South Sudan's Jonglei State's Agricultural and Food Security Strategy Presentation Draft 17-Nov-2012

Jonglei Agricultural & Forestry
Strategic Development Plan Summary
Draft for 2012 - 2017
Policy & Strategic Plan Thematic Areas Overview
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF)
Jonglei State Government (JSG)
Republic of South Sudan (RSS)

20 November 2012 MAF 5 Year Strategic Plan Page 1

Jonglei Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF)

JFSP: Jonglei Food Security Program

OUTLINE – MAF Strategic Plan‘s Summary Presentation
1) Vision – The Jonglei MAF Ministry‟s “Vision Statement,”
2) Mission – The MAF‟s “Mission Statement,”
3) Core ―Values‖ – Statement of dedication to help farmers, in line with RSS MAF “Values”,
4) Goals – The MAF major “Overall Goals,” with specific goals & objectives later related to this.
5) Background On Jonglei & MAF Strategic Plan – Introductory information
6) Livelihood Zones & Agro-climatic Maps – Livelihood zones & related maps,
7) Jonglei‘s Agricultural & Forestry Producers – Farmers & producer groups,
8) Jonglei‘s Agricultural & Forestry Production – Major crops, forest products,
9) Jonglei Grain Production & Food Aid/Security Data – Grain crops & food aid statistics,
10) Jonglei‘s Agro-Forest Sector Constraints – Constraints, limitations & SWOT Analysis
11) MAF Jonglei State (JS) Strategies – Strategies designed to reduce constraints to growth
12) Specific Objectives & Strategies – Linking strategies with specific objectives & activities
13) Implementation Framework & Activities – Stakeholders proposed activities appropriate
within Jonglei livelihood zones to reach the MAF‟s vision, goals & objectives.
14) Action Plan: 2012/13 thru 2015/16 for MAF Food Security and Livelihoods Improvement
15) Summary Conclusions: Overall summary of interviews and input by stakeholders, from
subsistence farmers to high level government officials, including university professors,
women producer groups, & agric‟l university student leaders.

20 November 2012 draft MAF 5 Year Strategic Plan Page 2


1. ―Vision‖ Statement
A prosperous, growing, innovative, and demand
driven rural economy that generates new jobs by
adopting appropriate technologies for Jonglei‟s
farmers and agro-forestry producer groups. The
MAF supports ecological agro-forestry management
so to yield more crops, forest products, and food
security with environmentally sustainable growth.
20 November 2012
MAF 5 Year Strategic Plan Page 3
draft


2. ―Mission Statement‖

To facilitate the transformation of agriculture and
forestry in Jonglei from subsistence farming and a
limited forest products sector so to change into a
scientifically based, socially acceptable, and
economically sustainable market-driven sectors
supporting rural growth in income and employment.



3. CORE ―VALUES‖
The Jonglei State MAF “values” are based upon the national
and state government‟s values, (as are the JS MAF
goals, visions, and mission). The Jonglei MAF values
promoting excellence in extension and farm support
work, accountability, transparency, integrity, inclusivity, and
mainstreaming gender, and environmental concerns.
Working under these overarching national RSS “values”, the
Jonglei State MAF values food security and serving farmers by
boosting crop harvests, producing more than enough to cover
food security needs, so to create market opportunities for
trade, investment, business growth, and employment.


4. MAF ―Goals‖ & ―Objectives
4.1 Overall ―Goals‖

The overall Jonglei MAF Goal is to reduce poverty, improve
food security, and advance rural livelihoods by supporting a
growing farm sector. The MAF aims to boost farm
productivity, advance agricultural competitiveness, support
sustainable growth in forest products, promote local
economic growth, and create more jobs.



4. MAF Goals
4.2 Key Goals & Objective: (a) Strengthen Agro-Forest Productivity
and (b) Reach 100% Food Security

To improve performance to dramatically
improve agricultural and forest
productivity, reach 100% food
security, double household income and
achieve sustainable rural economic growth.


5. Strategic Goals & Strategic Objectives
5.1 Strengthening Institution Capacity
SG # 1: Strengthen Institutional Capacity to
Guide, Supervise, Coordinate, and Monitor all Activities in
the Agricultural and Forestry Sectors
1.1 Institute and implement measures to train staff in diverse technical
and management areas
1.2 Recruit, deploy, and pay qualified staff within technical areas at the
MAF HQs and in all the counties
1.3 Initiate and implement mechanisms to enhance linkages and
coordination with organizations in the agricultural and forestry
sectors within and outside the State, particularly with NGOs and
universities.



5.2 Improve Agricultural and Forestry Production and Productivity

SG # 2: Improve Agricultural and Forestry Production
and Productivity through Technology Transfers and
Sustainable use of Natural Resources
1.1 Institute and implement measures to train staff in diverse technical
and management areas
1.2 Recruit, deploy, and pay qualified staff within technical areas at the
MAF HQs and in all the counties
1.3 Initiate and implement mechanisms to enhance linkages and
coordination with organizations in the agricultural and forestry
sectors within and outside the State, particularly with NGOs and
universities.


5.3 Promote Farm and Forestry Market Chain Business

SG # 3: Promote Farm and Forestry Market Chain
Business in Domestic and Regional Markets
3.1. Improved infrastructures, including roads, agricultural and forestry
product markets
3.2. Increase access to marketing services e.g. financial
services, market management, business skills etc.
3.3. Improve the processing, handling and safety of agricultural and
forest products within the state.


6. Situation Analysis: Background on Jonglei Agro-Forestry Economy
6.1 — a Jonglei Largest State, Rural Population, Government & MAF

6.1.1 Jonglei South Sudan‘s Largest State: Jonglei State is the largest state in
Southern Sudan, with approximately 124,990 square kilometers (km2). The latest
reliable census of 2008, conducted for the Sudanese election, placed Jonglei‟s
population at 1.36 million; coupled with a large influx of returnees and a booming
birth rate have now put this estimate at above 1.5 million people (source
FAO/WFP). Ethnicity is listed as Nuer, Dinka, Murle, Anyuak, Jie, and Kachipo, in
descending order of Jonglei‟s population size.
6.1.2 Traditional Subsistence Farming: Jonglei is South Sudan‟s largest
state, with the largest area of unused arable land available for new plantings of tree
farms/orchards and/or annual field crops. Over 95% of producers are subsistence
farmers, with traditional low yielding agro-pastoralist cropping practices. Most
experts believe farm output is less than 10% of its potential due to 3 decades of
warfare, inter-tribal/ethnic conflicts, poor infrastructure, traditional farming via
handheld tools, and limited plantings.


6.2 — a Jonglei Largest State, Rural Population, Government & MAF

6.2.1 RSS‘ Role: The Gov‟t of Republic of South Sudan (RSS) is a federal
system with most of the states‟ budget coming from RSS budgets heavily
dependent on oil export revenues. With oil exports via the Khartoum
pipeline shut down, RSS funds dropped dramatically. Consequently RSS
funding to South Sudan‟s states also decreased.

6.2.2 State Gov‘t: Within South Sudan, the state governments (gov‟t) are
largely autonomous, with elected state governors playing a predominant
role. The Governor‟s Cabinet is chosen from the elected state legislators &
non-elected intellectuals. The governor appoints key County
Commissioners' to “keep the peace” and represent the governor in all 11
counties.


6.3 Jonglei‘s Population Density & Ethnic Groups
General Data
Jonglei
has122,479 km2.
Population according
to 2008 census is
1,358,602 – but
returnees are placed
at 10% of a growing
population, now
estimated at 1.5
million by UN/FAO
reports. Jonglei has
11 counties: Twic
East, Duk, Bor, Akob
<70K o, Nyirol, Uror, Pibor,
Pochalla , Ayod
70K-100K , Pigi/Canal, and
100K -150K Fangak. 5 key
ethnic groups are
150K - 200K Nuer, Dinka, Murle,
>200K Anyuak & Kachipo.

