Enviar búsqueda
Cargar
60 nov-dec2007
•
0 recomendaciones
•
149 vistas
P
Pruthvi Azad
Seguir
Denunciar
Compartir
Denunciar
Compartir
1 de 48
Descargar ahora
Descargar para leer sin conexión
Recomendados
February 2015
February 2015
Pruthvi Azad
Bhadradri rama 2020
Bhadradri rama 2020
SRICHAITANYACHAINULU MIRTHIPAT
05. bhatatha swatantrayasangramam muslim yodhulu (first part)
05. bhatatha swatantrayasangramam muslim yodhulu (first part)
Teacher
" పెసర/మినుము " పంటకు సంబందించి తరచుగా అడిగే ప్రశ్నలు
" పెసర/మినుము " పంటకు సంబందించి తరచుగా అడిగే ప్రశ్నలు
KACHARAGADLA MEDIA CORP
Nad feb-13
Nad feb-13
Pruthvi Azad
Nad aug-sep-11
Nad aug-sep-11
Pruthvi Azad
57 may-june2007
57 may-june2007
Pruthvi Azad
Bava maradallu Sarasam
Bava maradallu Sarasam
HotBuddy
Recomendados
February 2015
February 2015
Pruthvi Azad
Bhadradri rama 2020
Bhadradri rama 2020
SRICHAITANYACHAINULU MIRTHIPAT
05. bhatatha swatantrayasangramam muslim yodhulu (first part)
05. bhatatha swatantrayasangramam muslim yodhulu (first part)
Teacher
" పెసర/మినుము " పంటకు సంబందించి తరచుగా అడిగే ప్రశ్నలు
" పెసర/మినుము " పంటకు సంబందించి తరచుగా అడిగే ప్రశ్నలు
KACHARAGADLA MEDIA CORP
Nad feb-13
Nad feb-13
Pruthvi Azad
Nad aug-sep-11
Nad aug-sep-11
Pruthvi Azad
57 may-june2007
57 may-june2007
Pruthvi Azad
Bava maradallu Sarasam
Bava maradallu Sarasam
HotBuddy
May june'12 final
May june'12 final
Naveen Sarimalla
Nad nov-11
Nad nov-11
Pruthvi Azad
Nad aug final
Nad aug final
Pruthvi Azad
Nad august
Nad august
Pruthvi Azad
Nad june 40
Nad june 40
Pruthvi Azad
اركلن الإيمان والإسلام
اركلن الإيمان والإسلام
syed abdussalam
Karapatram tpf 24-06-14
Karapatram tpf 24-06-14
Pruthvi Azad
March 2014 color
March 2014 color
Rev Tukaram
Nad mar-13
Nad mar-13
Pruthvi Azad
Nad july-12
Nad july-12
Pruthvi Azad
Telangana Praja Front Manifesto
Telangana Praja Front Manifesto
Pruthvi Azad
Nad apr-14 final
Nad apr-14 final
Pruthvi Azad
Nad june f
Nad june f
Pruthvi Azad
Nad april-12
Nad april-12
Pruthvi Azad
Nad nov-final
Nad nov-final
Pruthvi Azad
Maa amma baapu rajaram final
Maa amma baapu rajaram final
Divya Medishetty
Ab surah-001-telugu-quran-ahsanul-bayan
Ab surah-001-telugu-quran-ahsanul-bayan
teluguislam.net
Nadusthunna Telangana July
Nadusthunna Telangana July
Prudhvi Azad
63 may june2008
63 may june2008
Pruthvi Azad
Nad may-14 final
Nad may-14 final
Pruthvi Azad
Gerencia
Gerencia
Rebecapalmerob
Revista Ecuaciones Diferenciales
Revista Ecuaciones Diferenciales
joa52
Más contenido relacionado
La actualidad más candente
May june'12 final
May june'12 final
Naveen Sarimalla
Nad nov-11
Nad nov-11
Pruthvi Azad
Nad aug final
Nad aug final
Pruthvi Azad
Nad august
Nad august
Pruthvi Azad
Nad june 40
Nad june 40
Pruthvi Azad
اركلن الإيمان والإسلام
اركلن الإيمان والإسلام
syed abdussalam
Karapatram tpf 24-06-14
Karapatram tpf 24-06-14
Pruthvi Azad
March 2014 color
March 2014 color
Rev Tukaram
Nad mar-13
Nad mar-13
Pruthvi Azad
Nad july-12
Nad july-12
Pruthvi Azad
Telangana Praja Front Manifesto
Telangana Praja Front Manifesto
Pruthvi Azad
Nad apr-14 final
Nad apr-14 final
Pruthvi Azad
Nad june f
Nad june f
Pruthvi Azad
Nad april-12
Nad april-12
Pruthvi Azad
Nad nov-final
Nad nov-final
Pruthvi Azad
Maa amma baapu rajaram final
Maa amma baapu rajaram final
Divya Medishetty
Ab surah-001-telugu-quran-ahsanul-bayan
Ab surah-001-telugu-quran-ahsanul-bayan
teluguislam.net
Nadusthunna Telangana July
Nadusthunna Telangana July
Prudhvi Azad
63 may june2008
63 may june2008
Pruthvi Azad
Nad may-14 final
Nad may-14 final
Pruthvi Azad
La actualidad más candente
(20)
May june'12 final
May june'12 final
Nad nov-11
Nad nov-11
Nad aug final
Nad aug final
Nad august
Nad august
Nad june 40
Nad june 40
اركلن الإيمان والإسلام
اركلن الإيمان والإسلام
Karapatram tpf 24-06-14
Karapatram tpf 24-06-14
March 2014 color
March 2014 color
Nad mar-13
Nad mar-13
Nad july-12
Nad july-12
Telangana Praja Front Manifesto
Telangana Praja Front Manifesto
Nad apr-14 final
Nad apr-14 final
Nad june f
Nad june f
Nad april-12
Nad april-12
Nad nov-final
Nad nov-final
Maa amma baapu rajaram final
Maa amma baapu rajaram final
Ab surah-001-telugu-quran-ahsanul-bayan
Ab surah-001-telugu-quran-ahsanul-bayan
Nadusthunna Telangana July
Nadusthunna Telangana July
63 may june2008
63 may june2008
Nad may-14 final
Nad may-14 final
Destacado
Gerencia
Gerencia
Rebecapalmerob
Revista Ecuaciones Diferenciales
Revista Ecuaciones Diferenciales
joa52
листовка двусторонняя
листовка двусторонняя
Tandemt
Desenvolupament i implantació del mòdul d’infermeria e Sap al Consorci Sanita...
Desenvolupament i implantació del mòdul d’infermeria e Sap al Consorci Sanita...
Fòrum Català d’Informació i Salut
1 pract biomas
1 pract biomas
scarletwitch300415
Practicas sandra
Practicas sandra
Sandra Zamm Romero
Bayern Munich vs Shakhtar Donetsk
Bayern Munich vs Shakhtar Donetsk
nicesashujren
Електоральні настрої: округ 118
Електоральні настрої: округ 118
Ratinggroup
Портфолио Лебер Групп 2014-2015
Портфолио Лебер Групп 2014-2015
Иван Афанасьев
BIOS, UEFI, legacy
BIOS, UEFI, legacy
Armando_V_G
사설토토 ▷▷▷DOdo55. COM ◁◁◁사설토토 사설토토
사설토토 ▷▷▷DOdo55. COM ◁◁◁사설토토 사설토토
thnashja
Clasificación internacional del funcionamiento 1
Clasificación internacional del funcionamiento 1
Betty Valdivieso
Regreso del mars 500
Regreso del mars 500
IES San pedro de Alcantara
ECIC Wayne CHAP 2012 WKKF award
ECIC Wayne CHAP 2012 WKKF award
Jametta Yvonne Lilly
Matematicas
Matematicas
maryfer0709
Multimedia e imagen
Multimedia e imagen
Antonio Goicochea
Diapositiva
Diapositiva
Luz
Destacado
(17)
Gerencia
Gerencia
Revista Ecuaciones Diferenciales
Revista Ecuaciones Diferenciales
листовка двусторонняя
листовка двусторонняя
Desenvolupament i implantació del mòdul d’infermeria e Sap al Consorci Sanita...
Desenvolupament i implantació del mòdul d’infermeria e Sap al Consorci Sanita...
1 pract biomas
1 pract biomas
Practicas sandra
Practicas sandra
Bayern Munich vs Shakhtar Donetsk
Bayern Munich vs Shakhtar Donetsk
Електоральні настрої: округ 118
Електоральні настрої: округ 118
Портфолио Лебер Групп 2014-2015
Портфолио Лебер Групп 2014-2015
BIOS, UEFI, legacy
BIOS, UEFI, legacy
사설토토 ▷▷▷DOdo55. COM ◁◁◁사설토토 사설토토
사설토토 ▷▷▷DOdo55. COM ◁◁◁사설토토 사설토토
Clasificación internacional del funcionamiento 1
Clasificación internacional del funcionamiento 1
Regreso del mars 500
Regreso del mars 500
ECIC Wayne CHAP 2012 WKKF award
ECIC Wayne CHAP 2012 WKKF award
Matematicas
Matematicas
Multimedia e imagen
Multimedia e imagen
Diapositiva
Diapositiva
Más de Pruthvi Azad
TPF Manifesto
TPF Manifesto
Pruthvi Azad
Anti-Polavaram
Anti-Polavaram
Pruthvi Azad
Tpf pamplent 28 10
Tpf pamplent 28 10
Pruthvi Azad
Tpf one 4th crown pamplent
Tpf one 4th crown pamplent
Pruthvi Azad
Tpf one 4th crown pamplent (1)
Tpf one 4th crown pamplent (1)
Pruthvi Azad
Pamplent cown praja frount
Pamplent cown praja frount
Pruthvi Azad
Pamplent cown praja frount (1)
Pamplent cown praja frount (1)
Pruthvi Azad
One fourth tpf
One fourth tpf
Pruthvi Azad
Tpf letter pad 2015 04 09
Tpf letter pad 2015 04 09
Pruthvi Azad
Tpf karapatram 2015 04 10
Tpf karapatram 2015 04 10
Pruthvi Azad
Varavara Rao's Article
Varavara Rao's Article
Pruthvi Azad
Afspa licence to kill frontline
Afspa licence to kill frontline
Pruthvi Azad
2014 06-21 050711-polavaram_thr
2014 06-21 050711-polavaram_thr
Pruthvi Azad
2014 04-01 063459-palamuru
2014 04-01 063459-palamuru
Pruthvi Azad
2014 03-28 141211-eguram
2014 03-28 141211-eguram
Pruthvi Azad
2014 03-28 140558-pranahita
2014 03-28 140558-pranahita
Pruthvi Azad
2014 03-28 132225-farmer1
2014 03-28 132225-farmer1
Pruthvi Azad
2014 03-28 131848-farmerstruggle2
2014 03-28 131848-farmerstruggle2
Pruthvi Azad
2014 03-28 131427-biranpally_1948
2014 03-28 131427-biranpally_1948
Pruthvi Azad
2014 03-28 125115-krota_vekuva_kosam (1)
2014 03-28 125115-krota_vekuva_kosam (1)
Pruthvi Azad
Más de Pruthvi Azad
(20)
TPF Manifesto
TPF Manifesto
Anti-Polavaram
Anti-Polavaram
Tpf pamplent 28 10
Tpf pamplent 28 10
Tpf one 4th crown pamplent
Tpf one 4th crown pamplent
Tpf one 4th crown pamplent (1)
Tpf one 4th crown pamplent (1)
Pamplent cown praja frount
Pamplent cown praja frount
Pamplent cown praja frount (1)
Pamplent cown praja frount (1)
One fourth tpf
One fourth tpf
Tpf letter pad 2015 04 09
Tpf letter pad 2015 04 09
Tpf karapatram 2015 04 10
Tpf karapatram 2015 04 10
Varavara Rao's Article
Varavara Rao's Article
Afspa licence to kill frontline
Afspa licence to kill frontline
2014 06-21 050711-polavaram_thr
2014 06-21 050711-polavaram_thr
2014 04-01 063459-palamuru
2014 04-01 063459-palamuru
2014 03-28 141211-eguram
2014 03-28 141211-eguram
2014 03-28 140558-pranahita
2014 03-28 140558-pranahita
2014 03-28 132225-farmer1
2014 03-28 132225-farmer1
2014 03-28 131848-farmerstruggle2
2014 03-28 131848-farmerstruggle2
2014 03-28 131427-biranpally_1948
2014 03-28 131427-biranpally_1948
2014 03-28 125115-krota_vekuva_kosam (1)
2014 03-28 125115-krota_vekuva_kosam (1)
60 nov-dec2007
1.
