HTML Injection Attacks: Impact and Mitigation Strategies
Green Infrastructure
1. GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE Distributed Energy Colin Beattie Curtin University Sustainability Policy (CUSP) Institute “Decarbonising Cities and Regions”
2. What is Green Infrastructure? “the substructure or underlying foundation especially the basic installations and facilities on which the continuance and growth of a community depends.” Ref: Webster’s New World Dictionary In Australia GI means precinct scale closed loop renewable systems The following could be considered “green” or sustainable urban infrastructure :- Public transport networks Energy efficient buildings Distributed generation and integrated energy demand management initiatives and programs Localised water and waste management systems Connected green spaces and wildlife corridors Water sensitive urban design Decarbonising Cities and Regions
3. What is Green Infrastructure? “the substructure or underlying foundation especially the basic installations and facilities on which the continuance and growth of a community depends.” Ref: Webster’s New World Dictionary In Australia GI means precinct scale closed loop renewable systems The following could be considered “green” or sustainable urban infrastructure :- Public transport networks Energy efficient buildings Distributed generation and integrated energy demand management initiatives and programs Localised water and waste management systems Connected green spaces and wildlife corridors Water sensitive urban design Decarbonising Cities and Regions
4. Distributed Energy Distributed energy systems are small-scale power generation technologies (typically in the range of 3 kW to 10,000 kW) used to provide an alternative to or an enhancement of the traditional electric power system. Cogeneration; an obvious choice... or combined heat and power (CHP) is a plant that simultaneously generates both electricity and useful heat. Embedded renewables; have a role to play Electrical Energy Eg. Photovoltaic's, wind turbines Thermal Energy Eg. Solar thermal, Geothermal Decarbonising Cities and Regions
6. Power to 1800 Buildings in Manhatten 50% of steam from cogeneration plants provides heating & cooling Offsets 350MWe of power from grid Decarbonising Cities and Regions
8. Cogeneration scheme introduced benefitted some 10,000 people. hot water and central heating to Pimlico on the North side of the river Decarbonising Cities and Regions
10. Climate Change Contribution to total net CO2-e emissions by sector Stationary Energy is the big ticket item... Decarbonising Cities and Regions
11. Improve System Efficiencies GHG/Energy Relationship Emissions depend on:- The amount of energy used The source of the energy Fossil fuel fired power stations Thermal efficiency around 33% Further 10 to 15% lost to transmission and distribution inefficiencies Water Combined cycle gas fired plants Thermal efficiency close to 50% Cogeneration/Trigeneration Heat recovery can push efficiency up to about 80% Locate where the recovered energy can be put to good use.... Decarbonising Cities and Regions
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13. Cogeneration 2 Reciprocating Engines industrial cogeneration applications: To produce hot water To produce low temperature steam To produce heat at higher temperatures, e.g. for drying processes Decarbonising Cities and Regions
14. Cogeneration 3 1.2 MWe 47% Elec. Energy Efficiency High Grade Heat Stirling Engines Limited power generation (max 25kW) Fuel Cells A fuel cell converts the chemical energy from a fuel directly into electricity and heat. When operated on hydrogen, the fuel cell produces energy with the only by-product being H2O. Internal fuel reforming allows the extraction of hydrogen from alternative fuels such as natural gas or any other hydrogen containing fuel. When utilising a hydrogen powered fuel cell, no carbon is emitted at site Decarbonising Cities and Regions
15. Can we afford it? Understanding the economics of electricity...... Decarbonising Cities and Regions
16. The Grid in WA South West Integrated System (SWIS) Largest islanded network in the world 6,000km TX; 85,000km DX; serving 5,047MW installed generation capacity and 860,000 customers 10% of system capacity is used for less than 48 hours / year 20% of system capacity is used for less than 10 days / year Decarbonising Cities and Regions
17. SWIS Energy Profile Decarbonising Cities and Regions Government of Western Australia; Office of Energy
18. Efficient Generation Decarbonising Cities and Regions Government of Western Australia; Office of Energy
19. Demand Management Smart Grids and Meters User behaviour Thermal Energy Storage Decarbonising Cities and Regions