Source: UNDP/NBS – Juba

6. Situation Analysis: Background on Jonglei Agro-Forestry
6.4 — Jonglei’s State Government Under RSS

South Sudan & Jonglei State Government Levels
1st Republic of South Sudan (RSS) Central Gov‘t
1st - – National (nat‟l) government (gov‟t) has Ministry of
RSS Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) with the RSS level
Nat‘l shaping the framework of the Jonglei State MAF
2nd Level: 10 RSS States, Jonglei is 1 of 10 States
Gov‘t
2nd – – Jonglei has 11 counties & 4 Livelihood Zones
States: 10 – Many Int‟l Programs managed at State level
in RSS – Jonglei has 6 major languages, & local dialects
3rd Level: 11 Counties in Jonglei State

3rd – Counties: – Most Extension Offices Based on County Offices
11 counties in JS for Administrative Support. Many farm programs
based on county level implementation oversight
– County Commissioners often help MAF
4th – Payams: 4th Level: Payams, Sub-County Areas, 5 to 7 ave.
Sub-counties, about a – Many farmer associations have grown beyond
5–7 ave. of payams in
Jonglei‘s 11 counties Boma area to be payam sized producer group
5th Level: Boma, or Village Area (local Chiefs)

5th – Bomas (villages): – Villages have community owned land. Producer
Divisions of areas in a Groups are usually village based; yet many
payam, a 6-10 ave. in JS villages are divided into sub-village farmer groups.
6th Level: Sub-Village Organizations (local Chiefs)
6th – Sub-Villages, Large villages
– Villages or Producer Groups & Associations are
may have 1-3 producer
the level at which extension work, cooperatives, &
groups, often organized farmer training centers are organized.
according to foods produced

6.5 a — Jonglei is More Donor Dependent & Relies Less on Local Farm Food

20 November 2012 15

6.5 b — Jonglei Rural Population- Traditional Farm Planting & Low Crop Yields

―It ‗ain't‘ what you don't know that gets you into trouble. It's what you know for sure that
just ‗ain't‘ so.‖- Mark Twain‟s Saying, Rural American Writer & Lecturer 1835-1910

6.5 c — NGOs in Jonglei tried to introduce Cattle Pulled Plows; they were not accepted.


6.5 d — NGOs in Jonglei tried to introduce Cattle Pulled Plows


6.5 e — With Jonglei’s Heavy Clay Soils, Farmers Need Mechanized Tractor Farming for More & Better Plantings


6.5 g — South Sudan & Jonglei’s Dinka Cattle or Landleb Cattle Big Horns to Look Good – Many Agro-
Pastoralist Believe Plows Hurt Cattle; Most Jonglei Cattle Grown for Value & Prestige, With Big Horns – But
Not Like Watusi Horn Cattle Below (with the World’s Largest Horns)

South Sudanese Cattle, hardy breed, but not selected for meat or Most developed countries have polled, or hornless cattle, since horns
milk production, rather size & impressive appearance for take valuble nutrition away from meat and milk production.
Wedding Doweries. Although South Sudanese & Jonglei’s cattle However, World’s largest cow/bull horns found in USA farm, from
appear to be a valuable source of food, in fact they are more a Watusi African Cattle Breed. This bull is only “for show” and does
store of value, rather than bred for meat and/or milk production. not serve for useful breeding of milk and/or meat production, as most
Jonglei cattle have very low yields of meat and milk. developed countries’ cattle.

6.3 — h Jonglei has had a large number of potable water ―Bor Holes‖ drilled down usually about 80
to 90 meters in depth, where the subsoil water usually tests as free of microbes & drinkable/potable
― ‗Climate Is ‗What You Expect,‘ while ‗Weather Is What You Get,‘ ‖ – Mark Twain


6.4 Jonglei ‟s Farmland, Soil Types, and Crops
6.4.1 Land and Crops: Although Jonglei State has South Sudan‟s largest land area
and over 30% classified a cultivable, only about 2% is under cultivation to annual
crops, mostly sorghum. The majority of the soil is heavy clay or “Black Cotton” soils
where drainage canals and irrigation are often needed, but little rural drainage canals
exist. Hence, most Black Cotton soil is in sorghum. Where irrigation is used, it is
mostly near Bor for vegetable crops in the dry season. Sandy soil predominates in
eastern Jonglei near the Ethiopian border, or in Akobo and Pochalla, where
vegetables, tree fruit and Shea Butter Nut can be found. The Boma area has higher
elevations with well-drained clay loam soils with organic material, where vegetables
and white corn grows well.
6.4.2 Mechanized Farming: Until 2012, very little land was prepared for planting with
tractors, However, some new Massey Ferguson tractors were recently sent out to
each county in April, 2012 and have begun to prepare the land for seeding with: (a)
rakes for weeding, (b) discs for breading up the soil, and (c) new seeders. New MAF
policies favor more mechanized farming.

6.5 Jonglei ‟s Economy, Government, & MAF
6.5.1 Economy Oil Export Dependency: With average oil exports, Jonglei State
usually has relatively large resources of budgets and staffing. Given South Sudan‟s
per capita income is about US$1/day, the size and reach of the state gov‟ts, and their
local county based staff are of key importance for Jonglei‟s rural economy.

6.5.2 MAF HQ Bor City: While Jonglei‟s MAF headquarters are in Bor City, the MAF
has a network of offices, and a number of extension specialists recently hired in
Jonglei's 11 Counties. There are land allotments for model demonstration farms set
aside, however, with budget cut-backs due to a cut-off of oil exports via the Khartoum
oil pipeline, the funding for these activities has been delayed and/or reduced in-line
with the new budgets. Moreover, many of the MAF (and MLF) extension specialists
have been “seconded” to the FAO and NGOs.

6.5.3 MAF Planning: Thus, the 5 year Strategic Plan is for effective use of MAF
resources.


6.6 Jonglei‘s Major Social & Rural Economic Indicators
6.6.1 Rural Poverty & Security: As in many countries, poverty is concentrated in rural
areas. One of the major reasons why a rural to urban population shift is a world-wide
trend, however, in Jonglei the security issue is also a cause for urban migration.

6.6.2 Population Density Versus Land Use: The population density at 11.1 people
per km2 in 2008. With current farmland use of only 0.8% of the total area, the
population density on arable land is placed at about 70 people/km2. Thus, Jonglei has
vast unpopulated areas, with average land holdings of 0.63 hectares, smaller than
most other states in Southern Sudan. This is due largely to insecurity and seasonal
flooding.

6.6.3 Jonglei‘s Poverty The level of poverty in Jonglei, like the rest of Sudan, is high
with the „incidence of poverty‟ said to be over 48% - which is at about the national
average of 50.6%, with many people having a per-capita income of about US$1 a day.
The level of poverty is high because Jonglei State is still recovering from the
devastating effects of 23 years of conflict that destroyed nearly all socio-economic
infrastructures and displaced thousands of residents both internally and externally.


6.7 Rural Livelihoods Overview in Jonglei
6.7.1 Agriculture Key to Rural Economy: Agricultural, livestock and fisheries sectors
provide the main base of the local economy. Unfortunately, the potential productivity in
these sectors have not been fully tapped and food security is a major concern in the
state, with much of the population dependent on donated food during the rainy season.
6.7.2 Sorghum Main Crop. By far the main crop is sorghum – white, yellow, and
red/brown – with some other minor grains such as millet, and canary seed that can also
withstand wet fields for long periods of time. Corn is only grow above the flood plains, in
areas such as Boma where there is good drainage. Vegetables are being started up
with small irrigation pumps along the Nile River, grown on raised beds during the dry
season. Tree fruit include mangos, lemons/limes, and Shea oil nuts. When supported
by earlier government, rice was an important crop, but has later shown to be hard to
produce without significant government assistance. However, wild rice is still found in
Twic East and other areas of the Sudd swamp lands.
6.73 Livestock and Fish: Although cattle and shoats are found almost
everywhere, cattle are not a significant source of food, being viewed traditionally as a
valuable commodity, socially exchanged for wedding dowries, and used for prestige.
The Sudd is the largest marsh and swamp lands that are a source of pasture in the dry
season, and has a rich in fish. However, most fish come from the Nile and other major
rivers.

