Telecommunication.

1. By Sherjeel Chughtai(FAST-NU)
(Founder Of Telecom Pak Group)

2. “Any sufficiently advanced technology is
indistinguishable from magic.”
Arthur Clarke

3.  LTE Advanced is a preliminary mobile
communication standard, formally submitted
as a candidate 4G system to ITU-T in late
2009, was approved into ITU, International
Telecommunications Union, IMT-Advanced.
 Itis standardized by the 3rd Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP) as a major
enhancement of the 3GPP Long Term
Evolution (LTE) standard.

7. Spectrum Efficiency
 LTE-Advanced aims to support downlink (8x8
antenna configuration) peak spectrum
efficiency of 30 bps/Hz and uplink (4x4
antenna configuration) peak spectrum
efficiency of 15 bps/Hz.

8. Spectrum flexibility
 LTE-Advanced shall operate in spectrum
allocations of different sizes including
wider spectrum allocations than those of LTE
Release 8. The main focus for bandwidth
solutions wider than 20MHz should be on
consecutive spectrum. However aggregation of
the spectrum for LTE-Advanced should take into
account reasonable user equipment (UE)
complexity. Frequency division duplex (FDD) and
time division duplex(TDD) should be supported
for existing paired and unpaired frequency
bands, respectively.

9. Enhanced multiple antenna technologies
 LTE-Advanced extends the MIMO capabilities of
LTE Release 8 to now supporting eight downlink
antennas and four uplink antennas.
 In the downlink 8-by-x single user spatial
multiplexing scenario of LTE-Advanced, up to
two transport blocks can be transmitted to a
scheduled UE in one sub frame per downlink
component carrier. Each transport block is
assigned its own modulation and coding scheme.
For HARQ ACK/NACK feedback on uplink, one bit
is used for each transport block.

10. Enhanced multiple antenna technologies
 With LTE-Advanced a scheduled UE may transmit up
to two transport blocks. Each transport block has its
own modulation and coding scheme (MCS level).
Depending on the number of transmission layers, the
modulation symbols associated with each of the
transport blocks are mapped onto one or two layers
according to the same principle as for LTE Release 8
downlink spatial multiplexing. The transmission rank
can be adapted dynamically. Different codebooks are
defined depending on the number of layers that are
used. Further more different pre-coding is used
depending on whether two or four transmit antennas
are available. Also the number of bits used for the
codebook index is different depending on the 2 and 4
transmit antenna case, respectively.

11. Enhanced uplink transmission scheme
The uplink transmission scheme of LTE-Advanced
has been maintained to a large extent, i.e.
single carrier – frequency division multiple
access (SC-FDMA) is used , which is a discrete
fourier transformed (DFT) pre-coded orthogonal
frequency division multiple access (OFDMA)
scheme. The transmission of the physical uplink
shared channel (PUSCH) uses DFT pre-coding in
both MIMO and non-MIMO modes.

12. Control-data decoupling
 In LTE Release 8 a UE only uses physical
uplink control channel (PUCCH) when it does
not have any data to transmit on PUSCH. I.e.
if a UE has data to transmit on PUSCH, it
would multiplex the control information with
data on PUSCH. This is not longer valid in
LTE-Advanced, which means that
simultaneous PUCCH and PUSCH transmission
is possible in uplink direction.

13. Non-contiguous data transmission with single DFT
 The LTE Release 8 uplink scheme SC-FDMA differs
from the LTE Release 8 downlink schemes, as an
additional DFT is used in the transmission chain that
transforms the modulation symbols into the
frequency domain. In Release 8 localized SC-FDMA is
allowed only, i.e. in uplink direction only consecutive
subcarriers are transmitted. This is the essential
advantage of the scheme, since it reduces the peak
to average ratio of the transmitted signal and
consequently allows more efficient power
amplifier implementation. LTE-Advanced extends the
uplink transmission scheme by allowing clustered SC-
FDMA, i.e. the uplink transmission is not anymore
restricted to the use of consecutive subcarriers, but
clusters of subcarriers may be allocated . This allows
uplink frequency selective scheduling and
consequently will increase the link performance.
However the peak to average ratio of the
transmission signal will be increased compared with
the localized scheme of LTE Release 8

14. Coordinated multiple point transmission and
reception (CoMP)
Coordinated multi-point (CoMP)
transmission/reception is considered for LTE-
Advanced as a tool to improve the coverage of high
data rates, the cell-edge throughput and to increase
system throughput . In a cellular deployment and
specifically if frequencies are reused in each
cell, other-cell interference traditionally degrades
the system capacity. The target in CoMP is to turn the
other cell interference into a useful signal
specifically at the cell border. This requires dynamic
coordination in the scheduling /
transmission, including joint transmission, from
multiple geographically separate points and also
support for joint processing of received signals at
multiple geographically separated points.

