Prepared in 2011 for a climate change presentation as a brief summary of a book.

1. Shibu lijack
Climate ChangeClimate Change
Gas emissions
The Science, Impact and Solutions
에르뎀200900896

2. Source
§ Climate Change: The
Science, Impacts
and Solutions
Earth scan
Publications Ltd. |
2009 | ISBN:
1844076482,
1844077861 | 370
pages |

3. § Facts
§ Greenhouse Effect
§ Climate Change
§ Examples of Climate Change
§ Arctic Climate Impact
§ Uncertainty
§ Sea Level Rise, Global Warming
§ Impacts on Sectors
§ Emissions
§ Growth in Technology, Taxes
§ Improving Energy Efficiency
§ What do we have to do?

4. Facts
Today, global climate change is a fact. The climate has
changed visibly, tangibly, measurably.
An additional increase in average temperatures is not
only possible, but very probable,
While human intervention in the natural climate system
plays an important, if not decisive role.

5. Facts
The World Meteorological Organization
declared that 2005 and 1998 were the two
warmest years on record.
Since the twentieth century global average
surface temperature has risen by 0.18 to 0.74C
And temperature has risen 0.13 to 0.3 C per
decade.

6. Greenhouse Effect
Carbon
DioxideOxides of Nitrogen
Methane
Waste Gases
due to industry
Land
Clearing,
cropping,
irrigation
Farm
Animals

7. Climate Change
Orbit Variations
On time scales of
thousand years
Volcanic
Eruptions
Matter of Days
or weeks
Gas Emissions
On a time scale of
decades to a
century
1.4°C -­ 5.8°C
Warmer in
2100 than
1990
If we stop
emitting gases
tomorrow the
increase of CO2
will persist for
centuries
9cm – 88cm Sea level rise in 2100

9. Examples of Climate Change
Examples of
Climate
Change
Slowdown of the
Atlantic Meridional
Circulation
Disappearance of
mountain glaciers
Melting of
Greenland or
West Antarctic ice
sheetsDisappearance
of Arctic sea ice
Desertification of
Sahel or the
Amazon
Irreversible trends
of
El Nino, Southern,
North Atlantic,
Arctic, Antarctic

10. Arctic Climate Impact
1. The Arctic climate is now warming rapidly and much larger changes are
expected.
2. Arctic warming and its consequences have worldwide implications.
3. Arctic vegetation zones are projected to shift, bringing wide-­ranging
impacts.
4. Animal species’ diversity, ranges and distribution will change.
5. Many coastal communities and facilities face increasing exposure to
storms.

11. Arctic Climate Impact
6. Reduced sea ice is very likely to increase marine transport and access to
resources.
7. Thawing ground will disrupt transportation, buildings, and other
infrastructure.
8. Indigenous communities are facing major economic and cultural impacts.
9. Elevated ultraviolet radiation levels [a combined effect of global warming
and stratospheric ozone depletion]will affect people, plants, and animals.
10. Multiple influences interact to cause impacts to people and ecosystem

12. Uncertainty
Estimated
Variable
Process
Applied
Range of
Uncertainty
GH Gas
Concentrations
GH Gas
Emissions
Global Climate
Change
Regional
Climate Change
Sectoral Impact
Carbon Cycle
Model
Climate Model
Downscaling
Method
Sectoral
Impact models

13. Sea Level Rise, Global Warming
Case Warming to 2100 (°C) Sea Level Rise to 2100
(cm)
IPCC 2001 full range 1.4 to 5.8 9 to 88
IPCC 2007 low case 1.1 to 2.9 18 to 38
IPCC A1F1 high case 2.4 to 6.4 26 to 59
Rahmstorf 2007 1.4 to 5.8 50 to 140
Jim Hansen NOAA Up to 5m

14. Changes in Extreme Events
Changes in Phenomenon Confidence in
Observed Changes
(post-­ 1960
Confidence in
Projected
Changes (during
21st century)
Higher maximum temperatures and more hot days
over nearly all land areas
Very likely Virtually certain
Higher minimum temperatures, fewer cold days and
frost days over nearly all land areas
Very likely Virtually certain
Reduced diurnal temperature range over most land
areas
Very likely Virtually certain
Intense precipitation events (frequency or proportion
of total rainfall)
Likely Very likely
Increased risk of drought in mid latitude continental
areas
Likely Likely
Increase in tropical cyclone peak wind intensities and
rainfall with lower central pressures
Likely in some
regions
Likely
Extreme extra tropical storms increased frequency/
intensity and pole wards shifts
Likely Likely
Coastal storm surges and flooding more severe(due
to both higher mean sea level and more intense
storms)
Very likely due to sea
level rise last century
Virtually certain

15. Impacts and Adaptations by Sector
Sector Potential impact Potential adaptation Comments
Hydrology and water
resources
Increased floods and
droughts, loss of
snowpack and glaciers;;
regional and seasonal
water deficits, saline
intrusion in some island
and coastal aquifers
Flood plain zoning, review
levees and dam safety,
management pricing,
conservation, recycling,
desalinization plants
Major dams, water
diversions, irrigation
projects possible but
expensive and
controversial with
further climate
changes creating
design problems
Land based
ecosystems
Biodiversity loss in
bounded areas including
mountains, increased fire
risk, weed invasion,
salinization
Landscape management,
Eco corridors, fire protection,
weed control, management
Increased
management of
natural ecosystems
with increasing
species and system
losses
Aquatic
ecosystems
Salinization of coastal
aquifers and wetlands,
low river flows
eutrophication
Barriers to saltwater intrusion,
increase environmental flows,
reduce nutrients
Impacts will
compound problems
from increased
population and
water demand