2.
46 =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ=∂~°æO v
#=O|~ü–_çÃãO|~ü 2007 ^Œ∞~°æ, ÉèíQÆ=fK«~°}ü "À„Ǩ ÉèÏ~°º. ÉèíQÆuûOQ∑ ã¨Ç¨ÏK«~°∞_çQÍ ™êfi`«O„`«º áÈ~å@OÖ’ „Ѩ=ÚYáê„`« =Ç≤ÏOz# ÉèíQÆ=f K«~°}ü`À áê@∞ ^Œ∞~°æ ‰õÄ_® qѨ¡= HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÖ’¡ áêÖÁæ#flk.. 1907 JHÀì|~ü 7# JÅǨÉÏ^£Ö’ ^Œ∞~°æ [x‡OzOk. P"≥∞ JO^ŒiH© `«# WO˜Ö’ P„â◊Ü«∞O WzÛ Éè’[# ã¨`å¯~åÅ∞ KÕ¿ãk. ZO`À PáêºÜ«∞OQÍ "åi`À =º=ǨÏiOK«_»O`À P"≥∞ JO^ŒiH© „Ñ≤Ü«∞"≥∞ÿ# =k# (ÉèÏcè) J~ÚáÈ~ÚOk. XHõ™êi ÉèíQÆ=fK«~°}ü Ѩ~åsÖ’ =Ù<åfl~°∞. ^Œ∞~°æ `«# WO˜x =ke ÖÏǨϟ~üÖ’ XHõ z#fl WO˜Ö’ =ÙO’Ok. ™êO_»~üû ǨÏ`«º `«~åfi`« P"≥∞ ÉèíQÆuûOQ∑ ÉèÏ~°ºQÍ H˘_»∞‰õΩ#∞ fã¨∞H˘x „Ѩܫ∂}O KÕã≤Ok. P q^èŒOQÍ "Õ~ÚHõà◊√¡ ÃÑ@∞ì‰õΩx "≥`«∞‰õΩ`«∞#fl áÈbã¨∞Å Hõà◊√¡ HõÑ≤ÊOk. ~å*òQÆ∞~°∞ Ѩx"å_çÖÏ, ÉèíQÆuûOQ∑ q^ÕâßÖ’¡ K«^Œ∞=Ù‰õΩ#fl Ü«Ú=‰õΩ_çÖÏ "ÕëêÅ∞ =∂~°∞Û‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. JÖÏ ÖÏǨϟ~ü #∞Oz ÅHÀfl‰õΩ ã¨∞~°H˜∆`«OQÍ "≥àÏ¡~°∞. JHõ¯_»#∞Oz HõÅHõ`åÎÖ’ =Ù#fl ã¨∞jÅnnH˜ Hõ|∞~°∞ KÕÜ«∞QÍ P"≥∞ ÉèíQÆuûOQ∑#∞ HõÅHõ`åÎÖ’ ã¨∞~°H˜∆`«OQÍ =ÙOzOk. D ÉèÏcè, nne^ŒÌ~°∂ z=i=~°‰õΩ giH˜ KÕ^À_»∞"å^À_»∞QÍ =Ù<åfl~°∞. 1930 "Õ∞ 28# ÉÏO|∞`«Ü«∂sÖ’ Jk ¿Ñe ÉèíQÆ=fK«~°}ü =∞~°}˜OKå~°∞. ^Œ∞~°æ nxfl `«@∞ìHÀÖËHõáÈ~ÚOk. HÍh P*Ï^£, W`«~° ã¨Ç¨ÏK«~°∞Å ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞O`À P"≥∞ `Õ~°∞‰õΩx uiy qѨ¡= HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÖ’¡ x=∞QÆfl"≥∞ÿOk. `«~åfi`« ÉÏO|∞ á¶êºHõìsÖ’<Õ q™ÈÊù@#O [~°QÆ_»O`À JO^Œ~°∂ Ѩ~å~°Ü«∂º~°∞. Ѩ~åsÖ’ =ÙO_»QÍ ^Œ∞~°æ Pã≤Î "≥Ú`«ÎO áÈbã¨∞Å∞ [ѨÙÎ KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. P"≥∞ÃÑ· JÔ~ã¨∞ì "åÔ~Oò *Ïs J~ÚOk. H˘_»∞‰õΩ =¸_Õà◊¡"å_»∞. ^•‰õΩ¯O@∂ JHõ¯_® WHõ¯_® u~°QÍeû =KÕÛk. J~Ú#ѨʘH© P"≥∞ ÉèíQÆuûOQ∑ "åà◊¡ q_»∞^ŒÅ HÀã¨O ZO`À Hõ$+≤ KÕã≤Ok. =∂~åfi_ô ¢ã‘ÎÖÏQÍ p~° Hõ@∞ì‰õΩx PÜ«Ú^è•Å∞ ~°"å}Ï KÕ¿ãk. "å˜Ö’ ˆHã¨∞ HÀã¨O _»|∞ƒÅ∞ =ã¨∂Å∞ KÕã≤Ok. ~°Ç¨Ï㨺 =ÚÖÏMÏ`üÅ∞ U~°Ê~°∞Û‰õΩx ~°Ç¨Ï㨺 ã¨O^ÕâßÅ∞ W=fi_»O, f™È¯_»O KÕ¿ãk. QÍOnèr`À ~°Ç¨Ï㨺OQÍ Hõeã≤ ÉèíQÆuûOQ∑ "åà◊¡ q_»∞^ŒÅ HÀã¨O HÀiOk. JO^Œ∞Hõ<Õ "åi =ÚQÆ∞æsfl Li fã≤#ѨC_»∞ ^Œ∞~°æ‰õΩ q∞#∞fl qiy g∞^Œ Ѩ_»¤@ì~ÚºOk. `«# „Ѩܫ∞`«fl=∞O`å =$^ä• J~ÚO^Œ#∞‰õΩOk. áÈbã¨∞Å∞ "≥O|_çOKÕ"å~°∞. Pi÷Hõ ã¨=∞㨺Å∞, H˘_»∞‰õΩ#∞ K«∂ã¨∞HÀ=_»O, „a˜+π "åà◊¡ÃÑ· Hõã≤ D ã≤÷uÖ’ P"≥∞ H˘_»∞‰õΩ#∞ "Õˆ~"åà◊¡H˜zÛ `å<Õ ã¨fiÜ«∞OQÍ XHõ Ü«∂Hõ∆<£ KÕÜ«∂Åx x~°‚~ÚOK«∞‰õΩOk. ÉÁOÉÏ~Ú áÈbãπ Hõq∞+¨#~üx K«OáêÅ#∞ ‰õΩOk. ~å„u 8 QÆO@ʼnõΩ p~° Hõ@∞ì‰õΩx, Ѩ$näfiã≤OQ∑`À áê@∞ HÍ~°∞Ö’ ɡ·ÖËÌiOk. =∞OKå~üÇ≤ÏÖòÖ’ =Ù#fl Hõq∞+¨#~ü |OQÍ¡ =^ŒÌ ѨÓiÎ |O^À|ã¨∞Î =Ù#flk. `«q∞OQƤ<£ ~À_»∞¤ g∞Oz #Å∞QÆ∞~°∞ „a˜+π ¢ã‘ÎѨÙ~°∞+¨µÅ∞ |OQÍ¡ "≥·Ñ¨Ù ~å=_»O K«∂_»QÍ<Õ P"≥∞ HÍÅ∞ÊÅ∞ [iÑ≤Ok. W^ŒÌ~°∞ ѨÙ~°∞+¨µÅ∞, XHõ ¢ã‘Î QÍÜ«∞Ѩ_®¤~°∞. Hõq∞+¨#~ü "åà◊¡Ö’ ÖË_»∞. á⁄~°áê>ˇÿOk. ^Œ∞~°æ "≥O@<Õ WO˜H˜ =zÛ p~° =∂~°∞Û‰õΩx P WO˜x =kÖËã≤Ok. KåÖÏ~ÀAÅ∞ ^•‰õΩ¯O@∂ uiyOk. z=iH˜ qã≤yáÈ~Ú JÔ~ã¨ì~ÚºOk. HÍh áÈbã¨∞ʼnõΩ P^è•~åÅ∞ ^˘~°HõÖË^Œ∞. JO^Œ∞Hõx ˆH=ÅO QÆ$ǨÏx~°ƒO^èŒOÖ’ =ÙOKå~°∞. `«~åfi`« q_»∞^ŒÅ KÕâß~°∞. P*Ï^£ 1931 Ѷ≤„|=i 27# K«xáÈ=_»O, ÉèíQÆuûOQ∑, ~å*òQÆ∞~°∞, ã¨∞Y^Õ"£Å∞ 23 =∂iÛ, 1931# K«xáÈ=_»O`À P"≥∞ XO@i^≥· áÈ~ÚOk. P*Ï^£ P"≥∞‰õΩ „Ñ≤Ü«∞™È^Œ~°∞_çÖÏ =ÙO_Õ"å_»∞. ^•O`À P"≥∞ D =∞<ÀˆH¡â◊O`À<Õ Ñ¶¨∞lÜ«∂ÉÏ^£ "≥o¡áÈ~Ú JHõ¯_» ©K«~üQÍ KÕã¨∂Î, HÍO„ÔQãπ HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÖ’¡#∂, ã¨=∂[¿ã=Ö’#∂ QÆ_»Ñ¨™êyOk. 1937 #∞O_ç 1982 =~°‰õΩ P"≥∞ ÅHÀflÖ’ q^•ºã¨Oã¨÷#∞ #_çÑ≤Ok. HÍh =$^•úѨºO, J<å~ÀQƺO`À P"≥∞ uiy Ѷ¨∞lÜ«∂ÉÏ^£ =zÛOk. H˘_»∞‰õΩ â◊pO„^Œ "À„Ǩ`À =ÙO@∂, JHõ¯_Õ `«∞kâßfi㨠=keOk. ^Œ∞~åæ ÉèÏcè ÉèÏ~°`«™êfi`«O„`«ºáÈ~å@OÖ’ÉèíQÆ`üã≤OQ∑,P*Ï^£=O˜qѨ¡=HÍ~°∞Å`ÀHõeã≤„a˜+π"åà◊§#∞ ZkiOz# ^Œ∞~åæ â◊`«[Ü«∞Ou ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOQÍ P"≥∞#∞ =∞~˘Hõ¯™êi 㨇iOK«∞‰õΩO^•O.
3.
