2. British Interests The first real concessions came in 1810, when the British government negotiated preferential trading privileges in Brazil in return for its support for the Portuguese royal family during the Napoleonic Wars. In the Spanish empire, where the struggle for emancipation lasted from about 1810 until 1825, restrictions on direct trade between the colonies and other countries were gradually dismantled during the conflict. When it finally became clear, in the early 1820s, that Spain could do little to reverse the independence process, Canning took the first steps towards safeguarding Britain's economic interests and recognizing the new republics by sending out consular officials. The British mania for Latin America rose in a crescendo early in 1825, just after the government's decision to grant formal recognition to some of the new nations. Merchants with cargoes of manufactured goods, particularly cotton textiles, established themselves in large numbers in ports along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, while in London eager speculators invested their savings in loans to the young governments and in mining enterprises which promised a new El Dorado. Most cities grew very rapidly during the export boom. Buenos Aires, which had a population of almost 80,000 in 1869, had increased to nearly 1.6 million by 1914; by then ten cities in Latin America had over 200,000 inhabitants.
3. Latin America's Wars RACE WAR IDEOLOGY OF INDEPENDENCE WARS OF TERRITORIAL CONQUEST RESOURCE WARS INTRACLASS WARS INTERVENTIONS CAUSED BY CAPITALISM RELIGIOUS WARS
4. WAR AGAINST THE PERU-BOLIVIA CONFEDERATION In 1837 Rosas joined Chile to make war on the Peru-Bolivia Confederation. Numerous factors motivated Rosas to declare war on May 19, 1837. Most important was a boundary dispute over the province of Tarija. Also, Rosas perceived the unification of Peru and Bolivia as creating a strong neighbor and a possible threat. And finally, Unitarian refugees had found haven in Bolivia from Rosas' terror. Throughout the first year the fighting was inconclusive, but on June 24, 1838, the Bolivians defeated troops from the United Provinces at the Battle of Montenegro (495 mi NW of Buenos Aires and 495 mi SSE of La Paz, Bolivia), and Rosas withdrew from the war.
5. Urbanization in Mexico & Latin America Сolonial Mexico was a filthy place, but the long-term accumulation of waste did not really become a problem until after the 1910 revolution, which yanked the Indian population out of self-sufficient subsistence economies and into the world of buying, selling, and discarding. In the nineteen-forties, when the economy finally stabilized after the long devastation of civil war, consumerism made its first in-roads. Waste multiplied. Each month, thousands of peasants abandoned their land and came to the capital looking for a better life. By the nineteen-sixties, urban prosperity had proved to be a mirage, but the situation in the countryside was infinitely worse, and the mass urban migration continued. The newcomers settled in shacks along the roads leading into the city, stole their electricity from the highway power lines, and made do without running water, drainage, or garbage-collection systems. The communities grew at such a rate that one of them, Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl, is the country's fourth-largest city. Thoroughly integrated by now into the consumer economy, its million- plus inhabitants carry their groceries home in plastic bags, use their spare change to buy hair spray, splurge at United States-based fast-food chains on soda pop served in plastic-foam cups, and pour milk for their children from plastic-coated-cardboard cartons.
6. The Second World, by ParagKhanna - Part III The United States, by contrast, is described as naïve and arrogant, a musclebound superpower searching for a brain. The State Department, he writes, is run like “the world’s largest travel agency.” With its special envoys and troubleshooters rushing around the planet to put out brush fires, the United States practices a “diplomacy by dilettantism” unworthy of a great power. In his polemical conclusion Mr. Khanna becomes a little unhinged in his analysis of the ills afflicting the United States, which, by his description, should collapse sometime in the middle of next month. He works himself into a lather over the popularity of police car chases on television, football and “wasteful motor sports.” “American socioeconomic attitudes would be laughable if they were not so scary,” he writes. A prime example of imperial overstretch, the United States faces a highly uncertain future, Mr. Khanna argues, somewhat more coherently, with economic decline and waning international influence distinct possibilities. From a position of world dominance, it must readjust to a fluid international order in which it is “merely one of several competing vendors or brands on the catwalk of credibility.” You sense that Mr. Khanna will enjoy the show.