6.8 Jonglei‘s Security, Conflicts, and Rural Economy
6.8.1 Jonglei‘s Farm Production Problems: In spite of an abundance of fertile
farmland, Jonglei‟s most best farming areas continue to suffer from crop shortfalls, low crop
yields, limited planted areas, and chronic food insecurity. Communities lack the capacity to
plan for, respond to and mitigate the effects of twin economic shocks of famine and
violence, while the state government has also faced capacity limitations.
6.8.2 Inter-Ethnic Tribal Conflicts: Jonglei State recorded the highest incidence of violent
conflict in Southern Sudan in 2010 and 2011, with the majority classified as inter-tribal
conflicts. The main actors in Jonglei‟s complex conflict system are the pastoralist-nomadic
communities of Lou Nuer, Jeanie Nuer, Dinka, and Murle. Conflict typically centers on
migratory patterns, access to water, political and military disputes, and cattle rustling.
Inflated dowry payments often drive young men to raid cattle, while other cattle raids are a
traditional rite of passage for a boy to enter manhood.
6.8.3 Livestock Robbery & Sorghum Thefts: Some of the state and local authorities
claim that much of the criminal activity is simply due to criminal groups and armed groups
that escaped the early 2012 governments disarmament campaign by the army and police.
Although recent government efforts to disarm the population, and improve the presence of
the police and security forces in Jonglei truly seems to have helped in most countries, most
farm communities report a severe reluctance to expand food plantings even if they had
more planting seeds, due to limited secure storage areas/facilities and grain thefts.
20 November 2012 26

6.9 – a Cash Crops: Sell Forest Fruit, Medicinal Plants for Money so to Eat

20 November 2012 27

7. Livelihood Zones & Agro-climatic Maps
7.2 — a Jonglei‘s Leading Position within South Sudan for (1) Animal Migrations, (2)
National Parks, (3) Wildlife Reserves, and (4) Wetlands


7.2 — b Zooming in on Jonglei‘s Leading Position within South Sudan for (1) Animal
Migrations, (2) National Parks, (3) Wildlife Reserves, and (4) Wetlands


7.2 — c Jonglei‘s Thousand of ―White-Eared Kob‖ Annual Migration from Boma National Park;
WCS Considers this Spectacle to Seasonal Migration of Animals in Tanzania‘s Serengeti Plains .

2010 National Geographic Magazine Photo by George Steinmetz traveling with the Wildlife Conservation Society


7.2 — d Jonglei‘s Thousand of Elephants Seasonal Migration in Jonglei during Changing Pasture
Conditions of Rainy and Dry Season.

2010 National Geographic Magazine Photo by George Steinmetz documenting the Wildlife Conservation Society‟s Work in Jonglei


7.2 — d Jonglei State ―Sudd‖ Area Wetlands of Seasonal Floating Vegetation Provided
Sanctuary for Wildlife during South Sudan‘s 25 Years of Civil War. The Khartoum Jonglei
Canal Project of 1970-84 was often said to drain the Sudd.


7.2 — d Jonglei State‘s Sudd Area Seasonal Fishing Islands of the Rainy Season.


7.3 Jonglei General Maps: Topography or Altitudes
Jonglei State‟s lowest altitude is in
Fangak County, and the highest
altitude in Boma Payam of Pibor
County. The rest of Jonglei is
flatlands, level plains of savannah
grasses mixed with trees and
some parks and forested areas.
Altitude in Meters (m)
381 – 400m
400 - 425m
425-450m
450-475m
475-500m
500-750m
750-1000m
1000-1688m


7.4 Jonglei General Maps: Average Annual Rainfall.
30 Years of Weather Reports Show Declining Rainfall Trend, with More Eratic Patterns of Rainfall

Under 670mm
670-700mm
700-750mm

750-800mm

800-832mm


7.5 Jonglei Seasonal Rainfall Patterns of Annual Rainfall.
“Climate Is „What You Expect,‟ while „Weather Is What You Get,‟” – Mark Twain


7.6 South Sudan‘s Map of All its Climatic and/or Livelihood Zones (LZ)


7. Livelihood Zones & Agro-Forestry Climates

7.7.1 Nile Sobat Rivers Agro-Forestry Climate & Livelihood Zones (LZ)

----- Nile-Sobat Rivers Climate and Livelihood Zone -----
Nile Sobat Rivers Zone
-- Bor, Twic east, Duk, Ayod, Fangak, Pigi, Akobo, and Nyirol
Agro-Pastoral Area
-- Ethnic Tribes: Dinka, Nuer and Anuak Tribes.
-- Population: Estimated at 472,000 people.
-- Weather: Annual rainfall is 670mm - 850mm in April - Nov.
-- Livelihoods: Agro-pastoral, farming and fishing.
-- Soil: “Heavy, dark grey to chocolate clays…rich in fertility.”
”Waterlogging problems could be solved through construction of
surface drainage systems or by deep soil ripping and ploughing.”
as quoted from Dr. John Garang‟s Doctoral thesis at Iowa State
University in 1981(Garang, Dr. J.M.,1981:pp.40-41)

-- Climate Change & Agro-Forestry Problems: (a) rainfall declining & more erratic (b) soil
fertility down ( N) & top soil erosion, (c) forested areas down, (d) almost no water drainage
systems, (e) seed quality down, (f) crop losses to pests/diseases, (g) post harvest losses (silos?)


7.7.2 Central Flood Plain Agro-Forest Climate
Central Flood Plain Livelihood Zone
-- Twic East, Ayod, Nyirol, Uror, Bor, Akobo & Pochalla
Central Flood Plain
-- Nuer, Dinka, and Anyuak tribes Agro-Pastoral Climate
-- Population estimated at 565,000 people.
-- Weather: Annual rainfall is 500 - 600mm in April - Oct.
-- Livelihoods are mainly agro-pastoral communities producing
sorghum, cattle, and shoats.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1) Agriculture: Poor Sorghum crop yields, with declining soil fertility
& old sorghum seeds; some mangos, few veggies
2) Forestry: Forest cover cut-back for firewood-
charcoal, construction, & Jonglei‟s rural citizens, thus losing the
use of :
(a) Gum Arabica species, Acacia polyacantha & Acacia senegal, are
found in the area, but sales transport problem
(b) “Haraz” (hiraz) or “Winter Thorn Tree” - Faidherbia albida (syn.
Acacia albida) N-capture roots drops leaves in winter & fertilizes
rainy season sorghum & maize crops grown nearby in Kenya.
3) Climate Change: “Over the past 40 years rainfall in the region has fallen by 30 percent”
(Brown O., 2007: p.1143). “waterlogging of mismanaged agricultural lands, (and) forest
die-back (Falkenmark, Dr. Malin, 1990: p.177).


7.7.3 Mountains, Hills, & Valleys Agro-Forestry Livelihood Zone (LZ)

Mountains, Hills & Valleys – Boma‘s Agro-Forest Zone
Mountains, Hills & Valleys
-- Pibor County only, (a) Boma & (b) Miwuon Payams, Boma‟s Agro-Climate
-- Ethnic Tribes: (i) Murle, (ii) Jie and (iii) Kachipo,
-- Population: 10,000 people,
-- Climate: March-November rains of 700mm to 960mm annually,
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- Livelihoods: Agriculture, some forestry, few livestock (mainly goats &
poultry). Some cattle with Wild Game in nearby Boma Park
-- Main Crops: White & yellow corn, sorghum, cassava, mangos, and
vegetables, with two (2) annual crop harvests (Apr.-July & Aug.-Nov.)
-- Other Natural Resources: Boma National Park, trees for wood,
thorn trees for fences, wild yams, wild game, wild honey & forest herbs.

** Agricultural Situation: (1) Good drainage and good soil, (2) poor roads, no market access
to Bor or Consumer Markets (3) Local donor dependency for WFP/NGO Food Donations, (4)
little MAF extension coverage, (5) lack of technical knowledge, (6) farmers expanding areas.

7.7.4 Arid and Pastoral Livelihood Zones
Arid and Pastoral Livelihood Zones
-- Pibor County: Western & Central Pibor Payams,
Southern Arid Pastoral Zone
-- Ethnic Tribal Group: Murle tribe,
-- Population: 30,000 people.
-- Weather: Annual rainfall is 500 - 600mm in April - Oct.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- Livelihood is agro-pastoral communities mostly raising
livestock and growing some crops in rainy season.
– Terrain Vegetation: Dry desert and pastoral savannah
-
grasslands vegetation & occasional Acacia tree stands.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1) Agro-Pastoral: Mostly subsistence agro-pastoral production, with migratory practices to
support livestock accompanied by limited crop production in rainy season.
2) Forestry: The limited number of trees are being cut-back for firewood, charcoal & building.
-- Ag. Situation, Climate Change & Environmental Issues: (a) rainfall declining and more
erratic, unpredictable, (b) growing desertification, (c) loss of savannah grass coverage, (d)
traditional cattle and shoat production, with poor pasture, low calving (reproduction) rates, heavy
disease losses.


7.8 Pastoral & Arid Zones – Tradition Milk for Pastoral Families Not Enough

20 November 2012 42

7.9 South Sudan and Jonglei‟s Tribal Area Mapping, by States & Counties

20 November 2012 43

8. Jonglei‘s Agricultural Farmers and Forestry Producers

8.1 Farmers, Agro-Pastoral & Agro-Forestry Producers

8.1.1 SMALL SUBSISTENCE FARMS of MOSTLY SORGHUM & LIVESTOCK:
(a) Jonglei has mostly small individual landholdings and village community farm
landholdings. Many farmers have “Agro-Pastoralist” traditions both growing crops
and raising livestock.
(b) Men generally take care of cattle and do the hard work of land preparation.
(c) Women tend the shoats, gather wood, cook and raise vegetables, if grown.
(d) Labor-Land Preparation: Preparing land of mostly “Black Cotton Soils,” is hard
work, so young men are often not interested in farm land work without being paid.