16. Impacts and Adaptations by Sector
Sect
or
Potential impact Potential adaptation Comments
Coastal
Ecosystems
Coral bleaching, more
toxic algal blooms,
acidification
Reduce other stresses, seed
coral, reduce nutrient inflows
Population growth
and pollution are
other vital factors
Agriculture,grazing and
forestry
Increased drought and
fire risk, effects on
global markets, spread
of pests and diseases,
increased soil erosion,
initial benefit from
increased CO2 offset by
climate change
Management and policy
changes, fire prevention,
seasonal forecasts, market
planning, niche crops, carbon
trading, exclusion spraying,
land management, plant
breeding, changed farm
practices, change crop or
industry
Increased
management of
natural ecosystems
with increasing
species and system
losses
Aquatic
ecosystems
Salinization of coastal
aquifers and wetlands,
low river flows
eutrophication
Barriers to saltwater intrusion,
increase environmental flows,
reduce nutrients
Impacts will
compound problems
from increased
population and
water demand

17. Impacts and Adaptations by Sector
Secto
r
Potential impact Potential adaptation Comments
Horticult
ure
Reduced winter chill for
fruiting, pests and diseased,
drought
Change management,
relocate, chemical sprays
Opportunities for tropical
fruits at higher latitudes
Fishe
ries
Changes recruitment,
nutrient supplies
research, monitoring,
management
Not well understood
Electricity
Industry
Need increased peak
capacity for air conditioning,
drought threatens cooling
water
Building design, shade, solar
powered air conditioning,
renewable power with storage
Efficiency also affected,
trend to renewables creates
opportunities changing price
structure
Tourism
Increased heat index, loss
of some attractions. Snow
resorts, coral reefs, coastal
wetlands
Cool tropical resorts, expand
cooler resorts, alternative
industries or relocate people
Losses and gains
Insurance
Increased exposure to
natural hazards’
Revised buildings codes, rate
incentives ,zoning, reduced
cover
This is happening now, may
deter unwise developments
Human
health
Expansion of range of
vector borne diseases,
water supply issues injuries
from extreme events
Quarantine, eradication,
control, window screens,
medication, repellents,
improve medical services,
evacuation, refuges
Wealthy countries can cope,
others may suffer

18. Emissions

19. Growth in Technology, Taxes
2003 2007 2017
estimate
Solar
photovoltaic
620MW 2821MW 23,000
Wind power 8000MW 20,060 MW 76,000
biofuels 7 billion
gallons
15.6 billion
gallons
46 billion
gallons

20. Improving Energy Efficiency
§ Increasing fuel economy in cars, includi
ng hybrid, fully electric and compressed
air cars,
Ø Reducing reliance on cars, with better p
ublic transport, bike paths and urban de
sign,
Ø Building or retrofitting more efficient buil
dings with better use of insulation, shad
e, cogeneration plants, and automatic c
ontrols,
Ø Increasing power plant efficiency,

21. Improving Energy Efficiency
§ Decreasing carbon emissions from electricity
and fuels by using alternatives such as:
Ø Substitution of natural gas for coal and oil,
Ø Wind generated electricity,
Ø Solar photovoltaic, solar thermal power,
Ø Geothermal power,
Ø Wave and tidal power,
Ø Energy storage from renewables by various
means including pumped hydro, hydrogen
generation, efficient batteries, electrolyte
generation, fuel cells and compressed air.

22. Improving Energy Efficiency
Ø Second generation biofuels avoiding land cle
aring and competition with food production,
Ø Carbon capture and sequestration from pow
er plants,
Ø Carbon capture and sequestration from synt
hetic fuel plants,
Ø Nuclear power with all safeguards,
§ Increasing the effectiveness of natural sinks
by:
Ø Improving forest management, including plan
tations and on-­farm forestry,
Ø Improving management of agricultural soils,

23. What do we have to do?
§ Rapid deployment of wind turbines, and solar
photovoltaic especially in Europe and parts of the United
States and Asia
§ Large scale solar thermal power installations with
energy storage
§ Rapid elimination of industrial by product gases
§ Efficient hybrid gasoline/electric, low-­pollution diesel and
compressed air automobiles
§ Advances in fuel cell technology
§ Limited demonstration of underground storage or
sequestration of carbon dioxide
§ Efficient public transport, bicycle and pedestrian friendly
cities.

24. What do we have to do?
§ Biofuels can be substituted for fossil fuels to generate
heat and electricity
§ Gaseous or liquid biofuels such as ethanol can
substitute for oil in transportation
§ Biomass, in the form of timber or compressed fibrous
sheeting can replace greenhouse intensive construction
materials such as concrete, steel or aluminum.
§ Carbon can be sequestered in the ground by suitable
cultivation techniques or by burying charcoal generated
in pyrolysis
§ Growing Forests
§ Subsidies for not users taxes and tariffs for users

25. Q&A

26. Thank You