#=O|~ü – _çÃãO|~ü
2007 ã¨OѨ٘ 7 ã¨OzHõ6 ã¨OYº 27 D ã¨OzHõÖ’...... K«O^•Å∞, ~°K«#Å∞ ѨOѨ=Åã≤# z~°∞<å=∂ : a.*’ºu Z_ç@~ü, =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ=∂~°æO 3–6–779/6, gkä <≥O.14, Ç≤Ï=∂Ü«∞`ü#QÆ~ü ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£ – 29 á¶È<£ – 040 27625245 ^≥·fi=∂ã≤Hõ Ѩ„uHõ Hõ=~ü á¶È’ : ^Œ∞~åæÉèÏcè Hõ=~ü _ç*ˇ·<£, =Ú„^Œ} : K«i`« WO„ÃÑ+¨<£û =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ=∂~°æO q_çHÍÑ‘ – ~°∞.10/– ã¨O=`«û~° K«O^• – ~°∞.50/– rq`« K«O^• – ~°∞.300/– ã¨Oáê^ŒHõ=~°æO a.*’ºu (Z_ç@~ü) a.J#∂~å^èŒ _®.Ñ≤.q[Ü«∞ÅH˜∆‡ Ñ≤.[Ü«∞ Ñ≤.J#Å ã¨ÅǨ=∞O_»e Hõ$ëê‚ÉÏ~Ú x~°‡ÖÏ~å}˜ =#=∂Å HÍ`åºÜ«∞x q^Œ‡¿ÇÏ H˘O_ÕѨÓ_çx~°‡Å Ñ≤.ã¨`«º=u HÍ`åºÜ«∞x â◊tHõà◊ mahilamargam@rediffmail.com «¨ã¨Oáê^ŒH©Ü«∞O : q+¨q∞ã¨∞Î#fl ™ê„=∂[º"å^Œ ã¨O㨯$u 3 «"åºã¨O : Pk"åã‘ |`«∞‰õΩefl PQÆO KÕã¨∞Î#fl ™ê„=∂[º"å^ŒO – ^Œ∞_»∞¤ „ѨÉèÏHõ~ü 5 « K«i„`«Ö’=∞Ç≤Ïà◊ : q^ÕâßÅÖ’x =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ *ÏfÜ«∞"å^Œ∞Å∞ – q.QÍiæ 13 «ã¨O㨇~°} : ã¨Ç¨Ï"åã≤, Ñ≤.Ü«∞â’^•Ô~_ç¤ 17 «Hõ^äŒ : „Ѷ¨"£∞ J„_»ãπ – Hõqx 18 « ¢ã‘ÎÅ∞–~å[ºÇ≤ÏO㨠: ''„Ѩ*ÏѨHõ∆O =kÖËã≤# "å=∞ѨHõ∆O—— – a.J#∂~å^èŒ 22 «Ñ¨Ùã¨ÎHõ ã¨g∞Hõ∆ : ѨÃÇÏKå<£ – HÍ`åºÜ«∞x 26 «áÈ~å@„ã¨=OuÖ’.... : ............................................................ 29 «ã≤x=∂ã¨g∞Hõ∆ : K«H±^Õ WO_çÜ«∂ – a.J#∂~å^èŒ 36 «ã¨ÊO^Œ# : 'ã‘xÜ«∞~ü ã≤˜*ˇ<£û— JO>Ë Ñ¨Ù~°∞+¨µÖË<å? – ˜.Hõ~°∞} 38 « Hõ^äŒ : HÀ~°Å ~åHõ∆ã¨∞Å∞– `ÀHõ ^≥Ü«∂ºÅ∞ – _®IIÑ≤.q[Ü«∞ÅH˜∆‡ 39 « áê~î°‰õΩÅ"ÕkHõ : – ~°∞„^Œ"Õ}˜ 44
4.
2 =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ=∂~°æO v
#=O|~ü–_çÃãO|~ü 2007 QÆ∞iÎOѨ٠=∂~°∞ʉõΩ ^•ifÜ«∂Å<Õ PHÍOHõ∆`À =∞#ã¨=∂[O ¢ã‘ÎÅ#∞XHõ~°HõOQÍ#∂ѨÙ~°∞+¨µÅ#∞=∞~À~°HõOQÍ#∂x~°fizOzOk.¢ã‘ÎxѨÙ~°∞+¨µ_çH˜ÉÏxã¨QÍ =∂ˆ~Û„Hõ=∞OÖ’<ÕDx~°fiK«<åÅ∞=KåÛ~Ú.|ÅOQÍ"Õà◊¥§#∞‰õΩ<åfl~Ú.D~ÀAJqZO`«QÍ=∞#rq`«OÖ’'ã¨Ç¨Ï[O— J~ÚáÈÜ«∂Ü«∞O>Ë Jã¨Å∞ =∞#O `Õ_® =ÙO^Œx QÆ∞iÎOK«ÖË#O`«QÍ. '¢ã‘ΠѨÙ~°∞+¨µe^ŒÌ~°∞ =∞#∞+¨µÖË Hõ^•– "åà◊§ =∞^茺 D `Õ_® ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ =ÙOk— J<Õ PÖ’K«# ‰õÄ_® ~å#O`«QÍ Jq =∞#‰õΩ JÅ"å@~ÚáÈÜ«∂~Ú. =∞i D Ѩiã≤÷u =∂~åÛÅO>Ë–XHõq+¨Ü«∂xflQÆ∞iοãÎ`«~åfi`«^•xfl=∂ˆ~Û,=∂~°∞Û‰õΩ<ՄѨܫ∞`«flOKÕÜ«∞QÆÅO. 'QÆ∞iÎOK«_»O—J<Õ"≥Ú^Œ˜J_»∞QÆ∞"ÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ 'q=Hõ∆— ji¬Hõ#∞„áê~°OaèOKåO.Wkáê~î°‰õΩÅji¬Hõ. 'L"≥∞<£ =~°Öò¤— Jx ¿Ñ~°∞ ÃÑ@∞ì‰õΩ#fl ëêѨÙÅ∞ Jhfl =O˜O˜ ™ê=∂#∞Å<Õ J=∞‡_»O ^ŒQÆæ~° #∞Oz, á¶êºHõìsÖ’¡ =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ HÍi‡‰õΩʼnõΩ `«‰õΩ¯= "Õ`«<åÅ∞ ~Ú=fi_»O ^•HÍ „Ѩux`«ºO ¢ã‘ÎÅ∞ Z^Œ∞~˘¯<Õ q=Hõ∆ QÆ∞iÎOz `«=∞ J#∞Éèí"åÅ #∞O_ç, ѨijÅ# #∞O_ç áê~î°‰õΩÅ∞ ~åã≤ ѨOáêÅx HÀ~°∞`«∞<åflO. =∞#Ö’ =∞#ˆH `≥b‰õΩO_® ¿Ñ~°∞‰õΩáÈ~Ú# áê`«|∂A#∞=keOK«∞HÀ=_®xH˜‰õÄ_®Dji¬HõLѨÜ≥∂QÆѨ_®Å<Õ^ÕPHÍOHõ∆. 'ã¨ÊO^Œ#— ^•K«∞HÀ_®xH˜ HÍ^Œ∞ ѨOK«∞HÀ_®xH˜! x`«ºrq`«OÖ’ '¢ã‘ÎÅ∞—QÍ =∞#O Z<Àfl J#∞Éèí"åÅ#∞ Z^Œ∞~˘¯O@∞<åflO. =∞# K«∞@∂ì Z<Àfl ã¨OѶ¨∞@#Ö’¡ ¢ã‘ÎÅ∞ ÉÏ^èŒÅ‰õΩ QÆ∞~°=Ù`«∞<åfl~°∞. H˘xfl™ê~°∞¡ ¢ã‘ÎÅ∞ "å˜x Z^Œ∞~˘¯O@∂ =ÙOÏ~°∞. XHÀ¯™êi q[Ü«∞=O`«=∞=Ù`å~°∞. XHÀ¯™êi qѶ¨Å"≥∞ÿ<å qÅ∞"≥·# QÆ∞}áê~îåÅ#∞ <Õ~°∞ÛH˘x =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ "≥à◊¥Î =ÙOÏ~°∞. W=hfl =∞#H© [~°Q˘K«∞Û ‰õÄ_®. WÖÏO˜ ã¨O^Œ~åƒùÖ’¡ =∞#O^ŒiÖ’ U^À XHõ Hõ∆}OÖ’<Õ HÍ=K«∞Û– nxfl JO^ŒiH© K≥áêÊe, JO^Œi`À ѨOK«∞HÀ"åe, nxfl ~åã≤ JO^Œi`À K«kqOKåe J<Õ ÉèÏ=O HõÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. =∞#O QÆ=∞xOz# XHõ q+¨Ü«∂xfl, =∞#O <Õ~°∞Û‰õΩ#fl XHõ q+¨Ü«∂xfl, ÖË^• =∞#O K«eOzáÈ~Ú# ã¨OѶ¨∞@#x QÍh =∞#Ö’<Õ ^•K«∞HÀ"åÅxÑ≤OK«^Œ∞, ѨOK«∞HÀ"åÅxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk. JO^Œ∞HÀã¨"Õ∞ D 'ã¨ÊO^Œ#— ji¬Hõ. W<åflà◊√§QÍ "≥eH˜f¿ã "ÕkHõ ÖËHõ g∞Ö’ ^•y =Ù#fl J<ÕHõ ÉèÏ"åʼnõÄ, PÖ’K«#ʼnõÄ, ã¨ÊO^Œ#‰õÄ JHõ∆~°~°∂áêxfl=fiO_ç. g∞~°∞ ~åÜ«∂Å#∞‰õΩ#fl ã¨OѶ¨∞@#Åx ã¨ÊO^Œ# ji¬HõH˜ ѨOѨO_ç. <åÅ∞QÆ∞QÀ_»Å =∞^茺 =∞#efl |OkèOz, =∞#efl XHõi`À XHõix HõÅ=‰õΩO_® =∞# PÖ’K«#efl ѨOK«∞HÀx=fi‰õΩO_® KÕã¨∞Î#fl ã¨=∂[ Hõ@∞ìÉÏ@¡#∞ KèÕk^•ÌO. =∞# ã¨ÊO^Œ#efl ѨOK«∞H˘O^•O! D ji¬Hõ g∞k.
5.