8.1.2 Medium and Large Farms: (a) The government owns most large land tracts.
(b) Jonglei has few, if any, large farms besides village community owned farmlands,
(c) Since most farm areas are less than 2 feddans (1 hectare=2.38 feddans), most
larger plantings are considered medium to large farms.


8. Jonglei‘s Agricultural Farmers & Forestry Producers

8.2 Farm Producer Groups, Coops, & Forestry Producers
8.2.1 PRODUCER GROUPS: The MAF are promoting village based farmer groups
as a mechanism to provide assistance and training. For example, the new tractors
distributed in April 2012 to Jonglei‟s 11 Counties are made available to producer
groups who register with the MAF, usually via the nearest county or payam MAF
representative and/or MAF extension official.

8.2.2 COOPERATIVES: The Ministry of Cooperatives and Rural Development
(MCRD) works with the MAF in promoting village based farmer
cooperatives, usually at a village level, as a mechanism to provide assistance and
training.

8.2.3 TREE PRODUCERS: Most trees planted are tree fruits, such as
Mangos, Shea nut oil, lemons, papaya, and bananas. Some older teak trees are
left over from some older plantations. Mostly native Acacia thorn trees are used for
firewood and traditional hut/house building. The World Agro-Forestry (AGRA) is
pushing Acacia albida or “Haraz” MAF 5 Yearfor nitrogen rich sorghum and corn crops.
tree in Strategic Plan
20 November 2012 draft Page 45

8. Jonglei‘s Agricultural & Forestry Production
8.3 Jonglei‘s Field Crops, – Grains: Locally Grown & Imported
8.3.1 CROPS – SORGHUM: By far, sorghum is the main crop
grown, planted after the seasonal rains start in May and
June, with white, yellow, red, and brown sorghum grown. The
preference for the sweet white and yellow sorghum is often
offset by the problem with the birds, who do not eat the brown
sorghum because its brown tannic acid is hard to digest.
8.3.2 OTHER GRAIN CROPS: Some other grains, canary
seed, millet, and white corn are grown where flooding is not a
seasonal problem, while rice used to be grown in many areas
(but appears to be on limited at best). Well over 75% of the
grain crop is sorghum, all for human consumption and some
Healthy Sorghum Plant
sorghum is for locally brewing beer.
8.3.3 GRAIN DONATIONS: Sorghum, plus all other grain crops (maize, canary
seed, etc.) are added up for a total South Sudan & Jonglei “FAO/WFP Annual
Survey of Food Security Needs,” which consistently shows that South Sudan and
Jonglei is only producing 50% to 70% of their cereal needs; this FAO/WFP report
estimates food security needs for annual donations (see section 9.3 & 9.4 tables).


8.2 Jonglei‘s Other Field Crops – Ground Nuts and Rice

8.2.1 GROUND NUTS: Peanuts or ground nuts do well in most of the better
drained areas of Jonglei, during the rainy season, since irrigation water is very
limited, and mostly used for higher value fresh vegetables.

8.2.2 RICE: Some wild rice grows well in Twic East, but little cultivated rice has
done well without int‟l donor of government subsidy projects. Rice is labor
intensive compared with sorghum, and farmers much be trained to grow it. Before
the last outbreak of the war, there were large Int‟l assistance projects for growing
rice in Jonglei, but they stopped due to the then worsening security situation.
Although most informed sources claim there is much potential to grow rice in
Jonglei, they say that farmers need some training, some assistance with
inputs, improved water control methods suitable for rice, and appropriate rice
seeds of varieties of rice that may grow in Jonglei. Thus far, commercial rice
production has not recovered from the war years and not yet done well in Jonglei
state.

8.3 Jonglei‘s Ag. Sectors: Cassava, Vegetables & Niche Crops

8.3.1 CASSAVA: Cassava is grown in some of the higher elevations where fields are well
drained, and where there are sandy soils that have better drainage, such as in eastern Jonglei
near the Ethiopian border. Unfortunately, this high yielding crop has not yet taken off. There
are reports of disease problems and the need for testing in trial plantings for disease resistant
varieties.
8.3.2 VEGETABLES: Vegetable growing of okra, tomatoes, kale and other hot weather
vegetables are beginning by small producer groups and some independent farmers, but this is a
recent development beginning to spread. Unfortunately, there is little data on this.
8.3.3 TOBACCO: Tobacco is grown in some of the well drained agro-ecological zones of
Jonglei. Most tobacco is locally consumed since usage is declining.
8.3.4 WILD HERBS & FOREST FRUITS: Gum Arabica and Shea Butter Nut Oil (Lulu) are
important wild tree crops, but sales marketing channels have been disrupted since the war with
new sales channels forming via Kenya and Ethiopia. There are reports of reports of a number of
wild herbs, some of which are beginning to be cultivated. However, so far this seems to be a
local market.



8.4 Tree Fruit and Wood Producers

8.4.1 FRUIT TREE HORTICULTURAL CROPS: Small farms and a few orchards have trees
planted are tree fruits, such as mangos, Shea nut oil, lemons, and papaya. Few new lemon or
Shea nut trees are being planted. Likewise, there also seems to be depressed market prices
for mangos, which all come at once, with much spoilage/post harvest losses since they do not
ship well, and nearby farmers lack simple, low-cost mango juice/pulp processing machines,
and packaging materials.
8.4.2 TREES for WOOD: Virtually no trees are planted for wood, but mostly Acacia trees
native, cut down used for firewood and small traditional hut/house construction. Before the war
some teak trees were planted in Jonglei, but almost all have been cut down and exported.
8.4.3 FERTILIZER TREES: World Agro-Forestry (www.worldagroforestry.org) and Alliance for
a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) is pushing Acacia albida or “Haraz” (now re-classified as
Faidherbia albida) since it grows well inter-cropped with corn and maize, shedding nitrogen
rich leaves in the rainy season, which corn and sorghum lack in South Sudan and most of
Africa. Forestry and crop professors in Dr. John Garang University are starting trail plantings
of native “Haraz” tree in which work in cycle with local corn and sorghum crops.



8.5 Jonglei‘s Agro-Forest Sectors- Tree Fruit & Hardwoods

8.5.1 TREE FRUIT - MANGOS: Mangos are by-far the leading tree fruit. As in many
countries, mangos come onto the market seasonably, but do not ship well, so simple
juice processing machinery could be used.
8.5.2 TREE FRUIT - LEMONS: Lemons come onto the market seasonably, but they are
rather easily sold in the market, and do not seem to be in large quantities.
8.5.3 WILD TREE NUT – SHEA BUTTER NUT OIL: There is an int‟l market in
cosmetics for Shea Butter Nut Oil. Unfortunately, the industry does not seem well
established, having lost much of its marketing channels during the war years.
8.5.4 TEAK WOOD: Teak trees are not native to South Sudan, but do seem to grow in
parts of Jonglei, probably having been introduced by the British. There RSS MAF
charges a tax on its export.
8.5.5 MOHOGANY WOOD: There have been claims that a native Mahogany tree grows
in Jonglei, however, this valuable species does not seem to grow much in Jonglei.