7. The Second World, by ParagKhanna - Part III Latin America has no long seemed a geopolitical non sequitur, oceans away from the world’s principal strategic theaters. But today it is casting its eyes east and west to avoid the north. The shakes are existential energy self-sufficiency in the Western Hemispheric pan-region and independence from the turbulence of Eurasia. Oil from areas a stretching from the Acetic to Canada’s Alberta to the Golf of Mexico to Venezuela, combined with new sources of power , such as Brazilian ethanol, could unite North and South America in trade bloc unsurpassed in the rest of the world.
8. The Second World, by ParagKhanna - Part III Imperial system can be compares to bubbles blowing up in size, expanding and rising, then bursting and falling. Latin America has always been caught in others’ imperial bubbles, and never been able to form its own. Indeed, because Latin America’s resources have always served the developed world, its own underdevelopment was integral to the rise of world capitalism. Beginning with arrival of Christopher Columbus, competition on subjugate the hemisphere’s vast expanses was ruthless. United only by a commitment to spread Catholicism, the Spanish and Portuguese monarchies divided all the colonies of the New World.
9. The Second World, by ParagKhanna - Part III For Latin Americans, China represents a new way of doing business outside of America’s thicket of codes and regulations, one that imposes no political conditionality whatsoever other than lobbying Latin American countries to resend their recognition of Taiwan, which for years had purchased diplomatic loyalty across the region, particularly in Central America, and received market economy status in their trade relations. On the whole, China is not yet putting its mouth where its money is. It’s not China’s Fault if Latin American leaders stand up to the United States.
10. ARGENTINAPresidents EdelmiroJulián Farrell 1944-1946 (+1980) military Juan Domingo Perón Sosa 1946-1955 (+1974) Eduardo Lonardi 1955 (+1956) military Pedro Eugenio Aramburu 1955-1958 (+1970)A military Arturo Frondizi 1958-1962 (+1995) UCR José María Guido 1962-1963 (+1975) military Arturo Umberto Illía 1963-1966 (+1983) UCR Juan Carlos Onganía 1966-1970 (+1995) military Roberto Marcelo Levingston 1970-1971 military Alejandro AgustínLanusseGelly 1971-1973 (+1996) military Héctor José Cámpora 1973 (+1980) FREJULI Raúl Alberto Lastiri 1973 (+1978) civilian (acting) Juan Domingo Perón Sosa 1973-1974 (+) María Estela Martínez de Perón 1974-1976 Jorge Rafael Videla 1976-1981 military (2) Roberto Eduardo Viola 1981 (+1994) military (3) HoracioTomásLiendo 1981 military (3) (interim) LeopoldoFortunatoGaltieri 1981-1982 military (3) Alfredo Óscar Saint-Jean 1982 military (3) (interim) Reynaldo Benito Bignone 1982-1983 military (4) RaúlAlfonsínFoulkes 1983-1989 UCR Carlos Saúl Menem Akil 1989- PJ
11. BRAZILPresidents GetúlioDornelles Vargas 1930-1945 (+1954)S civilian José Linhares 1945-1946 (+1957) civilian (caretaker) Eurico Gaspar Dutra 1946-1951 (+1974) civilian GetúlioDornelles Vargas 1951-1954 (+)S civilian João Café Filho 1954-1955 (+1970) civilian (caretaker) Carlos Coimbra da Luz 1955 ? civilian (caretaker) Nereu de Oliveira Ramos 1955-1956 (+1958)D civilian (caretaker) JuscelinoKubitschek de Oliveira 1956-1961 (+1976)D civilian Jânioda Silva Quadros 1961 (+1992) civilian PascoalRanieriMazzilli 1961 (+1975) civilian (caretaker) JoãoBelchior Marques Goulart 1961-1964 (+1976) civilian PascoalRanieriMazzilli 1964 (+1975) civilian (caretaker) Humberto de AlencarCasteloBranco 1964-1967 (+1967)D military Arturo da Costa e Silva 1967-1969 (+1969) military Rademaker/Mello e Souza/Lyra Tavares 1969 military (triunvirate) Emilio GarrastazúMédici 1969-1974 (+1985) military Ernesto Geisel Beckmann 1974-1979 (+1996) military JoãoBaptista de Oliveira Figueiredo 1979-1985 military José Sarney 1985-1990 civilian Fernando Collor de Mello 1990-1992 civilian Itamar Augusto Cautiero Franco 1992-1995 civilian Fernando Henrique Cardoso 1995- civilian,