1. of the 1960s

2. • social movements in the United States whose goal was
to end racial segregation and discrimination against black
Americans and enforce constitutional voting rights to
them

3. - Clergyman, activist, humanitarian, and leader in the
African-American Civil Rights Movement. He is best known
for his role in the advancement of civil rights using
nonviolent civil disobedience.
• Known for the “most memorable performance” during the Big March
• His speech stirred the minds of people all over the world & reminded
them of the Civil Rights Movement’s purpose
• He called the march “the greatest demonstration of
freedom in the history of our nation”

4. • Elijah Muhammad founded the Nation of
Islam – favored separation of races and
wanted a part of the U.S. set aside for African Americans
• Muhammad’s most significant follower
• But, in 1964 he split with Muhammad and founded own
group
• Organization of Afro-American Unity
• Began speaking of the need for “brotherhood” and
reaching out to different groups
• Assassinated on Feb. 21, 1965 presumably by followers
of Muhammad

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Radical group founded by two college students in Oakland, CA
Talked about armed revolt & wore military clothes
Openly carried guns
Ideas of black separation & a refusal to reject violence became
popular
Chanted “We want power! Black power!”
Antagonized many white liberals who supported the Civil Rights
Movement
The “Black Power” call was enthusiastically taken up by younger
blacks
SNCC & CORE decided only blacks could hold leadership positions
in their organizations

6. • Feb. 1, 1660
• 4 freshman from Greensboro, NC were denied coffee
and doughnuts because the restaurant didn’t serve
colored people
• Students stayed until close
• The next day they returned with 19 others
• News of sit-ins spread quickly
• People participated in them in towns and cities in 13
states
• By the fall of 1961, 70,000 were protesting at lunch
counters, courts, libraries, theaters, beaches & pools

7. Goal – integrate interstate bus facilities
• Supreme court ruled for buses to desegregate, but the
ruling had not yet been implemented
• 1961
• Protestors rode buses through the south & refused to use
segregated facilities
• Mobs of violent whites awaited them
• Southern governors refused to take action against the
violence
• In sept. the interstate commerce commission ordered an
end to segregation on all interstate buses & trains

8. • Activists launched what is now known as “One of the
most influential campaigns of the Civil Rights Movement”
• From a high school in Jefferson county, Alabama 800
students marched 10 miles to Birmingham
• Stopped by police & put in jail

9. • Rev. James Bel came up with a children’s crusade &
began a march in Birmingham
• By May 7, 1963 – 3,000 black young people were
marching the city
• Students left school to participate
• Children faced fire hoses & vicious police dogs
• Jails were overcrowded with students so they expanded
to fair grounds
• “Turned the tide of the movement”

11. • Civil rights veterans planned the march with assistance
from leaders of the NAACP, SCLC, CORE & National
Urban League
• Wanted to vent grievances, set goals & boosts spirits of
civil rights workers
• Wanted to show support for Kennedy’s civil rights act
• Joined by people of all ages, races & backgrounds
• ¼ million gathered at the Lincoln Memorial on Aug.
28, 1963
• March on Washington

13. • Ended segregation in public places and banned
employment discrimination on the basis of race, color,
religion, sex, or national origin
• First proposed by JFK, signed into law by Lyndon B.
Johnson
• In the following years, congress expanded the act and
passed additional legislation aimed at bringing equality to
African Americans
-Voting rights act of 1965
• Blacks and other minorities could no longer be denied
service based on the color of their skin

14. • Site of major civil rights confrontation
• Selma blacks made up half of the cities population but
comprised only 1% of the voters
• African Americans felt intimidated
• Jan. 1965, SNCC & SCLC focused on the city in regards
to voting rights
• Even MLK joined
• Marchers sang, prayed & marched through the streets
• Within a couple weeks, two thousand marchers including
MLK were arrested
• Did not stop the campaign

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Protests spread to communities beyond Selma
Feb. 8 – first casualty
Jamie Lee Jackson was shot by a state trooper
Civil rights leaders worked hard to prevent Jackson’s
death from turning demonstrators to violence
• His death also compelled civil right’s leaders to rethink
their efforts
• Campaign in Selma seemed to be going nowhere
• It was time to adopt a new, bold strategy

16. • Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson
• August 6, 1965
• Aimed at overcoming legal barriers at both state and
local levels which prevented African Americans from
voting