20 November 2012 draft MAF 5 Year Strategic Plan3 Page 50


8.6 Jonglei‘s Agro-Forest Sectors - Food Shortages - Limited Options


8.7 Fertilizer: Almost All from Livestock Dung – Cattle Camps Sell to Farmers
Tie In Livestock with Agricultural Crop Farmers - Fertilizer
But Not Enough Fertilizer from Manure – But Jonglei‟s Soil Lacks Key Plant Nutrients

Most cattle camps sell manure to farmers, but Jonglei farmers need training on soil fertility
20 November 2012 52

9. Jonglei‘s Grain Production & Food Aid/Security Statistics
9.1 Jonglei‘s Grain Production, by Counties 2009-2011
PLANTINGS- Area in Cereals YIELDS- M. Tons PRODUCTION, Gross, Metric
Jonglei's Counties Hectares (ha) per Hectare (mt/ha) Tons (mt)
YEARS - 2009-'10-'11 2009 2010 2011 2009 2010 2011 2009 2010 2011
JONGLEI, total 103,558 142,705 128,394 0.45 0.73 0.63 46,809 104,841 81,290
Returnees, total state 1,549 2,120 1,803 0.29 0.60 0.45 444 1,272 811
Akobo County 9,141 12,598 11,344 0.69 0.75 0.70 6,295 9,448 7,941
Ayod County 9,804 13,511 12,166 0.34 0.70 0.65 3,376 9,458 7,908
Bor South County 16,181 22,300 20,080 0.46 0.75 0.50 7,429 16,725 10,040
Duk County 5,946 8,195 7,379 0.46 0.75 0.50 2,730 6,146 3,690
Fangak County 8,460 11,659 10,499 0.38 0.70 0.60 3,237 8,162 6,299
Nyirol County 8,865 12,218 11,002 0.46 0.70 0.60 4,070 8,553 6,601
Pibor County 7,335 10,109 9,102 0.46 0.75 0.95 3,368 7,582 8,647
Piji or Canal County 6,945 9,572 8,619 0.34 0.75 0.60 2,392 7,179 5,171
Pochalla County 5,390 7,429 6,689 0.46 0.75 0.95 2,475 5,572 6,355
Twic East County 8,346 11,503 10,357 0.46 0.75 0.60 3,832 8,627 6,214
Wuror or Uror County 15,595 21,493 19,353 0.46 0.75 0.60 7,160 16,120 11,612
Source: FAO-WFP Annual Crop Assessments and Food Security Reports, South Sudan, 2009, 2010, & 2011
[1] / Western Jonglei has better drained soils, more maize & grains with better yields

[1] / Good Sandy Soils near Ethiopian Border, best grain crop yields, often attributed to better drained or watered soils.

9.2 South Sudan‟s States, Area, Yield & Production 2006-2011
Planted Area, Yield CROP PRODUCTION (NET [1/])
& Production by AREA PLANTED CROP YIELDS (FAO Has Net = 80% of Total
Zone, States & Years Crop)
Area, Yields,
1,000 Hectares (Ha) Kilograms per Hectare (Kg/Ha) 1,000 Tons
Production
ZONE / STATES 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

UPPER NILE 274 172 237 218 261 230 839 866 1,000 413 598 430 230 149 237 90 156 99
Upper Nile 92 55 79 77 78 68 913 873 848 442 628 380 84 48 67 34 49 26
Unity 44 27 43 37 40 34 795 926 977 486 600 240 35 25 42 18 24 8
Jonglei 139 90 115 104 143 128 799 844 1,096 365 587 510 111 76 126 38 84 65

BAHR EL GHAZAL 266 270 292 298 319 263 827 956 1,171 748 796 630 220 258 342 223 254 166
North Bahr el Ghazal 55 50 59 71 79 68 691 740 746 690 759 590 38 37 44 49 60 40
West Bahr el Ghazal 35 32 34 39 37 41 914 1,219 1,529 769 919 860 32 39 52 30 34 35
Lakes 82 77 84 69 76 70 854 1,026 1,202 768 868 650 70 79 101 53 66 45
Warrap 94 112 116 119 126 84 851 920 1,250 756 746 550 80 103 145 90 94 46

GREATER
247 263 323 335 343 366 1,049 1,156 1,517 681 828 810 259 304 490 228 284 297
EQUATORIA
Central Equatoria 108 106 131 121 127 123 1,102 1,057 1,534 595 732 630 119 112 201 72 93 78
Eastern Equatoria 49 66 85 98 103 115 633 833 1,106 541 767 870 31 55 94 53 79 99
Western Equatoria 91 91 107 116 112 129 1,198 1,495 1,832 879 1,000 930 109 136 196 102 112 120

SOUTH SUDAN 788 705 853 852 921 860 900 1,009 1,252 635 755 650 709 711 1068 541 695 563

These 3 states usually have the best grain crop yields,
often attributed to better drained or watered soils

9.3 Cereal Area, Planted Yield, Production, Consumption & Balance In 2011-2012 Carryover

FAO-WFP Estimated cereal harvested area, yield, production, consumption and balance in 2011-
Carryover to 2012 (Note: FAO & WFP uses this for Food Donation Needs Calculations)
2010 gross 2010 net
Total cereal 2011 2011 surplus
STATE - 2010 yield Cereal Cereal Population
area (ha) in consumption and/or
COUNTY (t/ha) production production mid-2011
2010 (tons/year) deficit (tons)
(tons) (tons)
Jonglei
[1] 142 705 0.73 104 841 83 873 1 477 874 158 132 -74 259
State
Returnees 2 120 0.6 1 272 1 018 27 736 3051 -2 033
Akobo 12 598 0.75 9 448 7 559 145 387 15 993 -8 434
Ayod 13 511 0.7 9 458 7 566 148 666 15 610 -8 044
Bor South 22 300 0.75 16 725 13 380 236 003 27 140 -13 761
Duk 8 195 0.75 6 146 4 917 70 007 7351 -2 434
Fangak 11 659 0.7 8 162 6 529 117 550 12 343 -5 813
Khorflus/Piji 9 572 0.75 7 179 5 743 105 743 11 103 -5 360
Nyirol 12 218 0.7 8 553 6 842 115 996 12 760 -5 918
Pibor 10 109 0.75 7 582 6 065 158 479 16 640 -10 575
Pochalla 7 429 0.75 5 572 4 457 70 661 7 066 -2 609
Twic East 11 503 0.75 8 627 6 902 91 099 10 021 -3 119
Uror 21 493 0.75 16 120 12 896 190 547 19 055 -6 159
SOUTH
920 798 0.95 873 820 695 230 9 157 745 986 222 -290 993
SUDAN
[1] Jonglei State has crop yields well below average most years in South Sudan

9.4 Cereal Area, Planted Yield, Production, Consumption & Balance In 2011-2012 Carryover

FAO-WFP Estimated cereal harvested area, yield, production, consumption and balance in 2011-
Carryover to 2012 (FAO/WFP uses for Food Import Calculations)
AREA Percent Population Cereal Per Head 2012
YIELDS- PRODUCTION PRODUCTION
PLANTED Yield Reqt. Reqt. Surplus /
Gross Metric Tons, Metric Tons,
in Cereals (Tons) (Kg's) Deficit
Yield Gross Cereal Net Cereal
Hectares (Tons)
Tons per Crop Crop
Hectare Production Production

JONGLEI STATE 128,394 0.63 81,290 65,032 80% 1,528,037 163,519 107 (98,487)
COUNTIES:
Returnees of 2010 1,803 0.45 811 649 80% 28,305 3,114 110 (2,465)

Akobo 11,344 0.70 7,941 6,352 80% 150,108 16,512 110 (10,160)
Ayod 12,166 0.65 7,908 6,326 80% 151,736 15,932 105 (9,606)
Bor, South 20,080 0.50 10,040 8,032 80% 245,248 28,203 115 (20,171)
Duk 7,379 0.50 3,690 2,952 80% 71,514 7,509 105 (4,557)
Fangak 10,499 0.60 6,299 5,039 80% 126,237 13,255 105 (8,216)

Piji/Canal 8,619 0.60 5,171 4,137 80% 112,572 11,820 105 (7,683)
Nyirol 11,002 0.60 6,601 5,281 80% 119,349 13,129 110 (7,848)
Pibor 9,102 0.95 8,647 6,918 80% 162,059 17,016 105 (10,098)
Pochalla 6,689 0.95 6,355 5,084 80% 72,130 7,213 100 (2,129)
Twic East 10,357 0.60 6,214 4,972 80% 93,686 10,306 110 (5,334)
Uror 19,353 0.60 11,612 9,290 80% 195,093 19,510 100 (10,220)
SOUTH SUDAN 860,000 0.65 563,000 450,400


9.5 Yield and Planting Growing: Jonglei‘s Use of Tractors are Increasing Cereal Plantings & Yields

20 November 2012 MAF 5 Year Strategic Plan 57

10. Jonglei‘s Agro-Forestry Sector Constraints
10.1 Jonglei‘s Agro-Forestry
FINDINGS: Very Low Yields & Too Little Plantings
10.1.1 LOW CROP YIELDS: Extremely poor yields are often attributed to:
(1) Old Seed Varieties – Often used year after year, loosing vitality from earlier seeds,
(2) Poor Planting Practices – Seeds hand thrown, not row planted 4 weeding/thinning,
(3) Limited Crop Planting Area – Farmers are unable to work to soil enlarge plantings,
(4) Little/No Fertilizer – Some manure use, soil tests show low NPK/micro nutrients,
(5) Little Weeding – Hand scatter thrown sorghum cannot effectively be weeded,
(6) Pest Problems – Besides the birds, there are at about 10 other crop pests,
(7) Post-Harvest Handling – Crops are often not well handled, stored poorly & stolen.
(8) Bad Data Estimations – Often farmers & data collectors include areas abandoned
and include around trees where grain was not grown, overestimating area planted.
(9) Irrigation Not Available: Rain – Too much, or too little, timely rainfall: Farmers
& others report that changing rainfall patterns cause poor crop yields/crop failures.

