PoP wk 4

1. Consciousness

2. Levels of Consciousness
Mere Exposure
She poured him a cup of tea and offered a slice of ____.
BUT_ _ _
Word or non-word?
• SIGN – FORK
• DXMZ – FORK
• SPOON – FORK

3. Levels of Consciousness
Blind Sight

4. Levels of Consciousness
• Conscious Level
• Nonconscious Level
• Preconscious Level
• Unconscious Level
• So what about the Subconscious
Level?

5. Sleep
• Sleep is a state of consciousness.
• We are less aware of our
surroundings.
• Circadian Rhythm

6. Sleep Cycle
• Use an EEG
machine to
measure stages of
sleep.
• When you are the
onset of sleep you
experience alpha
waves.
• Produces mild
hallucinations, like
a feeling of
falling.
• Rhythm
• Period
• Phase

7. Infant and Adult Sleep

8. Neurobiological basis of sleep clock
• Lesion of the Retina – Hypothalamus
connection (RHT)

9. Non-Rapid-Eye Movement
(NREM) Sleep
• Your brain produces Theta Waves.
Stage 1:

10. Non-Rapid-Eye Movement
(NREM) Sleep
• More Theta Waves that get
progressively slower.
• Begin to show sleep spindles…short
bursts of rapid brain waves.
Stage 2

11. Non-Rapid-Eye Movement
(NREM) Sleep
• Slow wave sleep.
• You produce Delta
waves.
• Vital for restoring
body’s growth hormones
and good overall health.
From stage 4, your brain begins to speed up and you
go to stage 3, then 2….then ……
Stages 3 & 4

12. Rapid Eye Movement
• Often called
paradoxical sleep.
• Brain is very active.
• Dreams usually occur
in REM.
• Body is essentially
paralyzed.

13. Stages of Sleep in a Typical Night

14. Sleep & Dreams Over the Life Span

15. Insomnia
• Persistent problems
falling asleep
• Effects 10% of the
population
• Primary versus
Secondary Insomnia

16. Narcolepsy
• Suffer from
sleeplessness and may
fall asleep at
unpredictable or
inappropriate times.
• Directly into REM sleep
• Less than .001 % of
population.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
X0h2nleWTwI

17. Sleep Apnea
• A person stops breathing during
their sleep.
• Wake up momentarily, gasps for air,
then falls back asleep.
• Very common, especially in heavy
males.
• Can be fatal.

18. Night Terrors
• Wake up screaming
and have no idea
why.
• Not a nightmare.
• Most common in
children (boys)
between ages 2-8.

19. Somnambulism
• Sleep Walking

20. Freud’s Theory of Dreams
• Dreams are a
roadway into our
unconscious.
• Latent Content
(underlying meaning)

21. Activation-Synthesis Theory
• Our Cerebral Cortex
is trying to interpret
random electrical
activity we have
while sleeping.
• That is why dreams
sometimes make no
sense.

22. Information-Processing Theory
• Dreams are a way to deal
with the stresses of
everyday life.
• We tend to dream more
when we are more
stressed.

23. Psychoactive Drugs
• Chemicals that
change conscious
awareness, mood, or
perception

24. Drugs
blood-brain barrier

25. Drugs are either….
• Agonists
• Antagonists
• Reuptake inhibitors

26. Psychoactive Drugs
• Psychological Dependence:
desire or craving to achieve
effects produced by drug
• Physical Dependence: bodily
processes have been so
modified by repeated drug
use that continued use is
required to prevent
withdrawal symptoms

27. Psychoactive Drugs
• Tolerance: decreased
sensitivity to a drug brought
about by its continuous use
• Withdrawal: discomfort and
distress experienced after
stopping the use of addictive
drugs

28. Reward Pathway for Psychoactive
Drugs

29. Psychoactive Drugs: Four
Categories
1. Depressants:
act on the CNS
to suppress
bodily
processes

30. Alcohol
• GABA: inhibitory
neurotransmitter
– Allows negative
ions into neuron
• GABA Receptor
agonist
– Keeps receptor
open
– More neg. ions

31. Alcohol

32. Stimulants
• Stimulants: act on
the CNS to increase
bodily processes

33. Nicotine
• Nicotinic Acetylcholine
(Ach) Receptor Agonist
– Affects the release of
Dopamine
• Nicotine substitute
– Blocks nicotine
– Moderates release
of dopamine

34. Opiates
3. Opiates:
act as an
analgesic or
pain reliever

35. Hallucinogens
4. Hallucinogens:
produce sensory or
perceptual distortions
called hallucinations
• Psychedelics
• Causes changes in
perceptions of
reality

36. Upper Paleolithic Cave Art: Indications
of rituals to achieve ASC?

37. Hallucinogens
• No clear connection has
been made between
psychedelic drugs and
organic brain damage.
• Reverse tolerance or
synergistic effect

38. Healthier Ways to Alter
Consciousness
• Meditation: group of techniques
designed to refocus attention,
block out all distractions, and
produce an ASC

39. Healthier Ways to Alter
Consciousness
• Hypnosis:
trancelike state of
heightened
suggestibility,
deep relaxation,
and intense focus

40. Hypnotic Theories
Role Theory
• Hypnosis is NOT an
altered state of
consciousness.
• Different people have
various state of hypnotic
suggestibility.
• A social phenomenon
where people want to
believe.
• Work better on people
with richer fantasy lives.
State Theory
• Hypnosis is an altered
state of consciousness.
• Dramatic health benefits
• It works for pain best.