3=∞Ç≤ÏàÏ=∂~°æO v #=O|~ü–_çÃãO|~ü
2007 ã¨Oáê^ŒH©Ü«∞O q+¨q∞ã¨∞Î#fl™ê„=∂[º"å^Œã¨O㨯$u 'Hõ@flO KåÅÖË^Œx Ü«Ú=ux K«OÑ≤# Éèí~°Î.......— 'J#∞=∂<åã¨Ê^Œ Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Ö’¡ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊ =∞$u.....— —=∞Ç≤Ïà◊ÃÑ· J`åºKå~°O, ǨÏ`«º........— ÃÑ· "å~°ÎÅ`À áê@∞ '„¿Ñ=∞#∞ HÍ^Œ#flO^Œ∞‰õΩ Ü«Ú=uÃÑ· Ü«∂ã≤_£^•_ç— ÖÏO˜ "å~°ÎÅ∞‰õÄ_® KåÖÏ =∂=¸Å∞ J~ÚáÈ`«∞<åfl~Ú. „¿Ñ=∞#∞ HÍ^Œ#flO^Œ∞‰õΩ <å_»∞ =~°ÅH˜∆‡ HõuÎáÈ@¡‰õΩ QÆ∞Ô~·`Õ, <Õ_»∞ HõÅÊ#ÃÑ· Ü«∂ã≤_£^•_ç [iyOk. ZÖÏ [iy`Õ<Õq∞ |Å=Ù`«∞#flk =∂„`«O J=∂Ü«∞Hõ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊ÖË. HÍh HõÅÊ#ÃÑ· [iy# D Ü«∂ã≤_£^•_ç WO`«˜`À PQƉõΩO_® Éèíq+¨º`«∞ÎÖ’ WOÔHO`«=∞OkÃÑ· [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O^À#x `«ÅK«∞‰õΩO>Ë KåÖÏ PO^Àà◊#QÍ =ÙOk. HõÅÊ# Ѩiã≤÷u JÖÏ =ÙO>Ë, W+¨ìOÖËx"å_»∞ „¿Ñq∞OK«=∞O@∂ "≥O@Ѩ_»∞`«∞O>Ë `åà◊ÖËHõ `«# =O˜ÃÑ· H˜~Àã≤<£ áÈã¨∞H˘x, JO˜OK«∞H˘x Kå=Ù|`«∞‰õΩÅ =∞^茺 H˘@∞ìq∞Ïì_»∞`«∂ „áê}ÏÖÁkeOk =∞ǨÅH˜∆‡. g~°∞ WÖÏO˜ "ÕkèOѨÙÅ∞ Z^Œ∞~˘¯#_®xH˜ HÍ~°}ÏÖËq∞˜? giH˜ rqOKÕ Ç¨Ï‰õΩ¯ ÖˉõΩO_® KÕã¨∞Î#flk Z=~°∞? ã¨=∂[ xˆ~Ìâ◊‰õΩÅ∞ HÍ^•? g~°∞ PǨfixã¨∞Î#fl ™ê„=∂[º"å^Œ q+¨ã¨O㨯$u HÍ^•? HõÅÊ#, =∞ǨÅH˜∆‡Å∞ ‰õΩ_® JO^Œi J=∂‡~ÚÅ ÖψQ `«=∞ rq`«O QÆ∞iOz |OQÍ~°∞ HõÅÖˇ<Àfl Hõ<åfl~°∞. =∞i P HõÅÅ#∞ HõÅ¡Å∞ KÕ¿ã ǨωõΩ¯ ^•"≥∂^Œ~ü ÖÏO˜ "åà◊¡‰õΩ Z=iKåÛ~°∞? XHõ =∞x+≤x x~°∂‡eOKÕ ^è≥·~°ºO gà◊¡‰õΩ ZÖÏ =zÛOk? ZHõ¯_ç#∞O_ç =zÛOk? gà◊¡#∞ „¿Ñ=∞ Ñ≤áêã¨∞Å#~°∞. L<å‡^Œ∞ÅOÏ~°∞. D L<å‡^Œ∞Å#∞ `«Ü«∂~°∞KÕã¨∞Î#flk „ѨÉèí∞`åfiÅ∞ HÍ^•? qK«ÛÅq_çQÍ ^˘iˆH =∞^ŒºO, ѨÙ@Å∞ ѨÙ@Å∞QÍ =zÛѨ_»∞`«∞#fl |∂`«∞™êÇ≤Ï`«ºO, „ѨÉèí∞`«fi xÜ«∞O„`«} ÖËx ã≤x=∂Å∞, „¿ÑHõ∆Hõáê„`« =Ç≤Ïã¨∞Î#fl Ãã<åû~ü É’~°∞¤Å∞ – g@xflO˜=Å¡ HÍ^• g~°∞ WÖÏ `«Ü«∂~°~ÚºOk. Jã¨Å∞ WÖÏO˜ "åà◊√¡ ^ÕxH˜ „Ѩux^èŒ∞Å∞, gà◊¡ "≥∞^Œà◊¡Ö’ Éèí∂™êfi=∞ºO, Ñ≤`«$™êfi=∞ºO ÖË"å? gi J}∞=}∞=ÙÖ’ ¢ã‘Î JO>Ë ™⁄O`« Pã≤Î J#fl ÉèÏ=# ÖË^•? YzÛ`«OQÍ =ÙOk. giÖ’ L#fl ÉèÏ=*ÏÖÏxfl =∂ˆ~Û „Ѩܫ∞`«flO Z=~°∞ KÕÜ«∂e? „Ѩ[Å#∞ áêeã¨∞Î#fl áêʼnõΩÅ∞ K≥Ü«∂ºe. =∞i D „Ѩܫ∞`åflÅ∞ áêʼnõΩÅ"≥·Ñ¨Ù #∞O_ç ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ [~°QÆ=Ù? ZO^Œ∞HõO>Ë "åiH˜ ‰õÄ_® ¢ã‘Îx J}z"ÕÜ«∂Å<åfl, "åix WOÔH‰õΩ¯= ^ÀÑ≤_ô KÕÜ«∂Å<åfl ¢ã‘ÎÅÖ’ K≥·`«#ºO ~å‰õÄ_»^Œ∞. "å~°∞ Jaè=$kú H͉õÄ_»^Œ∞. ¢ã‘ÎÅ∞ Jaè=$kú K≥Ok, J<åºÜ«∂xfl „Ѩtfl¿ãÎ "åi ѨÙ<å^Œ∞Å∞ Hõ^Œ∞Å∞`å~Ú Hõ^• =∞i.
6.
4 =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ=∂~°æO v
#=O|~ü–_çÃãO|~ü 2007 ÃÑ·ÉèÏ=*ÏÖÏxfl JÖψQ LOz, ¢ã‘ÎʼnõΩ Z<Àfl L^ÀºQÆ J=HÍâßÅ∞ HõeÊOKå=∞x, =∞bì<Õ+¨#Öò HõOÃÑhÅ#∞, U x|O^èŒ#Å∞ ÖˉõΩO_® JǨfixã¨∂Î #∂`«# Pi÷Hõ q^è•<åÅ#∞ fã¨∞H˘x =zÛOk ˆHO„^Œ„ѨÉèí∞`«fiO. D HõOÃÑhÅÖ’ ѨxKÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ ©<Õ*ò J=∂‡~ÚÅ∞ HÍ"åe. JO`ÕH͉õΩO_® gà◊¡ „â◊=∞#∞ ^ÀK«∞H˘#_®xH˜ ~å„u ѨQÆÅ∞ J=ã¨~°=Ú ÖË^Œ∞. JO^Œ∞ˆH Hõ^• ѨÓ<ÕÖ’ 22 ã¨O=`«û~åÅ J=∂‡~Ú J~°÷~å„u HõOÃÑh HÍ~°∞Ö’ WO˜H˜ "≥à◊√`«∂, HÍ~°∞¢_≥·=~°∞ KÕuÖ’ J`åºKå~åxH˜, ǨÏ`«º‰õΩ QÆ∞~°~ÚOk. Jã¨Å∞ ¢ã‘ÎʼnõΩ L#fl WO˜Ñ¨x, Ñ≤Å¡Å ÉÏ^茺`«Å#∞ ™ê=∂rHõ~°}O KÕÜ«∞‰õΩO_® D <≥·ò+≤Ѷ¨ÙìÅ∞ ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ? ѨQÆÅ∞ L^ÀºQÍÅ∞ KÕã¨∞Î#fl"åiˆH Éèí„^Œ`« ÖËHõáÈ`Õ, WHõ ~å„uà◊√¡ ZÖÏ Éèí„^Œ`« =ÙO@∞Ok? ¢ã‘Îx Éè’QÆ=ã¨∞Î=ÙQÍ K«∂¿ã Éèí∂™êfi=∞ºO, nxfl HÍáê_»∞`«∂, ¢ã‘Îx ã¨~°∞‰õΩQÍ K«∂¿ã ™ê„=∂[º"å^ŒO L#flO`« =~°‰õΩ ¢ã‘ÎʼnõΩ Éèí„^Œ`« ÖË^Œ∞. g˜x x~°∂‡eOKÕ ¢ã‘ΠѨÙ~°∞+¨µÅ ã¨=∂#`«fiO, ¢ã‘ÎH˜ ã¨OѨÓ~°‚ ¿ãfiK«Ûù ÅaèOKÕ ã¨=∂[O =¿ãÎ<Õ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊ʼnõΩ x["≥∞ÿ# q=ÚH˜Î. ÃãÃÑìO|~ü 22# Ѷ≤~À*ÏÉÏ^£Ö’ XHõ ^Œo`« „ã‘Îx H˘O^Œ~°∞ ^Œ∞O_»QÆ∞Å∞ ã¨r= ^ŒÇ¨Ï#O KÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ „Ѩܫ∞uflOKå~°∞. P"≥∞ KÕã≤# <Õ~°O Ug∞ ÖË^Œ∞. P"≥∞ H˘_»∞‰õΩ J„QÆ ‰õΩÅã¨∞ÎÅ J=∂‡~Úx W+¨ìѨ_ç ÃÑo§KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl_»∞. W^ŒÌ~°∂ `«=∞x |`«Hõx=fi~°x ZHõ¯_çHÀ áêiáÈÜ«∂~°∞. "åi PK«∂H© `≥eÜ«∞HõáÈ=_»O`À H˘O^Œ~°∞ QÆ∂O_®Å∞ "åi WO˜ÃÑ· ^•_çKÕã≤ J`«x `«e¡H˜ xѨC ÃÑÏì~°∞. f„="≥∞ÿ# HÍe# QÍÜ«∂Å`À P"≥∞ Pã¨∞Ѩ„uÖ’ K«xáÈ~ÚOk. P"≥∞ ‰õΩ@∞O|OÖ’x W`«~° ã¨Éèí∞ºÅ#∞ |OnÅ∞QÍ Ñ¨@∞ì‰õΩáÈ~Ú XHõ~À[O`å Hõ>Ëìã≤ LOz `«~åfi`« =keÃÑÏì~°∞. ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊OÖ’ ‰õΩÅ=º=ã¨÷ ZO`« |ÅOQÍ "Õà◊¥§#∞‰õΩx LO^À `≥eÜ«∞*ˇÑ¨Ê_®xH˜ WÖÏO˜ „‰õÄ~°"≥∞ÿ# ™êH∆ͺÅ∞ =∞#H˜ HÀH˘Å¡Å∞. W©=Å g˜ ã¨OYº ‰õÄ_® ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O_»@O KåÖÏ PO^Àà◊#Hõ~°O. WÖÏO˜ "å~°ÎÅH˜ "å~åÎѨ„uHõÅÖ’ `«y# KÀ@∞ ‰õÄ_® ^˘~°Hõx ^≥·#ºã≤÷u. Ju H˘kÌ q=~åÅ`À =∂„`«"Õ∞ Ѩ„uHõÖ’¡ XHõ=¸Å „ѨK«∞i`«"≥∞ÿOk. ‰õΩÖÏO`«~° q"åǨÅ#∞ J„QƉõΩÖÏÅ∞ ã¨Ç≤ÏOK«ÖËHõáÈ=_»=∞#flk U ™ê÷~ÚÖ’ LO^À `≥eÜ«∞KÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ K«OѨ_»OÖ’ Hõ#|~°∞ã¨∞Î#fl „‰õÄ~°`«fiO XHõ ™êHõ∆ºO. =ÚYºOQÍ P Ü«Ú=‰õΩÅ∞ ^Œo`«∞Öˇ·# ã¨O^Œ~åƒùÖ’¡ „‰õÄ~°OQÍ K«OÃÑÜ«∞º_»O `«~°K«∂ HõxÑ≤ã¨∞Î#flk. P"≥∞ H˘_»∞‰õΩ ^˘iH˜=ÙO>Ë J`«xx K«O¿Ñ¿ã"å~°#_»OÖ’ Z=fiiH© J#∞=∂#O ÖË^Œ∞. J^Õ Ñ¶¨∞’~°O J#∞‰õΩ<Õ Ñ¨iã≤÷`«∞Ö’¡ J`«x `«e¡<≥·<å 㨈~ "≥O@<Õ K«O¿ÑÜ«∂Å<Õ „H“~°ºO. 60 Uà◊√§ QÆ_çz<å ^Œo`«∞ʼnõÄ, "≥∞ÿ<åi©Å‰õÄ ™êfi`«O„`«ºO ~åÖË^Œ∞. D =º=ã¨÷Ö’ PtOK«_»O J=∂Ü«∞Hõ`«fi"Õ∞. WÖÏO˜ ã¨OѶ¨∞@#ÅÃÑ· KÕ¿ã q_çq_ç áÈ~åÏÅ∞ „Ѩ[Å K≥·`«<åºxfl ÃÑOz Jk ‰õΩÅ =º=ã¨÷‰õΩ =¸Å"≥∞ÿ# Éèí∂™êfi=∂ºxfl ÃÑH˜eOKåˆH ^Œo`«∞ʼnõÄ, Ñ‘_ç`«∞ʼnõÄ ™êfi`«O„`«ºO ^˘iˆHk. X ^Œo`«„ã‘Îã¨r=^ŒÇ¨Ï#O #QÆ~åÖ’¡ x=ã≤OKÕ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å HõO>Ë yi[# =∞Ç≤Ïà◊ÖË `«‰õΩ¯= QÆ$ǨÏÇ≤ÏOã¨#∞ Z^Œ∞~˘¯O@∞<åfl~°x J™ÈÉÏ"£∞ 㨈~fiÖ’ "≥Å¡_≥·Ok. _èçb¡, ɡOQÆ∞à◊¥~°∞, K≥<≥·fl, HÀÖòHõ`å, =ÚOÉÏ~ÚÅÖ’ ѨxKÕ¿ã "≥~Úº=∞Ok =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å#∞ 㨈~fi KÕÜ«∞QÍ, #QÆ~åÖ’¡x =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ ѨÙ~°∞+¨µÅ‰õΩ n@∞QÍ Jxfl ~°OQÍÖ’¡ ~å}˜ã¨∞Î<åfl WO’¡ Ç≤ÏOã¨#∞, H˘xfl ã¨O^Œ~åƒùÅÖ’ ѨxKÕ¿ã KÀ@ „Ѩu‰õÄÅ "å`å =~°}Ïxfl Z^Œ∞~˘¯<åeû =™ÈÎOk. =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ L^ÀºQÍxH˜ ã¨O|OkèOz# ÉÏ^茺`«Å`À áê@∞, |O^èŒ∞=ÙÅ∞, ¿ãflÇ≤Ï`«∞Å HÀã¨O x~°fiiÎOKåeû# q^èŒ∞Å∞ ‰õÄ_® "åi g∞^Œ =uÎ_çx ÃÑOK«∞`«∞<åfl~Ú. 㨈~fi KÕã≤# "åiÖ’ 80 âß`«O =∞Ok `«=∞ J`«Î=∂=∞Å∞ PѶ‘ã¨∞ Ѩ@ì}=∞Ç≤Ïà◊ÅÃÑ·<ÕQÆ$ǨÏÇ≤ÏOã¨Z‰õΩ¯= Ѩxx „ѨHõ¯# ÃÑ@ì~Ú<å 㨈~ HÀ_»à◊√§ `«=∞ J=ã¨~åefl f~åÛÅx HÀ~°∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl~°x Jaè„áêÜ«∞Ѩ_®¤~°∞. `«=∞ "≥·"åÇ≤ÏHõ rq`«OÖ’ XHõ™êi J~Ú<å âßs~°Hõ Ç≤ÏOã¨#∞ J#∞ÉèíqOKå=∞x K≥ѨÙ`«∞#fl "å~°∞ 38% =ÙO_»QÍ, =∂#ã≤Hõ Ç≤ÏO㨉õΩ Ö’<≥·# "åi ã¨OYº 72% LOk. ã≤÷~°"≥∞ÿ# P^•Ü«∞O =Ù#fl =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å g∞^Œ =∂„`«O n~°…HÍÅ âßs~°Hõ Ç≤ÏO㨠`«QÆ∞æ`«∂ =ã¨∞ÎO^Œx D 㨈~fi ^•fi~å `≥Å∞ã¨∞ÎOk. <Õ+¨#Öò „ÔH·"£∞ |∂º~À x"ÕkHõ „ѨHÍ~°O UÏ Ç≤ÏO㨉õΩ QÆ∞~°=Ù`«∞#fl =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å ˆHã¨∞Å∞ 1,50,000 #"≥∂^Œ=Ù`«∞O>Ë JO^Œ∞Ö’ =¸_»= =O`«∞ ˆHã¨∞Å∞ ‰õΩ@∞O| Ç≤ÏO㨉õΩ K≥Ok#"Õ. X
7.
5=∞Ç≤ÏàÏ=∂~°æO v #=O|~ü–_çÃãO|~ü
2007 <åQÆiHõ „ѨѨOKåxH˜ ^Œ∂~°OQÍ J_»=ÙÖ’¡ J<ÕHõ yi[# `≥QÆÅ∞ |`«∞‰õΩ`«∞<åfl~Ú. <Õ˜H© H˘xfl`≥QÆÅ∞ áÈ_»∞ =º=™êÜ«∞O ^•fi~å, "Õ@ ^•fi~å PǨ~åxfl ¿ãHõiã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú. J_»qÖ’ Ѩ٘ì J_»qÖ’ ÃÑiy J_»qx #=Ú‡H˘x rqã¨∞Î#fl Pk"åã¨∞Å∞ J<åkQÍ J<åºÜ«∂ʼnõΩ, "≥∂™êʼnõΩ, ^ÀÑ≤_ôH˜ QÆ∞~“`«∂ ^ÀÑ≤_ô Ñ‘_»#ʼnõΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ x~°O`«~°O áÈ~å_»∞`«∂<Õ =Ù<åfl~°∞. rqOKåÅO>Ë áÈ~å_»Hõ `«Ñ¨Ê^Œx rq`«O "åà◊¡‰õΩ <ÕiÊ# áê~î°O. „ѨHõ$uÖ’x "≥·~°∞^蕺Å#∞ `«=∞‰õΩ `å=ÚQÍ<Õ `≥Å∞ã¨∞HõO@∂ „ѨHõ$u`À áÈ~å@O, PǨ~° ¿ãHõ~°}Ö’ „‰õÄ~°=∞$QÍÅ`À áÈ~å@O, J@g L`«Ê`«∞ÎÅ ¿ãHõ~°}Ö’ á¶êÔ~ãπì JkèHÍ~°∞Å`À áÈ~å@O, "å˜ J=∞‡HõOÖ’ yi[<Õ`«~°∞Å ^ÀÑ≤_ôH˜ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ áÈ~å@O, Ô~Hõ¯Å∞ =ÚHõ¯Å∞ KÕã¨∞H˘x J_»qx #iH˜ áÈ_»∞ KÕã¨∞H˘x ѨO_çOz# ѨO@#∞ Z`«∞ÎHõ áÈÜÕ∞ ëê=ÙHÍ~°¡‰õΩ, ^ŒàÏ~°∞ʼnõΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ áÈ~å@O, áÈ_»∞ Éèí∂=ÚÅ#∞ HõÉÏ˚ KÕã≤# yi[ <Õ`«~° Éèí∂™êfi=ÚʼnõΩ =ºu ˆ~HõOQÍ áÈ~å@O – ÃÑ· ã¨=∞㨺 Åhfl Pk"åã‘ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ ‰õÄ_® J#∞Éèíqã¨∂Î<Õ J^Œ#OQÍ Ñ≤`«$ ™êfi=∞ºO, ‰õΩ@∞O|Ç≤ÏOã¨, ™ê=∂lHõ Hõ@∞ìÉÏ@¡ ¿Ñ~° J}z"Õ`«, áÈbã¨∞Å∞, J@g JkèHÍ~°∞Å∞, Éèí∂™êfi=ÚÅ Öˇ·OyHõ ^ÀÑ≤_ôH˜ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ áÈ~å_»∞`«∂<Õ =Ù<åfl~°∞. Wn ^Õâ◊"åºÑ≤`«OQÍ Pk"åã¨∞Å x~°O`«~° r=# áÈ~å@O. P<å_»∞ „a˜+π ™ê„=∂[º"å^ŒO J@g ã¨OѨ^Œ#∞ ^ÀK«∞HÀ=_®xH˜ yi[<Õ`«~°∞efl "åºáê~°ã¨∞÷Å∞QÍ J_»qÖ’H˜ ѨOÑ≤`Õ <Õ_»∞ J"≥∞iHõ<£ ™ê„=∂[º"å^ŒO J_»qÖ’x Éèí∂q∞ á⁄~°Ö’¡ =ÙO_Õ Yx[ã¨OѨ^Œ#∞^ÀK«∞HÀ=_®xH˜ã≤^Œú=∞~ÚºOk.