NOTE: The U.S. sorghum crop yields averages 8 tons per hectare, while Jonglei has
about 0.7 tons/hectare (ha) in crop yields (compared with 1 to 2 tons/ha in most of Africa).


10.2 Agro-Forestry Constraints – Little/No Irrigation

10.2.1 DRAINAGE & IRRIGATION CANALS – ―Jonglei Canal‖: Given the cost
and politically sensitive issue of the Jonglei Canal construction project of 1980-83,
little has been done since that time. However, the Jonglei Canal can both sere as a
drainage canal for flooded crop fields and an irrigation source as a reservoir
“catchment” source of water during the dry season.
10.2.2 SMALL IRRIGATION PROJECTS: There ground water is very near the
surface in many parts of Jonglei, as may be seen by local vegetation (e.g., palm
trees) and seasonal river beds. As in parts of Darfur, rather inexpensive wells have
been made for irrigation water – not suitable for drinking/not potable water – and
vegetables may be easily grown. So far this is being reported by sporadic efforts
along the Nile river, but could be expanded to work with the Dr. John Garang
University, county schools, and country extension services‟ demonstration farms.
NGO‟s likewise could be encouraged to do so as part of their “Food for Work”
donations, since some say that these donations are often seen as free food and thus
have acted as discouraging work on-the-farm.


10.3 Agro-Forestry Constraints – Water Drainage

10.3.1 WATER-LOGGED FARM FIELDS: Inasmuch as almost all crops are grown
without irrigation, rainfall is usually the leading issue for crop yields, and which
crops may grow where. In the seemingly fertile Nile-Sobat River Floodplains, only
local varieties (or locally tested varieties) of sorghum may withstand the flooding of
the fields, for 2-3 months. This lack of a drainage system greatly limits Jonglei‟s
crop production to virtually a Sorghum monoculture – since rice has largely
declined in production (but not consumption) – in this most parts of Jonglei state.

10.3.2 DRAINAGE SYSTEMS: Since these areas have been farmed for
generations, a drainage system should not adversely change the environment, nor
ecology, and should help the population combat Malaria and other diseases.
Obviously, agriculture would also benefit from a good drainage system.


10.4 SWOT Analysis: Summary of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities & Threats (SWOT Analysis)

S/N Strengths and Opportunities Threats and Weakness (Constraints)
Generally “favorable macro-economic “Threats and pressures to stability” (Jonglei‟s inter-tribal conflicts), Sudan
1 environment” (before oil export shut-down). cut-off oil exports caused deep cuts into RSS & State 2012 budgets
Clear RSS and Jonglei State “Government “The question of land policy not completely settled,” nor are there WTO
2
commitment to agriculture” sector growth investor protection, nor free trade agreements (e.g., fertilize import bans).
“Abundant natural resources” (e.g., much “Weak institutional & manpower capacity.” Droughts, floods, no drainage
3
land, water, and usually a favorable climate). system, little irrigation. Little technical assistance & farmer education
“Suitable agro-ecologic conditions & rich bio- “Poor and inadequate rural infrastructure”
4
diversity”
“Few, but skilled and experienced staff” “Weak research and extension systems,” with 1 under-funded agricultural
5
university, few extension stations & no model farms
“Donor goodwill and support” “Lack of inputs, input supply channel” problems, slow NGO and other
6
donor procurement processes
7 “Regional integration and collaboration” “Lack of processing technology, marketing facilities and storage,”
“Quality of Labor” – Generally good, but land Unmanaged natural resources and environmental damage
8
preparation and farming hard work
Agro-Pastoralists, both “crop and livestock “Lack of agricultural data & information flow” Poor training and little
9 farmers” often without crop production skills. education on best practices in crop and tree farming.
10 “Women empowerment in agriculture” “HIV-AIDS, Guinea worm, sleeping sickness (hurts) agriculture.”
“Diaspora staff to be offered higher salaries, “Oil and Agriculture” Sector Problem: First to return paid best, but later
11
so that they are encouraged to return home.” arriving Diaspora often paid average wages, even with better skills.
“Potential to purchase surplus as strategic “Drought and flood management” So far no significant irrigation in dry
12
food reserves.” season (some vegetables along Nile) and no drainage system.
Source: RSS MAF 2005-2011 ―Food & Agriculture Policy Framework‖ text copied in ―quotation marks‖ & other updated comments added


10. Jonglei‘s Agro-Forestry Sector Constraints – MAF JS SWOT
10.5 SWOT Analysis of Jonglei Agric‘l Sector: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities & Threats (SWOT)
Strengths Weakness
1. Jonglei resource potential: Most farmers world- 1. Staffing Capacity: Limited numbers of trained and qualified staff.
wide would love Jonglei‟s farm situation with There are some well educated professionals in the Jonglei MAF HQ in
generous availability of (1) land, (2) water and (3) Bor, but less so in most county, payam , and boma/village level offices.
high domestic market prices. 2. Staff Motivation: There are issues of staff motivation – attributed to
2. Human Resources Capacity: Being the world‟s low salaries, late payrolls, limited field work and other incentives.
newest country, there are a relatively large number 3. Transportation Problems: The governor plans to pave most key
of very committed and enthusiastic staff of diverse state roads in the next year, with Improved logistics capacity expected.
backgrounds and educational skills, usually 4. Neglected Units: No resources allocated to some offices, sectors
speaking Arabic, English and local languages e.g. demonstration farms have little budget, just space/land allocated.
3. New MAF Vehicles & Road Building Plans: MAF 5. Policy framework: Absence of comprehensive framework & policies.
is now equipped with numerous 4-wheel drive There is a need for clear cut laws and regulation to guide investment
vehicles. The governor plans to begin paving most and operations by both the government and private sector.
key state roads early next year. 6. Financial capacity: Oil export funds have hard hit the MAF.
4. Training capacity: Availability of meeting room in
New MAF and MoLF Bor, Jonglei Office
Opportunities Threats
1. Decentralization policy: Many dedicated ministry 1. Resource Allocation: Compared to many other gov‟t agencies, MAF
officials ensure support to agro-forestry projects. has relatively little resources & low wages for highly educated officials.
2. Capacity building: Opportunities for training 2. Credit facilities: Now there are no agric‟l loans for coop‟s & investors
through cooperation with int‟l NGOs, Dr. John 3. Insecurity and Grain Theft: Insecurity a serious problem in Jonglei.
Garang University, & research institutions like Yei. Investors have better alternatives, esp. with Jonglei‟s heavy clay soils.
3. Interest by Int’l Organizations: Presence of other 4. Poor infrastructure: Roads inaccessible for most of the year, virtually
organizations supporting agriculture and forestry no irrigation, and drainage system of canals, poor if any. Limited
e.g. UN agencies, int‟l & nat‟l NGOs and donors. communication support for internet and cell phones in most of Jonglei.
5. Electricity & Fuel Shortages: No electricity without generators in
most of Jonglei, and fuel even for generators is often short.
20 November 2012 draft MAF 5 Year Strategic Plan 62
Page 62

10.6 Agro-Forestry Small-holder Constraints – Very Little Modern Inputs
Smallholder mapping and characterization
The Jonglei MAF strategic plans proposed to target group of smallholders is operators who usually face many constraints. For
instance, low access to technology and know-how; limited resources in terms of capital, skills and risk management; depending on
family labor for most activities; and limited capacity in terms of marketing, storage, and processing.