20. - Reducing Peak Demand Moving high peak costs to night time low loads Decarbonising Cities and Regions Summer Peak Load. Source: W. A. utility Western Power Corporation (WPC)
21. Wind... Outputs from 2 – 15kW Inconsistent wind patterns Decarbonising Cities and Regions
23. Geothermal... Ground Source Direct Geoexhange Heat Pumps (DGHPs) can provide chilling, heating and hot water via refrigerant-carrying copper loops buried in the ground. These act as a condenser to achieve higher efficiency than equivalent air source heat pumps because of the ground’s constant heat capacity Decarbonising Cities and Regions
24. What do you need? More efficient buildings Pixel Building CH2 Combination of cogen, solar, wind to meet demand in various combinations Smart grids and metering Demand-side Management Thermal Energy Storage User behaviour ...provides an assortment of tools that can make a development “net zero” or “carbon +ve” Decarbonising Cities and Regions
25. Summary Holistic solution required; Potential to make a significant impact in the short term... requires new governance; ...provides a foundation for rolling out secure, small and large scale, clean energy into the future Decarbonising Cities and Regions
Notas del editor
The focus this week is on decarbonising cities so with that in mind...Cover;Distributed energy
The focus this week is on decarbonising cities so with that in mind...Cover;Distributed energy
The focus this week is on decarbonising cities so with that in mind...Cover;Distributed energy
Not a new conceptHas been around since Roman times in the form of district heatingExamplesNew YorkSteam Pipe SystemUtility companyCon Edison – Pearle st
Not a new conceptHas been around since Roman times in the form of district heatingExamplesBattersea Power StationNew York
Not a new conceptHas been around since Roman times in the form of district heatingExamplesBattersea Power StationNew York
Not a new conceptBattersea Power Station (after 2nd WW)
A couple of things happened that changed our viewCentralised energy Joule's Law, they also knew that the capacity of a wire is proportionate to the square of the current travelling on it, regardless the voltage, and so by doubling the voltage, the same cable would be capable of transmitting the same amount of power four times the distance.Turbines generating HVCombination of technology seen as a better business modelEconomies of scaleDistances overcome by HV transmissionHealth Issues1952 – 12,000 die in a 3 month long smog ‘episode’
What happened next?Climate ChangeStationary Energy is the big ticket item...How can it be addressedFossil fuel contributions to carbon productionSome figures and tables....?
How can DE Reduce GHGe?Use less greenhouse intensive fuels
Colusa Casino6MW reciprocating cogeneration facility utilising high temperature water system feeding absorption chillers serving air conditioning demand
A fuel cell converts the chemical energy from a fuel directly into electricity and heat. When operated on hydrogen, the fuel cell produces energy with the only by-product being H2O. Internal fuel reforming allows the extraction of hydrogen from alternative fuels such as natural gas or any other hydrogen containing fuel.When utilising a hydrogen powered fuel cell, no carbon is emitted at site
A flavour of how it works here
A flavour of how it works here
Reduce the peaksGet rid of the expensive stuffHelp with embedding distributed energy
Renewables have role to playWind turbinesDifferent shapes and sizesCan be used in urban areas butinconsistant wind patterns through a built up environmentMicro (Windpods)Pros and Cons
Crystalline SiliconCrystalline silicon panels are constructed by first putting a single slice of silicon through a series of processing steps, creating one solar cell. These cells are then assembled together in multiples to make a solar panel. Crystalline silicon, also called wafer silicon, is the oldest and the most widely used material in commercial solar panels. Thin FilmThin film solar panels are made by placing thin layers of semiconductor material onto various surfaces, usually on glass. The term thin film refers to the amount of semiconductor material used, which is thinner than the width of a human hair. Contrary to popular belief, most thin film panels are not flexible. Thin film solar panels offer the lowest manufacturing costs, and are becoming more prevalent in the industry.
Direct Geoexhange Heat Pumps (DGHPs) can provide chilling, heating and hot water via refrigerant-carrying copper loops buried in the ground. These act as a condenser to achieve higher efficiency than equivalent air source heat pumps because of the ground’s constant heat capacity