Ѩ~å~ÚáêÅ#Ö’ á¶êÔ~ã¨∞ì JkèHÍ~°∞Å∞, áÈbã¨∞Å∞, ëê=ÙHÍ~°∞¡, =_ô¤ "åºáê~°∞Å∞, Éèí∂™êfi=ÚʼnõΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ áÈ~å_ç# yi[#∞Å∞ JkèHÍ~°=∂iÊ_ç `«~åfi`« ‰õÄ_® ÉèÏ~°`« áêÅHõ ^ÀÑ≤_ô =~åæÅ ÃÑ·<å, J"≥∞iHõ<£ ™ê„=∂[º"å^•xH˜ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ áÈ~å_®eû =ã¨∞ÎOk. J_»qg∞^Œ ǨωõΩ¯ HÀã¨O [iy# áÈ~å@O <Õ_»∞ J_»q<Õ ~°H˜∆OK«∞ HÀ"åeû# ^Œâ◊‰õΩ KÕiOk. WѨʘ^•HÍ J<ÕHõ ~°∂áêÅÖ’ Pk "åã¨∞Å∞ KÕã≤# áÈ~åÏÅÖ’ "ÕÖÏk=∞Ok J=∞~°∞ÅÜ«∂º~°∞. J<ÕHõ yi[# „QÍ=∂Å∞ HÍe |∂_ç^ŒÜ«∂º~Ú. ZO^Œ~À yi[# ¢ã‘ÎÅ∞ ™ê=¸Ç≤ÏHõ J`åºKå~° ǨÏ`«ºÅ‰õΩ |ÅÜ«∂º~°∞. Pk"åã‘ „QÍ=∂ÅÖ’x „Ѩu WO˜H© XHõ áÈ~å@ K«i„`« =ÙOk. JÖÏO˜ áÈ~å@ g~°∞Ö’¡ H˘=Ú~°OcèO XHõ~°∞. <≥·*ÏO ã¨~å¯~°∞‰õΩ HõO˜ g∞^Œ ‰õΩ#∞‰õΩ ÖˉõΩO_® KÕã≤# QÀO_»∞g~°∞_»∞ H˘=Ú~°OcèO 67= =~°÷Ou ã¨Éèí 26–10–2007# PkÖÏÉÏ^£ lÖÏ¡Ö’x *’_≥<£ Ѷ¨∂òÖ’ [iyOk. yi[#∞ÅÃÑ· UHõѨHõ∆ Ü«Ú^ŒúO KÕã¨∞Î#fl HÍO„ÔQãπ „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO P ã¨Éèí#∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏO K«_»O q_»∂¤~°"≥∞ÿ`Õ, P ã¨Éèí‰õΩ a*ˇÑ≤, ˜P~üZãπ, ã≤Ñ≤S, ã≤Ñ≤Ü«∞O áêsìÅ „Ѩux^èŒ∞Å∞ Ǩ[Ô~· H˘=Ú~°OcèO‰õΩ x"åà◊√ ÅiÊOK«_»O F@∞¡ ~åÅ∞Û‰õΩ<Õ ‰õΩiîÅ Z`«∞ÎQÆ_»Ö’ ÉèÏQÆ"Õ∞. =∞~À"≥·Ñ¨Ù H˘=Ú~°OcèO =~°÷Ou ã¨Éèí, H˘=Ú~°OcèO q„QÆǨxfl ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£Ö’ ™ê÷Ñ≤™êÎ=∞x, ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~å ÉÏ^£ |O*Ï~åÇ≤ÏÖòûÖ’ H˘=Ú~°OcèO ¿Ñi@ Ô~O_≥Hõ~åÅ ™ê‡~°Hõ Éèí=#O Hõ_»`å=∞x, yi[#∞ʼnõΩ ~å[H©Ü«∂Ö’¡ 12âß`«O i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡ HõeÊ™êÎ=∞x PÜ«∂ áêsìÅ <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞ áÈ©Å∞Ѩ_ç "åQÍÌ<åÅ∞ KÕâß~°∞. Pk"åã¨∞Å QÆ∞O_≥ <≥QÆà◊¡ g∞^Œ ¿ÑÖÏÅ∞ U~°∞‰õΩ<Õ „Ѩܫ∞`«flOÖ’ F@¡ ~å[H©Ü«∂Å K˘OQÆ HÍ~åÛ~°∞. D ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOQÍ Pk"åã‘Å∞`«=∞ǨωõΩ¯ÅHÀã¨OKÕã≤#,KÕã¨∞Î#fláÈ~åÏÅQÆ∞iOz, Pk"åã‘ |`«∞‰õΩefl PQÆO KÕã¨∞Î#fl ™ê„=∂[º"å^ŒO –^Œ∞_»∞¤„ѨÉèÏHõ~ü "åºã¨O P<å_»∞ „a˜+π ™ê„=∂[º"å^ŒO J@gP<å_»∞ „a˜+π ™ê„=∂[º"å^ŒO J@gP<å_»∞ „a˜+π ™ê„=∂[º"å^ŒO J@gP<å_»∞ „a˜+π ™ê„=∂[º"å^ŒO J@gP<å_»∞ „a˜+π ™ê„=∂[º"å^ŒO J@g ã¨OѨ^Œ#∞ ^ÀK«∞HÀ=_®xH˜ yi[<Õ`«~°∞eflã¨OѨ^Œ#∞ ^ÀK«∞HÀ=_®xH˜ yi[<Õ`«~°∞eflã¨OѨ^Œ#∞ ^ÀK«∞HÀ=_®xH˜ yi[<Õ`«~°∞eflã¨OѨ^Œ#∞ ^ÀK«∞HÀ=_®xH˜ yi[<Õ`«~°∞eflã¨OѨ^Œ#∞ ^ÀK«∞HÀ=_®xH˜ yi[<Õ`«~°∞efl "åºáê~°ã¨∞÷Å∞QÍ J_»qÖ’H˜ ѨOÑ≤`Õ <Õ_»∞"åºáê~°ã¨∞÷Å∞QÍ J_»qÖ’H˜ ѨOÑ≤`Õ <Õ_»∞"åºáê~°ã¨∞÷Å∞QÍ J_»qÖ’H˜ ѨOÑ≤`Õ <Õ_»∞"åºáê~°ã¨∞÷Å∞QÍ J_»qÖ’H˜ ѨOÑ≤`Õ <Õ_»∞"åºáê~°ã¨∞÷Å∞QÍ J_»qÖ’H˜ ѨOÑ≤`Õ <Õ_»∞ J"≥∞iHõ<£ ™ê„=∂[º"å^ŒO J_»qÖ’x Éèí∂q∞J"≥∞iHõ<£ ™ê„=∂[º"å^ŒO J_»qÖ’x Éèí∂q∞J"≥∞iHõ<£ ™ê„=∂[º"å^ŒO J_»qÖ’x Éèí∂q∞J"≥∞iHõ<£ ™ê„=∂[º"å^ŒO J_»qÖ’x Éèí∂q∞J"≥∞iHõ<£ ™ê„=∂[º"å^ŒO J_»qÖ’x Éèí∂q∞ á⁄~°Ö’¡ =ÙO_Õ Yx[ ã¨OѨ^Œ#∞ ^ÀK«∞HÀ=_®xH˜á⁄~°Ö’¡ =ÙO_Õ Yx[ ã¨OѨ^Œ#∞ ^ÀK«∞HÀ=_®xH˜á⁄~°Ö’¡ =ÙO_Õ Yx[ ã¨OѨ^Œ#∞ ^ÀK«∞HÀ=_®xH˜á⁄~°Ö’¡ =ÙO_Õ Yx[ ã¨OѨ^Œ#∞ ^ÀK«∞HÀ=_®xH˜á⁄~°Ö’¡ =ÙO_Õ Yx[ ã¨OѨ^Œ#∞ ^ÀK«∞HÀ=_®xH˜ ã≤^Œú=∞~ÚºOk. Ѩ~å~ÚáêÅ#Ö’ á¶êÔ~ã¨∞ìã≤^Œú=∞~ÚºOk. Ѩ~å~ÚáêÅ#Ö’ á¶êÔ~ã¨∞ìã≤^Œú=∞~ÚºOk. Ѩ~å~ÚáêÅ#Ö’ á¶êÔ~ã¨∞ìã≤^Œú=∞~ÚºOk. Ѩ~å~ÚáêÅ#Ö’ á¶êÔ~ã¨∞ìã≤^Œú=∞~ÚºOk. Ѩ~å~ÚáêÅ#Ö’ á¶êÔ~ã¨∞ì JkHÍ~°∞Å∞, áÈbã¨∞Å∞, ëê=ÙHÍ~°∞¡,JkHÍ~°∞Å∞, áÈbã¨∞Å∞, ëê=ÙHÍ~°∞¡,JkHÍ~°∞Å∞, áÈbã¨∞Å∞, ëê=ÙHÍ~°∞¡,JkHÍ~°∞Å∞, áÈbã¨∞Å∞, ëê=ÙHÍ~°∞¡,JkHÍ~°∞Å∞, áÈbã¨∞Å∞, ëê=ÙHÍ~°∞¡, =_ô¤"åºáê~°∞Å∞, Éèí∂™êfi=ÚʼnõΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ=_ô¤"åºáê~°∞Å∞, Éèí∂™êfi=ÚʼnõΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ=_ô¤"åºáê~°∞Å∞, Éèí∂™êfi=ÚʼnõΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ=_ô¤"åºáê~°∞Å∞, Éèí∂™êfi=ÚʼnõΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ=_ô¤"åºáê~°∞Å∞, Éèí∂™êfi=ÚʼnõΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ áÈ~å_ç# yi[#∞Å∞ JkèHÍ~°=∂iÊ_ç `«~åfi`«áÈ~å_ç# yi[#∞Å∞ JkèHÍ~°=∂iÊ_ç `«~åfi`«áÈ~å_ç# yi[#∞Å∞ JkèHÍ~°=∂iÊ_ç `«~åfi`«áÈ~å_ç# yi[#∞Å∞ JkèHÍ~°=∂iÊ_ç `«~åfi`«áÈ~å_ç# yi[#∞Å∞ JkèHÍ~°=∂iÊ_ç `«~åfi`« ‰õÄ_® ÉèÏ~°`« áêÅHõ ^ÀÑ≤_ô =~åæÅ ÃÑ·<å,‰õÄ_® ÉèÏ~°`« áêÅHõ ^ÀÑ≤_ô =~åæÅ ÃÑ·<å,‰õÄ_® ÉèÏ~°`« áêÅHõ ^ÀÑ≤_ô =~åæÅ ÃÑ·<å,‰õÄ_® ÉèÏ~°`« áêÅHõ ^ÀÑ≤_ô =~åæÅ ÃÑ·<å,‰õÄ_® ÉèÏ~°`« áêÅHõ ^ÀÑ≤_ô =~åæÅ ÃÑ·<å, J"≥∞iHõ<£ ™ê„=∂[º"å^•xH˜ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍJ"≥∞iHõ<£ ™ê„=∂[º"å^•xH˜ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍJ"≥∞iHõ<£ ™ê„=∂[º"å^•xH˜ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍJ"≥∞iHõ<£ ™ê„=∂[º"å^•xH˜ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍJ"≥∞iHõ<£ ™ê„=∂[º"å^•xH˜ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ áÈ~å_®eû =ã¨∞ÎOk.áÈ~å_®eû =ã¨∞ÎOk.áÈ~å_®eû =ã¨∞ÎOk.áÈ~å_®eû =ã¨∞ÎOk.áÈ~å_®eû =ã¨∞ÎOk.
8.