Photo Source: Syngenta Foundation, African & Asian Branches

10.7 Agro-Forestry Climate Change Problem: Deforestation, Soil Erosion, & Desertification


11. Strategic Framework: Objectives, Activities & Results
11.3 Jonglei MAF Re-Organization Needed to Get More Extension Agents & Researchers to Country-Side [3]

Strategic Framework
Jonglei Regional Integrated Trade / Food Security Program – for Jonglei State within South Sudan
% of
Development Objective IR Components – Activities Expected Results
Resources
DO 1: - Development of a Marketing / Trade 1) Insure USAID‘s ER‘s
IR 1 – Increased Market Access..
Facilitation Network 2) A new Network established
Activities – Targeting Producer, Agribusiness
- Create a regional Trade; Marketing Network of organizations within Food Insecure areas identifying 3) 250 Producer / Agribusiness Organizations
small and Medium Producers / affiliated. 38%
preliminary needs, categorizing Business levels and
Agribusinesses along targeted Value Chains 4) Strategic Alliances Developed with the PMA
linking new network into the Produce Marketing (Est. $7
within Food Insecure regions that would and other buyer associations
become affiliates (CLUSA Association Association and other Buyer / Marketing associations.
5) PO‘s/AgBus classified into a standards
Million)
Members) linked in with the PMA and other classification system linked in with PMA other needed in
Buyer associations for long term IR 2 – Increased Trade Facilitation Activities -
Buyer groups 2012/13
sustainability. Identifying Trade Barriers, promoting best practices of
6) Trade barriers reduced along targeted VC‘s
Focal Partner: cross border trade Coordinating of training of targeted
actors with Customs and Trade administration. 7) 2-3 Best practices identified and incorporated
NCBA /CLUSA into regional trade organizations
DO 2: Trade-Led Agribusiness, Value Chain
1) Insure USAID‘s ER‘s
Financing IR-1 Activities.
2) 4 new VC finance mechanisms (1 per country,
- Develop new financing alternatives along Leveraging grants for establishing a regional fund, 19%
or a regional one.)
targeted Value Chains that will leverage Target financing for selected Value chains that could
3) New lines of credit opened averaging $5 -10 (Est. $3.5
existing resources, open up new lines of potentially include, PO Financing, Trade Financing,
financial services pulling in private sector integration of Both Debt and Equity Resources, and
Million per country Million
investors to stimulate Purchasing of needed 4) Demand side Capacity building needed in
linking in larger Global funds such as SEAF etc.,
TA, technologies and equipment. (Producer/Agribusiness Organizations)
Facilitating needed Loan Guarantees on Trade Finance
5) Supply Side Capacity Building (Financial
2012/13)
Focal Partner: activities.
Crimson Capital Institutions)

DO 3: Activity Coordination, Management and IR-1 Activities
1) Insure USAID‘s ER‘s
Technical Assistance. To include providing needed Key Personnel for proper
2) Increase Sales / Value Added of Targeted VC‘s
- Insure effective program management by program management, Administration. 43%
providing the needed Short and Long term Developing Value Chain Assessments, determining 3) Insure that both identified Program (Above)
technical expertise, Identification and results are achieved and USAID expected (Est. $8
most effective VC‘s that will integrate Food Insecure
integration of needed private sector alliances, Populations, Identification of bottlenecks needed TA
results are achieved. million
and insuring expected results are achieved. 4) Integrate food insecure producer/Agribusiness needed in
and technologies and coordination of Grants.
Focal Partners groups into the process.
IR -2 Activities
5) Integrate Private sector Alliances into VC
2012/13)
Dr. John Garange Memorial University To include the coordination of Trade facilitation
development for improved leveraging.
Food Security Donor Group discussions, and Institutional Capacity Building.


11. Policy Framework & Strategic Planning
11.1 Over-Arching Strategies to Strengthen Agro-Forestry Economy

(a) Priority Policies that quickly boost agricultural & forest products,

(b) Develop and strengthen institutional and human capacity,

(c) Create an public and private sector “enabling environment” for
improving the supply of inputs and service delivery,

(d) Mobilize, organize and empower farmers and tree-growers,

(e) Develop, organize and manage MAF Extension service system,

(f) Construction of feeder roads, necessary for agricultural and
forestry production, including markets and storage facilities.


11. Policy Framework & Strategic Planning
11.2 Specific MAF Strategies to Strengthen Agro-Forestry Economy

(a) Priority Policies that quickly boost agricultural & forest products,

(b) Develop and strengthen institutional and human capacity,

(c) Create an public and private sector “enabling environment” for
improving the supply of inputs and service delivery,

(d) Mobilize, organize and empower farmers and tree-growers,

(e) Develop, organize and manage MAF Extension service system,

(f) Construction of feeder roads, necessary for agricultural and
forestry production, including markets and storage facilities.


11. MAF “Strategies‖
11.3 Extension Agents-Officials Needed
Extension Agents Needed: 500 Farm House-holds per 1 Extension Agent [1]

LEVEL Quantity Number of Extension Qualification
Staff Required-Optimal
Ph.D., M.Sc. &
1. State 2 2 in Headquarters (HQ)
B.S. Agriculture
2. County 22 22 (2 per County CA D) B. Sc. & Diplomas
3. Payam 100 154 (2 per Payam PEWs) Diplomas
4. Boma / Village 6 or 9 month
100 770 (1 per Boma CEWs)
certificates
Total 224 948 Extension Officials
[1] /
500 Farmers to 1 Extension Official. Jonglei has 1.3 million people (source
2008 Census plus normal pop. growth), 80% in farming, with average family
size of 8 people, now have about 130,000 farm house-holds (HH), requiring
260 extension experts. Currently listed (about 20 to 25 extension experts per
county, but many are not active due to low budget for pay).

12. MAF Strategies & Strategic Objectives
12.1 Over-Arching Strategies Objectives (SO) to Strengthen Agro-Forestry Economy

Objective 1 – Improve Agricultural Production, Food Security & Nutrition
ACTIVITIES FOR SO-1: MAF will focus on assisting smallholder households food
security by (a) achieve 100% food security, (b) increasing their production by
adopting improved technologies and production practices, and (c) improving
nutritional education, particularly relating to diversified crops grown and eaten.
-- MAF will support producing more and different nutritious crops with village
based producer groups. MAF will work via MOU‟s with NGOs and the Ministry of
Health (MOH) to promote dietary diversity, safe hygiene and good nutrition for
farmer families by linking them to education and nutrition services.
GOALS TARGETED SO-1: Outcomes over 3 to 5 years (a) 100,000 hectares of
land managed under environmentally sound, soil conservation and improvement
practices, (b) 200% increase in crop area planted annually, (c) 40% to 80% yield
increases in field crop and tree fruit, (d) 300% growth in total sustainable food
production statewide, and (e) support improved diversified crop production and
diets for over 60% of farmer households


12.2 Strategic Objective (SO-2) to Strengthen Agro-Forestry Producer Groups
Objective 2 – ―Farmer Organization Capacity Enhanced‖
ACTIVITIES FOR SO-2: MAF will (a) link the 100,000 farmers Households, trained under
Objective 1, to sales markets by building the commercialization capacities of over 100 farmer
associations. (b) Using MAF and Donor/NGO Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), the
MAF will support agro-forestry training and organizational development program, as well as
work with the Ministry of Cooperatives and Rural Development (MCRD) to legalize and
strengthen financing of cooperatives via the GOSS Agricultural Bank. (c) Additionally, the MAF
Extension Service will engage financial service providers to increase insurance, credit
products and service offerings for smallholders.
-- The MAF will lead NGO and Donors towards providing farmer and forestry associations with
practical training in business planning and organizational governance, while facilitating
linkages to markets..
GOALS TARGETED SO-2: Outcomes over 3-to-5 years (a) Over 100 new producer groups
legally formalized, (b) Over 50 producer groups specifically targeted and supported with
infrastructure (irrigation, drainage canals, greenhouses, feeder roads, ec.), (c) coooperatives
receiving and repaying over US$100,00 of small business loans for production & sales
activities, (d) over 100,000 tons and US$1 million of new and diversified farm and forestry
products sold (e.g., targeting rice, legumes, fresh and processed fruits and vegetables.), and.
Increases in farm gate prices for grains, fruits and vegetables by 20% to 40% via better farmer
association sales marketing practices, such as quality control and branding their products.

12.3 Over-Arching Strategies Objectives (SO) to Strengthen Agro-Forestry Economy

OBJECTIVE 3 – ―Improve Agri-Business and Forestry Support Services‖

ACTIVITIES FOR SO-3:
(a)MAF will focus on increasing the effectiveness and sustainability of private
sector agribusiness and government support service providers, which are
essential to successfully growing the smallholder food and cash crops.
(b) The MAF will work with the Dr. John Garang University and farmalize MOU‟s
so that NGO/int‟l donors coordinate and plan well their activities via the
sustainable local organizations (e.g., the MAF and Dr. Garang University).
(c) The MAF will strongly encourage NGO‟s and Dr. Garang University to
support their MAF County “Model {Mechanized} Demonstration Farms in all
11 counties, linking local agri-businesses and potential investors with
MAF/University farms for training and research.
GOALS TARGETED SO-3: Outcomes will include srengthening more than 100
commercial input, food processing, and output sales service providers.


