution and others. The company is authorised to
offer technology for anticorrosion tape coatings of different isolation classes used to
secure steel pipes in underground and ground gas, waterworks, fuel installations and
other. The company is seeking for partners from the renovation /construction branch
willing to cooperate with the corrosion prevention in pipelines.

36


Anticorrosive and antistatic pigments modified with conductive polymers
Tipo: Oferta
Referncia: 06 ES BCAV 0EJD
País: España
Data de actualización: 31/03/2009
Resumo:
A Spanish technology centre, together with other European partners (SMES and
research centres), has developed a pigment based on inorganic particles and conductive
polymers. The high-tech coating achieves effective use of the expensive conductive
polymers for corrosion protection and electrostatic damage repair. Other applications
can be EMI/RFI shielding and energy storage in batteries. Pigment manufacturers are
sought for manufacturing agreements and joint venture.

Environmentally friendly materials for sandblasting applications
Tipo: Demanda
Referencia: 09 GR 49Q4 3CTJ
País:Grecia
Data: 10/03/2009
Resumo:
A Greek SME active in the field of metal cleaning/coating service sector is looking for
innovative environmentally friendly materials/processes for sandblasting applications.
The company is seeking partnerships for license agreement, commercial agreement and
technical cooperation.

Eco-friendly bio-inspired antifouling agents, e.g., for submerged surfaces
of ships
Tipo: Oferta
Referencia: 07 DE NRXE 0ING
País: Alemaña
Data: 20/08/08
Resumo.
German University offers bio-inspired anti-fouling agents as protective agents against
bio-fouling, e.g. as coating for submerged surfaces of ships. A patent has been applied.
The agents are characterized by high bioactivity and are required only in small
concentrations. They are eco-friendly. Tests have been carried out successfully.
Licensees are sought.

Innovative ecological anti-corrosive coating
Tipo: Oferta
Referencia: 07 CZ CZBO 0HYS
País: República Checa
Data: 02/05/08
Resumo.
A small Czech firm has developed an environmentally friendly reactive coating
composition with great anti-corrosive protection. This coating composition is
characterised by good adhesion, elasticity and hardness. It protects iron objects against
corrosion, and especially those that are already rusted. The company is looking for a
commercial agreement with a technical assistance or a license agreement.

37


Production of biologised metal surfaces with the simultaneous
immobilisation of biological function
Tipo: Oferta
Referencia: 07 DE NDTU 0HM7
País: Alemaña
Data: 08/01/08
Resumo.
A German university has invented biologised metal surfaces that also operate with
simultaneous immobilisation of biological functions. With this new innovation, the metal
surface will be free of rust and oxidation all along the manufacturing process. Hitherto
impossible achievements, in terms of functionalisation, will be made feasible by this new
method. Industrial partners interested in further co-development or licensed
development are sought.

Use of corrugated steels in construction applications
Tipo: Oferta
Referencia: 06 ES MADG 0GKE
País: España
Data: 27/12/07
Resumo.
A Madrid-based research group in Materials Performance works in the study of several
corrugated steels, especially stainless steels. Different aspects are developed such as
corrosion tests and evaluation of welded joints between similar and dissimilar materials.
They seek construction companies interested in the application of this technology.

Mobile technology for cleaning metal surfaces from rust and coating them
with anticorrosion materials
Tipo: Demanda
Referencia: LIC-corrosion
País: Lituania
Data: 23/10/07
Resumo.
A Lithuanian construction company active in construction, assembling and inspection
works of metal construction in harbour territory is looking for mobile technology designed
for cleaning of metal surfaces from rust and coating them with anticorrosion materials.
The metal surfaces are affected by harbour conditions: salt water, earth. The company is
interested in a commercial agreement with technical assistance.

Climbing robot for jobs in structures and surfaces
Tipo: Oferta
Referencia: OO/UPM/93
País: España
Data: 08/10/07
Resumo.
A research group from a Spanish public university has developed a climbing and sliding
parallel robot that allows to replace human beings in risky jobs in sites difficult to access
as building facades, nuclear power stations, ship`s hulls or airships, etc. The group
would like to license the patent and/or to adapt its technology to the specific needs of the
company.

38

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