6 =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ=∂~°æO v
#=O|~ü–_çÃãO|~ü 2007 "åiÃÑ· PÜ«∂ „ѨÉèí∞`åfiÅ x~°O‰õΩâ◊ J}z"Õ`« q^è•<åÅ QÆ∞iOz `≥Å∞û‰õΩO^•O. Ã+_»∂ºÅ∞¤ `≥QÆÖ<Õ yi[#∞Å∞, =¸Å"åã¨∞Å∞, Pk"åã¨∞Å∞ JOÏ~°∞. =∞#^Õâ◊OÖ’ yi[# [<åÉèÏ 12 HÀ@∞¡. =∞# ~å¢+¨ìOÖ’ 64 "ÕÅ K«^Œ~°Ñ¨Ù H˜Ö’g∞@~°∞¡ "åºÑ≤Oz =Ù#fl J_»=ÙÖ’¡, "≥∞ÿ^•# „áêO`åÖ’¡ ‰õÄ_® gà◊√¡ rqã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. ÉèÏ~°`« ~å*ϺOQÆO 1950Ö’ gà◊¡#∞ Ã+_»∂ºÅ∞¤ `≥QÆÅ∞(Zãπ˜)QÍ QÆ∞iÎOzOk. giÖ’ J_»=ÙÖ’¡ rqOKÕ"åà◊¡#∞ Pk"åã¨∞Åx, =¸Å"åã¨∞Åx "≥∞ÿ^•# „áêO`åÖ’¡ x=ã≤OKÕ"åà◊¡#∞ yi[#∞Åx ™ê^è•~°}OQÍ =º=ǨÏiã¨∂Î =ÙOÏ~°∞. =∞#~å¢+¨ìOÖ’ 90 ÅHõ∆Å=∞Ok yi[#∞Å∞ 35 `≥QÆÅ∞QÍ =Ù<åfl~°∞. "å~°∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ qâßY U*ˇhû „áêO`«OÖ’ `≥ÅOQÍ} J_»=ÙÖ’¡, #Å¡=∞ÅÖ’ rqã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. `≥ÅOQÍ} lÖÏ¡ÅÖ’ – 1) JO^è£. 2) H˘ÖÏ=Ú, 3)QÀO_»∞, 4) `À©Å∞, 5) „Ѩ^è•#∞Å∞/ Ѩ~°^è•<£, 6) aèÅ∞¡Å∞ L`«Î~åO„^èŒÖ’ – 1) H˘O_»‰õΩ=∞‡i, 2) H˘O_»^˘~°, 3)H˘O_»Ô~_ç¤, 4) HÀÜ«∞, 5) HÀO_»∞, 6) H˘˜Ü«∂, 7) ‰õΩeÜ«∂ / =ÚeÜ«∂, 8) QÆ^Œ|, 9) Q“_»∞, 10) H˘O_»HÍѨÙ, 11) á⁄~°[, 12)|QÆ`«, 13) =∞<≥fl^˘~°, 14) =¸Hõ^˘~° / #∂Hõ^˘~°, 15) Ô~_ç¤^˘~°, 16) "åb‡H˜, 17) ã¨=~°, 18)HÀ^Œ∞, *Ï`«=, ™ê=∞O`«, 19) ɡO_À, XiÜ«∂, 20) ~À#, 21) =∂bÅ∞, 22) ^èŒ∞eÜ«∂ / Ѩ٘ܫ∂ #Å¡=∞ÅÖ’ – 1) K≥OK«∞Å∞, 2) Z~°∞HõÅ, 3) Ü«∂<åk, 4)ã¨∞QÍb, 5) <åÜ«∞H±, 6) Hõ@∞ì<åÜ«∞H±, 7) #Hõ¯Å – "≥Ú`«ÎO 35 ~°HÍÅ yi[# `≥QÆÅ∞ =∞#~å¢+¨ìOÖ’ LxH˜Ö’ =Ù<åfl~Ú. Pk"åã¨∞År=#q^è•#Oó Pk"åã¨∞Å∞ `≥Å∞QÆ∞, H˘ÖÏ=Ú, H˘O_», QÀO_ç, =∞~åsî, XiÜ«∂ ÉèÏ+¨Å∞ =∂Ï¡_»∞`å~°∞. yi[# „QÍ=∂Å#∞ QÆ∞OѨÙÅ∞, QÆ∂_≥OÅ∞, `«O_®Å∞, ÃÑO@Å∞ JOÏ~°∞. „Ѩu „QÍ=∂xH˜ XHõ „QÍ=∞ÃÑ^ŒÌ =ÙOÏ_»∞. P „QÍ=∞ÃÑ^ŒÌ‰õΩ ã¨ÅǨ^•~°∞QÍ Ñ¨>ËÅ∞ =ÙOÏ_»∞. "åi ^Õ=`«Å‰õΩ Ñ¨Ó[Å∞ KÕ¿ãO^Œ∞‰õΩ XHõ ѨÓ*Ïi =ÙOÏ_»∞. „QÍ=∞ÃÑ^ŒÌ, ѨÓ*Ïi Ѩ#∞Å∞ KÕã≤ÃÑ@ì_®xH˜ XHõ `«ÖÏs =ÙOÏ_»∞. D |$O^ŒO „QÍ=∞ ѨiáêÅ# x~°fiÇ≤Ïã¨∂Î =ÙO@∞Ok. yi[# „QÍ=∂ÅÖ’ gˆ~ HÀ~°∞ì, g~°∞ K≥Ñ≤ÊO^Õ <åºÜ«∞O. gà◊√¡ KÕã≤O^Õ K«@ìO. „QÍ=∞OÖ’x Jxfl ã¨=∞㨺Å∞ „QÍ=∞ÃÑ^ŒÌ Ѩi+¨¯iã¨∂Î =ÙOÏ_»∞. XHÀ¯™êi J<ÕHõ HÍ~°}ÏÅ s`åº „QÍ=∞ÃÑ^ŒÌ Hõiî#"≥∞ÿ# f~°∞ÊÅ∞ K≥|∞`«∂ =ÙOÏ_»∞. [i=∂<åÅ∞ "ÕÜ«∞_»O, f„=OQÍ H˘@ì_»O, K≥@∞ì‰õΩ "ÕÖÏ_»nÜ«∞_»O, `≥QÆ #∞O_ç "≥e"ÕÜ«∞_»O ÖÏO˜ tHõ∆Å∞ "Õ¿ã"å~°∞. Pk=∞ã¨=∂[O Ö’x H˘`«Î~åu Ü«ÚQÆO <å˜ QÆ}ÅHõ∆}ÏÅ „ѨÉèÏ=O D `≥QÆÅÃÑ· =ÙO_Õk. |Ü«∞˜ ã¨=∂[O`À ã¨O|O^è•Å∞ U~°Ê_»¤O =Å¡ WѨÙ_»∞ yi[# „QÍ=∂ÅÖ’ J<ÕHõ =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞ KÀ@∞KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~Ú. QÆ`«OÖ’ ÖÏQÆ Hõiî#"≥∞ÿ# f~°∞ÊÅ∞ D<å_»∞ ÖË=Ù. K«^Œ∞=Ù ÖËHõáÈ=_»O, "≥·^ŒºO JO^Œ∞ÉÏ@∞Ö’ ÖËHõáÈ=_»O, ¿Ñ^ŒiHõO HÍ~°}OQÍ gà◊¡Ö’ =¸_è»#=∞‡HÍÅ∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ =ÙOÏ~Ú. U^≥·<å [|∞ƒKÕã≤<å, [fi~°O =zÛ<å, ^Õ=`«Å‰õΩ "≥Ú‰õΩ¯‰õΩOÏ~°∞. `åÜ«∞`«∞ÎÅ∞, =∞O„`åÅ∞, P‰õΩѨã¨~°∞Å g∞^Œ P^è•~°Ñ¨_»`å~°∞. [|∞ƒ =Úki =∞~°}˜¿ãÎ „QÍ=∞^Õ=`« P„QÆÇ≤ÏOzO^Œx |Å∞Å∞ WzÛ ^Õ=`«#∞ âßOuOѨKÕ™êÎ~°∞. `˘ÅHõi „áê~°OÉèíO HÍQÍ<Õ yi[#∞Å∞ "å#Å∞ Ѩ_®Åx, ѨO@Å∞ ÉÏQÍ Ñ¨O_®Åx 'Éèí∂q∞ѨO_»∞QÆ— KÕ™êÎ~°∞. Ti|Ü«∞@ ѨOki"Õã≤ T~°∞T~°O`å JHõ¯_»‰õΩ KÕi [O`«∞|Å∞ezÛ ™ê=¸Ç≤ÏHõ Éè’[<åÅ∞ KÕã≤# `«~åfi`« =∂„`«"Õ∞ =º=™êÜ«∞ Ѩ#∞Å∞ "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞ ÃÑ_»`å~°∞. Pk"åã¨∞Å∞ "≥∞*Ïi©QÍ ÃÇ·ÏO^Œ= ™êO„Ѩ^•Ü«∂ʼnõΩ ^ŒQÆæ~°QÍ =ÙOÏ~°∞. „Ѩu `≥QƉõΩ XHõ ^Õ=`«, ^Õ=Ù_»∞ „Ѩ^è•# P~å^èŒ∞ºÅ∞QÍ =Ù#flѨʘH© Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂ ^Õ=Ùà◊√¡, ^Õ=`«Å#∞ ‰õÄ_® ѨÓl™êÎ~°∞. Pk"åã¨∞ÅO`å XˆH~°Hõ"≥∞ÿ# ã¨O㨯$f, ã¨O„Ѩ^•Ü«∂Å∞ Hõey=ÙO_»~°∞. qâßY U*ˇhûÖ’ x=ã≤OKÕ "åà◊¡‰õΩ, `≥ÅOQÍ} J_»=ÙÖ’¡ x=ã≤OKÕ"åà◊¡‰õΩ, #Å¡=∞Å J_»=ÙÖ’¡ =ÙO_Õ"åà◊¡‰õΩ q"åǨÏѨ^Œú`«∞Å∞, ™êO„Ѩ^•Ü«∂Å∞ "Õ~°∞"Õ~°∞QÍ =ÙOÏ~Ú. JO^Œ∞Ö’ ‰õÄ_® XHõ `≥QƉõΩ "Õˆ~ `≥QƉõΩ `Õ_®Å∞OÏ~Ú. "≥∞ÿ^•#„áêO`« yi[#∞ÅÖ’ ‰õÄ_® =º`庙êÅ∞OÏ~Ú. "≥Ú`«ÎOQÍ Pk"åã¨∞Å∞ qaè#fl`≥QÆÅ∞QÍ "≥·q^茺Éèíi`«"≥∞ÿ# ™êO㨯$uHõ r=# q^è•#O Hõey =Ù<åfl~°∞. yi[# ¢ã‘ÎÅ∞ ѨÙ~°∞+¨µÅ`À áê@∞ =º=™êÜ«∞Ѩ#∞Å∞, "Õ@ KÕ™êÎ~°∞. H˘O^Œ~°∞ ¢ã‘ÎÅ∞ ‰õΩ@∞O| x~°fiǨÏ} ÉÏ^茺`«Å∞ ‰õÄ_® K«∂™êÎ~°∞. H˘xfl `≥QÆÅÖ’ ¢ã‘ÎʼnõΩ ã¨=∂#¿ãfiK«Ûù =Ù#flѨʘH© "≥∞*Ïi©QÍ Ñ≤`«$™êfi=∞ºO J=∞Ö∫`«∞O@∞Ok. yi[# ¢ã‘ÎÅ∞ ‰õΩ@∞O|Ç≤ÏOã¨, `≥QÆ Hõ@∞ìÉÏ@¡ =Å¡ J}z"Õ`«‰õΩ QÆ∞iHÍ=_»"Õ∞ H͉õΩO_® á¶êÔ~ã¨∞ì JkèHÍ~°∞Å∞, áÈbã¨∞Å J`åºKå~åʼnõΩ |Ö∫`«∞<åfl~°∞. yi[<Õ`«~° Éèí∂™êfi=ÚÅ Öˇ·OyHõ ^ÀÑ≤_ôH˜ QÆ∞~“`«∞<åfl~°∞. gà◊¡ J=∂Ü«∞Hõ`åfixfl Pã¨~å KÕã¨∞H˘x yi[<Õ`«~°∞Å∞ ÃÑo¡KÕã¨∞‰õΩOÏ=∞x #q∞‡Oz QÆ~°ƒù=`«∞Öˇ·# `«~åfi`« =ke"Õã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. `≥QÆ Hõ@∞ìÉÏ@¡ =Å¡ "åà◊¡‰õΩ Ñ¨Ù˜ì# a_»¤Å∞ J<å^èŒÖ∫`«∞<åfl~°∞. H˘O^Œ~°∞ ëê=ÙHÍ~°∞¡, Éèí∂™êfi=ÚÅ∞ yi[# K«ÏìÅ #∞O_ç =O^ŒÖÏk ZHõ~åÅ HõÉÏ˚ Éèí∂=ÚÅ#∞ HÍáê_»∞HÀ=_»O HÀã¨O yi[# ¢ã‘ÎÅ#∞ Ô~O_»=, =¸_»= ÉèÏ~°ºÅ∞QÍ, LOѨÙ_»∞QÆ`≥ÎÅ∞QÍ "å_»∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl~°∞. „a˜+π áêʼnõΩÅ∞ =∞#^ÕâßxH˜ ~åHõ=ÚO^Œ∞ Pk"åã¨∞Å∞ J_»qÃÑ· ѨÓiÎǨωõΩ¯ Hõey =Ù<åfl~°∞. áÈ_»∞=º=™êÜ«∞O`À áê@∞ J_»qÖ’ ^˘iˆH `Õ<≥, zO`«Ñ¨O_»∞, ‰õΩO‰õΩà◊√¡, Hõ~°Hͯܫ∞, lQÆ∞~°∞, ™ê~°Ñ¨Ñ¨C, `«∞xH͉õΩ `«k`«~° J_»qã¨OѨ^ŒÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ¨_ç |uˆH"åà◊√¡. ã¨fiÜ«∞O ã¨=∞$kú „QÍg∞} Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨÷Ö’ |uˆH Pk"åã¨∞ÅÃÑ·
9.