15. Coordinated multiple point transmission and
reception (CoMP)

17.  Extensionof LTE downlink spatial
multiplexing to upto eight layers is
considered. For the uplink spatial multiplying
to upto four layers is considered.

19. Relaying
LTE-Advanced extends LTE Release 8 with
support for relaying in order to enhance
coverage and capacity.
Further enhanced MBMS
The MBMS has been enhanced in the LTE
advanced.

20.  One solution to improve coverage is the use
of fixed relays, pieces of
infrastructure without a wired backhaul
connection, that relay messages between the
base station (BS) and mobile stations (MSs)
through multi-hop communication.

21.  Analog repeater :The simplest
strategy, which uses a combination of
directional antennas and a power amplifier
to repeat the transmit signal .
 Amplify-and-forward: relays apply linear
transformation to the received signal .
 decode-and-forward: relays decode the
signal then re-encode for transmission
 compress-and-forward

22.  One-way relay
 Two-way relay
 Shared relays

23. ISSUES IN LTE
• ENERGY
• SPECTRUM UTILIZATION
• INTERFERENCE
• RESOURCE ALLOCATION
• COVERAGE AND CAPACITY
• SELF ORGANIZED NETWORKS
• HIGHER PEAK DATA RATE
• LARGER BANDWIDTH

25.  In February 2007 NTT DoCoMo announced the completion
of a 4G trial where it achieved a
maximum packet transmission rate of approximately
5 Gbit/s in the downlink using 100 MHz frequency
bandwidth to a mobile station moving at 10 km/h.
 In 2009, Rohde & Schwarz launched the CMW500 Wideband
Communication Tester.
 In February 2011 at Mobile World Congress, Agilent
Technologies demonstrated the industry's first test
solutions for LTE-Advanced with both signal
generation and signal analysis solutions.
 In 2011 May, Dialog Axiata PLC of Sri Lanka successfully
demonstrated 4G LTE in Colombo and it became the first
to reach 100mbps in South Asia. Currently, several main
cities of Colombo are included in 4G testing phase

26.  Increased peak data rates (Gbit/s).
 Improved cell edge throughput.
 Improved spectrum efficiency.
 Improved network coverage.
 Increased energy efficiency.
 Spectrum flexibility and self-organizing
network.

27.  Node B is a term used in UMTS equivalent to the
BTS (base transceiver station) description used in
GSM.
 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
(UMTS) is a third generation mobile cellular
technology for networks based on the GSM
standard.
 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is
an enhanced 3G (third generation) mobile
telephony communications protocol in the High-
Speed Packet Access (HSPA) family, also dubbed
3.5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G, which allows networks
based on Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System (UMTS) to have higher data transfer
speeds and capacity

28.  Multiple-inputand multiple-
output, or MIMO is the use of multiple
antennas at both the transmitter and
receiver to improve communication
performance.
 UE: User equipment
 Femto Cells: a femto cell is a small
cellular base station, typically designed for
use in a home or small business.

29.  HSPA+, also known as Evolved High-Speed
Packet Access is
a wireless broadband standard defined
in 3GPP release 7 and above.
 System Architecture Evolution (aka SAE) is
the core network architecture
of 3GPP's LTE wireless communication
standard.

30.  Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple
Access (OFDMA) is a multi-user version of
the popular Orthogonal frequency-division
multiplexing (OFDM) digital modulation
scheme. Multiple access is achieved in
OFDMA by assigning subsets of subcarriers to
individual users.

31. A macrocell is a cell in a mobile phone
network that provides radio coverage served
by a high power cellular base station
(tower).
 Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast
Services (MBMS) is
a broadcasting service offered via
existing GSM and UMTS cellular networks

32.  LTEAdvanced benefits is the ability to take
advantage of advanced topology networks;
optimized heterogeneous networks with a
mix of macros with low power nodes such
as picocells, femto cells and new relay
nodes. LTE Advanced further improves the
capacity and coverage, and ensures user
fairness. LTE Advanced also introduces
multicarrier to be able to use ultra wide
bandwidth.

33.  http://www.facebook.com/pages/Telecom-
Pak/167884679914443
 http://www.linkedin.com/groups/Telecom-
Pak-3672295?mostPopular=&gid=3672295