2. M o t iva t i o n
0 One of the single most important
themes in all of psychology
0 Widely researched in sports,
learning, and manpower
0 What factor(s) lead us to engage
in the behaviors that we do?
0 WHY??
Workshop on Motivational
Aspects of Robotics in Physical
Therapy, IROS 2012
3. Definition
0 Motivation is the psychological feature that arouses a
person to action toward a desired goal and elicits,
controls, and sustains certain goal directed behaviors.
Workshop on Motivational
Aspects of Robotics in Physical
Therapy, IROS 2012
7. Belongingness Motives
0 Need for Affiliation
0 Desire to establish and maintain social contacts
0 Need for Intimacy
0 Desire for close relationships characterized by open and
intimate communication
0 Self-Disclosure
0 Sharing of intimate details about oneself to another person
Workshop on Motivational
Aspects of Robotics in Physical
Therapy, IROS 2012
8. Esteem Motives
0 Achievement Motivation
0 A strong desire to accomplish difficult tasks,
outperform others, and excel. People with a high
need to achieve tend to prefer moderately
challenging tasks and to persist in accomplishing
them.
0 Need for Power
0 A strong desire to acquire prestige and influence
over other people
Workshop on Motivational
Aspects of Robotics in Physical
Therapy, IROS 2012
9. Sources of Achievement Motivation
0Many achievement-oriented children have
parents and teachers who encourage and
affirm independent achievement rather
than overly controlling them with rewards
and threats.
0First-born children tend to be higher
achievers, but later-born children tend to
have greater social skills and to be more
accepting of new ideas.
Workshop on Motivational
Aspects of Robotics in Physical
Therapy, IROS 2012
10.
11. Reward-Based Motivation
0 Many companies use incentive programs:
0 Individualized incentives, time off or extra pay
0 Small-group incentive plans, offering bonuses to work
unit members for reaching goals
0 Profit-sharing
0 Recognition Programs
0e.g., “Employee of the Month”
Workshop on Motivational
Aspects of Robotics in Physical
Therapy, IROS 2012
12. Intrinsic Motivation
0 Intrinsic Motivation
0 An inner drive that motivates people in the absence of
external reward or punishment
0 Extrinsic Motivation
0 The desire to engage in an activity for money,
recognition, or other tangible benefits
Workshop on Motivational
Aspects of Robotics in Physical
Therapy, IROS 2012
17. Motivation in Physical Therapy
Workshop on Motivational
Aspects of Robotics in Physical
Therapy, IROS 2012
Physical therapy is similar to sport
… thus motivation is essential
Movement
Efforts
Body development
Pain
Goal to achieve
18. Motivation → Treatment outcome
Workshop on Motivational
Aspects of Robotics in Physical
Therapy, IROS 2012
Motivation
High
Low
Active Participation
Passive Participation
Better Outcome
19. Workshop on Motivational
Aspects of Robotics in Physical
Therapy, IROS 2012
Motivation
High
Low
Apathy
Better OutcomeEmotional arousal
Personal engagement
Motivation → Treatment outcome
20. Workshop on Motivational
Aspects of Robotics in Physical
Therapy, IROS 2012
Motivation
High
Low
Self and abilities
esteem
Not knowing self
potential
Better Outcome
Underestimation
of capacity
Motivation → Treatment outcome
21. Workshop on Motivational
Aspects of Robotics in Physical
Therapy, IROS 2012
Motivation
High
Low
Repetitions and
self-challenges
Insufficient training
Better Outcome
Motivation → Treatment outcome
22. Workshop on Motivational
Aspects of Robotics in Physical
Therapy, IROS 2012
High motivation→ active participation
→ emotional arousal
→ personal engagement
→ self and abilities esteem
→ repetitions and self-challenges
Low motivation → passive action
→ apathy
→ not knowing self potential
→ underestimation of capacity
→ insufficient training
Motivation → Treatment outcome
23. How to keep motivation?
Workshop on Motivational
Aspects of Robotics in Physical
Therapy, IROS 2012
Augmented feedback
Task characteristics
24. Task characteristics
Workshop on Motivational
Aspects of Robotics in Physical
Therapy, IROS 2012
0Tasks improve motivation when:
0 The task is specific
0 The task is meaningful
0 The task is challenging but achievable
0 The task is framed in terms of getting what is
wanted rather than avoiding what is not wanted
25. Task characteristics
Workshop on Motivational
Aspects of Robotics in Physical
Therapy, IROS 2012
Early Learning Skilled Performance
Blocked practice Random practiceVaried practice
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28. Augmented feedback
Workshop on Motivational
Aspects of Robotics in Physical
Therapy, IROS 2012
Adequate feedback
True
Informative
Easy to
understand
Not interfering
32. How to keep motivation?
Workshop on Motivational
Aspects of Robotics in Physical
Therapy, IROS 2012
Variable tasks
Variable environment
Challenging tasks
Rate of success
Varied and distributed practice
Adequate feedback
Positive feedback
Quantitative feedback
Competition
Augmented feedback
Task characteristics
36. Motivational Aspects of
Robotics in Physical Therapy
0 Design for motivation
0 Motivate Children
0 Motivate Elders
0 Keynote
0 Human robot interaction through robot audition.
Hiroshi Okuno
0 Physical and Cognitive Robot Assisted Therapy. Bram
Vanderborght
Workshop on Motivational
Aspects of Robotics in Physical
Therapy, IROS 2012