12. Specific Objectives Linked with Strategies
12.4 Objectives & Strategies: Stakeholders Input on Most Important Strategic Activities [1]/

12.4.1 – 12.4.6 Objectives & Strategies: 100% Food Security, & Improve Livelihoods
12.1 (a) Overall – Objective: A thriving agricultural and forestry sectors that boost Jonglei‟s rural
economy into an “engine for growth” creating jobs.
(b) Overall – Strategies: Train producers and invest in agro-forestry production technologies
12.2 (a) Food Security – Objective: To make Jonglei the “Breadbasket” of South Sudan, with the
nation‟s largest grain crops, bumper fruit and vegetable harvests.
(b) Ag. Food Security – Strategies: Increase area planted & boost food production
12.3 (a) Agricultural Livelihoods – Objective: Transform Jonglei‟s mainly subsistence farmers
into progressive producer groups and innovative commercial farms.
(b) Ag. Livelihoods – Strategies: Enlarge planted areas, help boost yields, & improve quality.
12.4 (a) Forest Industry Management – Objective: The forestry sector benefits from more tree
plantations, plant nurseries, and better park managements.
(b) Forest Resource Management – Strategies: Set-up renewable & sustainable forest mgmt.
I

12.5 (a) Parks & Forest Reserves – Objective: Have well maintained parks, and sustainable wood
production via new tree plantings, tree nurseries, and forestry‟s “best practices”.
(b) Parks & Forest Reserves – Strategies: Work with NGOs, Univ. & strengthen forest service.
12.6 (a) MAF Institution Building – Objective: Build up MAF institutional capacity.
(b) MAF Inst. Building – Strategies: Overcome budget short-falls by working with NGO‟s. FAO &
Universities to recruit young people, and MAF staff to foreign donors to help with funding.
[1]/ Summary of input given by STAKEHOLDERS to incorporating into strategy, but goes into more specific actions.3

12. MAF “Strategies‖
12.4 SO-4 MAF Works with FAO, WFP, USAID, Int’l Donors & NGO’s for Food Security, Food AID & Food Assistance

MAF MOUs with NGO’s to Agro-Forestry Strategic
Agricultural Production Function Inputs/Factors
Leverage Village Assets Objectives (SO)
1. LAND: Jonglei has a large amount of unused land that can be made 1. LAND OWNERSHIP: (a) New Land  SO-1 Ag. Output & Food Security
good for farming with labor and Soil Conservation. Ownership Law, (b) Clear land titles, (c) = Increase Agricultural Production -
2. WATER MGMT: Water Management vi (a) irrigation, (b) drainage, & Clarify community land rights, (d) GOSS Double Farm Harvests,
(c) flood dykes should boost crop yields. & Jonglei State land titles & lease  SO-2 Ag. Diversity & Nutrition =
3. LABOR: Farming skills for crop & forest products should increase contracts, Diversify Agricultural Crops &
yields (output per area planted), improve quality & food preservation, 2. LABOR INCENTIVES: Provide financial Processed Food Production –
4. CAPITAL Investment – (a) Water technology Investments (drainage incentives & land titles to gov’t land that Increase Dramatically,
canals, dikes, & irrigation) (b) Mechanized farming with tractors & farmers work or plant to trees,  SO-3 Agri-Forestry Business =
equipment 3. WATER: Community water points, Boost Sustainable Forest
5. TECHNOLOGY (a) Planting seeds & nursery trees, (b) new 4. EDUCATION: Have gardens & green Production,
cultivation practices, (c) integrated pest management, (d) primary houses, irrigation at schools.  SO-4 Jonglei Food Security NGO
processing of perishable foods, (e) donkey/mule animal plows, (f) 5. CLEAR FUEL STOVES: Ban charcoal Donor Working Group = Boost
post harvest handling, (g) storage, (h) food safety inspection,,& (i) or restrict licensing to sell it. Use Cooperation & Joint Projects with
quality branding, environment efficient stoves, MAF Joint Mamagement with Int’l
6. SEEDS: (a) Seed quality, (b) seed stock mgmt. to ensure adequate 6. ROADS: Producer grops push their own Donors (or Consortiums) via
supplies, (c) nursery tree plantings (small trees) for transplantation. feeder roads, with MAF guidance. Agreements, such as Memorandum
7. SCHOOL GARDENS: Public schools have vegetable and fruit of Understands (MOU).
gardens, greenhouses, and irrigation system. & household kitchen
gardens,
8. TREE PLANTINGS: Environment tree planting and mapping
locations so to provide local ownership and/or usage rights (and thus
better care).
MAF 5 Year Strategic Plan Page 73
20 November 2012 draft

13. Specific Objectives, Constraints, & Activities
13.1 MAF Objective #1: Enlarge Areas Planted to Crops and Tree Orchards

(A) Objective: Improve and dramatically expand food crop and fruit tree plantings
(B) Constraints: (1) Heavy “Black Cotton” soils hard to work, (2) lack of tractors and
tools, (3) poor technological knowledge, (4) lack of “model mechanical farms”, (5)
need seed testing/mapping, (6) limited MAF extension service budget, farms, boost
agricultural university field activities,
(C) Activity Focus: Provide incentives and support for mechanical soil preparation
for planting, use model farms showing planting technology.
(D) Strategic Plans:
i. Assist farmers with mechanized farming land preparation (subsidize 50%);
ii. Ensure that improved seeds are available to farmers (subsidize 30%);
iii. Assist farmers & farmer groups to acquire property rights (subsidize 50%);
iv. Provide a favorable environment, or incentives, for people to work planting
additional areas in alternative food crops (subsidize 20%).

13. Specific Objectives, Constraints, & Activity Focus
13.2 MAF Objective #2: Diversify Field Crops, Tree Fruit & Cash Crops
(A) Objective: Diversify & expand new crop areas, fruit tree, & native tree plantings.
(B) Constraints: (1) “Black Cotton Soil” limits plant varieties, (2) lack of
technological knowledge, (3) need more tractors/tools, (4) lack of seed/crop testing,
(5) limited funding for extension service, and (6) agric‟l universities‟ budget shortage.
(C) Activity Focus: Provide incentives and support for crop rotation & diversification
away from sorghum monoculture, subsidize mechanized land preparation for
planting, supports Dr. John Garang Univ. & MAF model farms demonstrating seed
testing of traditional plant varieties versus new crops/plants & cultivation methods..
(D) Strategic Plan:
i. Assist farmers with land preparation, raise beds & drainage (subsidize 50%);
ii. Ensure that new crop seeds & nursery trees are available (subsidize 50%);
iii. Assist farmers & producer groups to secure land areas to work (subsidize 50%);;
iv. Provide incentives, for young people, women‟s groups & traditional farmers to
plant new crops & harvest trees (gum Arabica, Shea Butter Nut ) (subsidize 50%).

13.3 MAF Objective: Improve Crop Yields Harvested & Forest Output

(A) Objective: Improve crop yields and sustainable forest product output per
feddan/hectare of planted areas
(B) Constraints: Poor access to consumer markets, low consumer incomes in
Jonglei, poor roods & limited infra-structure for electricity, water, & communications.
(C) Activity Focus: Provide incentives and Boost enabling environmental
incentives for food processing
(D) Strategic Plans:
i. Assist small farmers with mechanical tractor soil preparation (subsidize 60%);
ii. Ensure that improved planting seeds are available to farmers (subsidize 50%);
iii. Assist farmers and producer groups to acquire property rights (subsidize 50%);
iv. Provide a favorable environment, or incentives, for people to work planting
additional areas in grains and alternative food crops (subsidize 35%).


13.4 Objective #4: Improve Food Quality & Forest Products Sold
(A) Objective: Improve crop quality at the farm level and to consumers
(B) Constraints: Poor knowledge about food quality, limited market demand for
higher quality foods, no standards for foods, not sufficient quantities to classify foods
as Number 1, 2, or 3, and low consumer incomes within Jonglei State
(C) Activity Focus: Provide incentives & boost “enabling environmental” with price
incentives for getting farmers to be rewarded and paid more for better quality foods.
(D) Strategic Plans Aims:
ii. Make improved & different crop seeds & tree saplings available (subsidize 50%);
ii. Assist farmers reduce pests losses & quality losses to pests (subsidize 50%);
iii. Improve post harvest handling, bagging, packaging & sales (subsidize 50%);
iv. Assist with mechanize tractor/rotor tiller land preparation (subsidize 50%);
v. Assist farmers/producer groups to have good land to work with (subsidize 50%);
vi. Improve markets with price incentives for better quality foods (subsidize 50%);

South Sudan's Jonglei State's Agricultural and Food Security Strategy Presentation Draft 17-Nov-2012

South Sudan's Jonglei State's Agricultural and Food Security Strategy Presentation Draft 17-Nov-2012

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