1. Industrial Revolution
1750-1840

2. •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
INDEX
Factors
Domestic System
Agricultural Revolution
Enclosure Acts
Inventions
Conclusions
Spread through Europe and America
Changes in Society, Social Consequences, Political
Consequences.
• Second Industrial Revolution (second half 19th century)

3. Factors (It happened thanks to):
• Accumulation of capital during the 18th from:
– Trade
– Agriculture (agricultural revolution: methods of
cultivation and stock raising were improved)
• Parliamentary democracy (gave the bourgeoise political
power and influence)
• Enclosure movement (Enclosure Acts)
• Natural resources of coal and iron
• New Inventions
• Population Growth
• Entrepreneurial Mentality

4. Domestic System
• It was a production system spread in the
countryside in almost all Europe in the 18th :
– Great Britain, France, The Netherlands, north of Italy,
some German States.
1. Merchants gave to workers raw materials (cotton
or wool)
2. Workers (usually peasants)made textiles using
spinning wheels and looms
3. Merchants came back and picked the
manufactured goods.

5. Spinning Wheel
Loom

6. • Peasants could make extra money and their
living conditions improved: they could buy
more food, medicines, clothes…
• Health improved and there were less diseases
• Population increased (population tripled in
one century).

7. Agricultural Revolution
Changes that took place during the 18th century and
increased the production of crops:
• Big landowners enclosed their lands.
• New machines (Jethro Tull)
• Use of different crops in a rotation system. This
helped to fertilize the land (forage crops)
• Small landowners and peasants couldn’t afford this
new inventions or to enclosure the lands. They had
to sell their lands and they moved to the towns to
find work.

8. Jethro Tull

9. Enclosure Acts
• They were made by the British Parliament
controlled by big landowners.
• Landowners were allowed to fence their lands
and to stop renting it to local villagers.
• Landowners started to invest in agriculture
• Successful farming:
– Extra money
– Invested in new businesses
– New industries

10. Social Consequences
• Many peasants were forced to leave their
lands and they moved to the cities.
• Poverty and begging increased
• Sever laws against crime and begging
 Bloody Code (1450-1850)
– 222 offences carried death penalty: pickpocket,
stealing more than 5 shillings, writing threatening
letters…
• Charles Dickens condemned this problems in
his novel: “Oliver Twist”

11. Other Consequences
• It raised the productivity of land and of farm
labour (more cattle and more crops)
• The food supply was increased while a smaller
percentage of the population was needed to
produce it.
• Labour war released for other pursuits

12. Inventions
• Conditions:
– Wealth country thanks to commerce and agriculture
– Colonial empire, and markets in Europe and America
– There was capital and an “enterprising spirit”
• They looked for ways of increasing the
production.
• These inventions were made by technicians and
not by engineers

13. • Two kinds of inventions
– Spinning inventions: they make the thread
– Weaving inventions: they make the cloth.
• 1733: John Kay, Fly Shuttle (lanzadera
volante). Weaving invention

14. • 1733: Hargreaves, Spinning Jenny (spinning
invention)

15. • 1769: Richard Arkwright, Water frame.
(Spinning invention)

16. • 1763: James Watt: Steam engine
• 1829: Liverpool-Manchester Railway
• 1840’s: the era of railroad construction was
under way

17. Conclusions
• The early phase of the industrial revolution in
Great Britain took place in the textiles industry,
with some developments in the exploitation of
iron and coal.
• Factory system (this new system is created)
• New banking techniques:
– Corporations
– Partnerships
– Credit
– Stock companies

18. The spread through Europe
• The industrial revolution soon spread to other
areas
– France
– Belgium
– German States
– United States of America

20. Changes in Society
• Changes in social classes
• New society based on money, not on estates
(by birth)
– Upper class: factory owners, landowners
– Middle class: managers, doctors, lawyers,
engineers…
– Working class

21. Social Consequences
• The new urban agglomerations were sad
places blackened with the fumes
• Entire families lived in single rooms and family
life tended to disintegrate
• Wages were very low (unskilled job and a lot
of supply)
• Children and women worked for less money.
• Hours in the factories were long (14 hours per
day)

22. Political Consequences
• Concentration of working people in cities and
factories
• Workers developed a sense of solidarity, class
interest and common political aims.
• They became organized, establishing labour unions.
• It’s the beginning of the Worker’s Movement.

23. The 2nd Industrial Revolution (1870)
• New power sources: Oil (petrol) and Electricity
• Higher demand of steel: trains, railways, cars,
ships, iron buildings…
• Growth of the Banking System and Stock
Markets (bolsa): Era of High Capitalism
• New industrialised powers: Germany and USA
• First Monopolies (Standard Oil Co.)
• New Industries: Chemical Industry, Oil
Industry, Steel Industry

24. Inventions
Light Bulb of
Thomas Edison,
1879.
Telegraph of Morse, 1840
Radio of Marconi, 1896
(or Tesla???)
Telephone of Graham Bell, 1876 (or A.
First automobile fueled by gas,
1885.
The first flight, 1901