7=∞Ç≤ÏàÏ=∂~°æO v #=O|~ü–_çÃãO|~ü
2007 „a˜+π "åà◊¡ Hõ#∞flѨ_çOk. J_»q ã¨OѨ^Œ#∞ H˘Å¡Q˘@ì_®xH˜ J_»=ÙÅ#∞ `«=∞qQÍ „ѨHõ˜OK«∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. K«ÏìÅ∞ KÕã≤ J_»qx J@gâßY‰õΩ JѨÊyOKå~°∞. yi[<Õ`«~°∞Å#∞ "åºáê~°ã¨∞ÎÅ∞QÍ J_»=ÙÖ’¡H˜ „áÈ`«ûÇ≤ÏOKå~°∞. "åà◊¡^•fi~å J_»q ã¨OѨ^Œ#∞ J_»q#∞O_ç `«~°eOK«∞‰õΩáÈÜ«∂~°∞. J_»q<Õ #=Ú‡H˘x |`«∞‰õΩ`«∞#fl Pk"åã¨∞Å∞ „Hõ=∞OQÍ J_»qg∞^Œ ã¨~°fiǨωõΩ¯Å∞ HÀÖ’ÊÜ«∂~°∞. „Hõ=∞OQÍ J_»qa_»¤Å∞ J_»q ^˘OQÆÅ∞QÍ z„fHõiOK«|_®¤~°∞. J_»qÖ’ "Õ∞HõÅ∞ ‰"Õ∞ѨىõΩ#flO^Œ∞‰õΩ, zO`«Ñ¨O_»∞ ¿ãHõiOz#O^Œ∞‰õΩ Ñ¨#∞fl HõÏìeû =zÛOk. <åQÆe Ѩ#∞fl, =∞OK≥ Ѩ#∞fl, QÆ_ç¤ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ "Õã≤ á¶êÔ~ãπì JkèHÍ~°∞Å∞ "ÕkèOKÕ"å~°∞. yi[# „QÍ=∂ŠѨ~°º@# ¿Ñ~°∞`À J@g JkèHÍ~°∞Å∞ QÆ∂_ÕʼnõΩ =zÛ áÈ_»∞ KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ Pk"åã¨∞Å^ŒQÆæ~° ÅOK«OQÍ _»|∞ƒ =ã¨∂Å∞ KÕ¿ã"å~°∞. HÀà◊¡#∞, "Õ∞HõÅ#∞ ^Ò~°˚#ºOQÍ fã¨∞ÔHàı¡"å~°∞. =∞Ç≤Ïà◊ÅÃÑ· J`åºKå~åÅ∞ KÕ¿ã"å~°∞. '=∂=¸à◊√¡— WK«∞ÛHÀÖËHõáÈ`Õ QÆ∂_ÕÅ#∞ `«QÆ∞Åɡ>Ëì"å~°∞. ÖË^• ˆHã¨∞Å∞ Ãјì *ˇ·à◊¡‰õΩ Ñ¨O¿Ñ"å~°∞. Pk"åã¨∞Å∞–áÈ_»∞=º=™êÜ«∞Oó =º=™êÜ«∂xH˜ J#∞"≥·# „áêO`«OÖ’ J_»qx #iH˜ HÍeÛ |∂_ç^Œ KÕã≤ ™êQÆ∞KÕã¨∞H˘<Õ Ñ¨^Œúux 'áÈ_»∞ =º=™êÜ«∞O— JOÏ~°∞. "≥Ú@ì"≥Ú^ŒQÍ =∂#=Ù_»∞ =º=™êÜ«∂xfl „áê~°OaèOzOk áÈ_»∞^•fi~å<Õ. <Õ˜H© Pk"åã¨∞Ö’¡x H˘xfl `≥QÆÅ∞ áÈ_»∞KÕã≤ |`«∞‰õΩ`«∞<åfl~Ú. Pk"åã¨∞Å∞ XHõKÀ@ áÈ_»∞ KÕã≤# Éèí∂q∞Ö’ Ô~O_»∞, =¸_Õà◊√¡ =∂„`«"Õ∞ =º=™êÜ«∞O KÕ™êÎ~°∞. P <ÕÅÖ’ ™ê~°O `«yæ# `«~åfi`« ^•xx =kÖËã≤ =∞~ÀKÀ@‰õΩ "≥o¡ áÈ_»∞KÕã¨∞‰õΩOÏ~°∞. WÖÏ Ñ¨Å∞KÀ@¡ áÈ_»∞ KÕã¨∞‰õΩ#fl Pk"åã‘ ‰õΩ@∞O|O P Éèí∂=ÚʼnõΩ ^ŒQÆæ~À¡x XHõ „QÍ=∞OÖ’ ã≤÷~°Ñ¨_ç#@¡~Ú`Õ P Éèí∂=ÚÅÃÑ· P ‰õΩ@∞O|O ã¨~°fiǨωõΩ¯Å∞ Hõeæ =ÙO@∞Ok. Pk"åã‘ ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏxH˜ „Ѩu™ês áÈ_»∞KÕ¿ã „â◊=∞ÖˉõΩO_® QÆ`«OÖ’ =¸_»∞, <åÅ∞QÆ∞KÀ@¡ áÈ_»∞KÕã≤# Éèí∂=ÚÖ’¡<Õ =∂iÛ =∂iÛ =º=™êÜ«∞O KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ"å~°∞. JO^Œ∞=Å¡ „Ѩu Pk"åã‘ ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏxH˜ `«Ñ¨Êxã¨iQÍ 2,3 ZHõ~åʼnõΩ `«QÆæ‰õΩO_® ã¨fiO`« Éèí∂q∞ =ÙO_Õk. 1979Ö’ H˘O_»"åÅ∞ „áêO`«OÖ’x Éèí∂q∞x =∂„`«"Õ∞ áÈ_»∞ KÕã¨∞H˘<Õq^èŒOQÍ J@g JkHÍ~°∞Å∞ POHõ∆Å∞ qkèOKå~°∞. JѨʘ#∞O_ç WO˜ "å™êʼnõΩ K≥@∞ì#∞ #iH˜<å, á⁄~ÚºÖ’H˜ Hõ>ˇìÅ∞ H˘@∞ì‰õΩ<åfl, Hõhã¨O WO˜=ÚO^Œ∞ <≥QÆà◊√¡ (=∞O@Å∞) "Õã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl <Õ~°=∞~ÚºOk. JnQÍHõ yi[#∞Å∞ áÈ_»∞KÕã≤# Éèí∂=ÚÅ#∞ ѨO@=∂iÊ_ç ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ yi[<Õ`«~°∞Å∞ ^Ò~°˚#ºOQÍ P„Hõq∞OKÕ"å~°∞. ^•O`À PHõe`Àáê@∞ Pi÷HÍ=ã¨~åÅ∞ f„=OQÍ =ÚO^Œ∞H˘KåÛ~Ú. =_ô¤"åºáê~°∞Å#∞ P„â◊~ÚOKåeû =KÕÛk. ѨO@"Õ¿ã ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ q`«Î<åʼnõΩ, ‰õΩ@∞O| J=ã¨~åʼnõΩ =_ô¤"åºáê~°∞Å ^ŒQÆæ~° JѨCÅ∞ KÕ¿ã"å~°∞. U Ǩg∞ ÖˉõΩO_® =_ô¤ "åºáê~°∞Å∞ Pk"åã¨∞ʼnõΩ JѨCe™êÎ~°∞. fã¨∞‰õΩ#fl ÉÏH© `«Ñ¨Ê‰õΩO_® f~åÛÅ<Õ x*Ï~Úf yi[#∞Ö’¡ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ =ÙO@∞Ok. JO^Œ∞=Å¡ J_çy#"≥O@<Õ JѨCeKÕÛ =_ô¤"åºáê~°∞Å∞ ѨO@Å∞ ѨO_ç#ѨC_»∞ =_ô¤`À HõeÑ≤ WzÛ# ^•xH˜ =¸_çO`«Å∞ qÅ∞= KÕ¿ã ^è•<åºxfl Ѩ@∞ìÔHàı¡"å~°∞. XHÀ¯™êi HõÅ¡OÖ’ ^è•#ºO XHõ¯ yO[ ‰õÄ_® WO˜H˜ KÕˆ~k HÍ^Œ∞. J@∞ [O`«∞=ÙÅ #∞O_ç, Ѩ‰õ∆ΩÅ ÉÏi #∞O_ç ˆ~~ÚO|=à◊√¡ HõO˜H˜Ô~ѨÊÖÏ Ñ¨O@#∞ HÍáê_ç ëê=ÙHÍ~°¡‰õΩ JѨÊyOz x~åâ◊QÍ WO˜=ÚYO Ѩ_»`å~°∞. XHõ"Õà◊ ѨO@ ѨO_»HõáÈ`Õ JѨC JÖψQ =ÙOz =_ô¤ H˜O^Œ Ñ≤Å¡efl 'áêÖË~°∞¡—QÍ Ñ¨O¿Ñ"å~°∞. JѨCÅ∞ Z‰õΩ¯=~Ú`Õ Éèí∂q∞<≥·<å =^Œ∞Å∞‰õΩOÏ~°∞ QÍx P =¸QÆr=ÙÅ∞ =_ô¤"åºáê~°∞ʼnõΩ Z^Œ∞~°∞K≥ѨÊ~°∞. ÃÑ·QÍ Hõ+¨ìHÍÅOÖ’ _»|∞ƒeKåÛ~°<Õ qâßfiã¨O`À =ÙOÏ~°∞. P q^èŒOQÍ J<ÕHõ ~°∂áêÅÖ’ J_»=ÙÖ’¡H˜ „Ѩ"ÕtOz# yi[ <Õ`«~°∞Å∞ =_ô¤"åºáê~°∞Å∞QÍ, ëê=ÙHÍ~°∞¡QÍ, Éèí∂™êfi=ÚÅ∞QÍ ã≤÷~°Ñ¨_®¤~°∞. ~å#∞~å#∞ gà◊¡ ^ÀÑ≤_ô Z‰õΩ¯=~ÚOk. Pk"åã¨∞Å Éèí∂=ÚÅ∞ gà◊¡ ™êfinè#=∞Ü«∂º~Ú. áÈ_»∞KÕã¨∞H˘<Õ J=HÍâßÅ∞ ÖË=Ù. D ã≤÷uÖ’ Pk"åã¨∞Å∞ Jx"å~°ºOQÍ ™êÜ«Ú^èŒ u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ KÕÜ«∂eû# Ѩiã≤÷uH˜ <≥˜ì"ÕÜ«∞|_®¤~°∞. J<ÕHõKÀ@¡ J_»q JkèHÍ~°∞Å#∞, =_ô¤ "åºáê~°∞Å#∞, Éèí∂™êfi=ÚÅ#∞ `«iq∞H˘Ïì~°∞. "åà◊¡#∞ ~°H˜∆OK«_®xH˜ =zÛ# „ѨÉèí∞`åfikèHÍ~°∞Å#∞, áÈbã¨∞efl x~°ƒOkèOKå~°∞. yi[#∞ʼnõΩ yi[<Õ`«~° Éèí∂™êfi=ÚʼnõΩ =∞^茺 [iy# áÈ~å@O yi[<Õ`«~°∞ʼnõΩ ~°Hõ∆}QÍ =zÛ# áÈbã¨∞ʼnõΩ yi[#∞ʼnõΩ =∞^茺 Ѷ¨∞~°¬}QÍ =∂iOk. "å˜Ö’ „Ѩ^è•#"≥∞ÿ# áÈ~åÏÅ QÆ∞iOz ‰õΩ¡Ñ¨ÎOQÍ `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩO^•O. ~°OѨ u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ (1879 – 80) ó `«∂~°∞ÊQÀ^•=i lÖÏ¡ KÀ_»=~°O `åÅ∂HÍ '~°OѨ— J<Õ „QÍ=∞OÖ’ WѨʙê~å g∞^Œ x¿+^èŒO, HõÅ∞¡wÜ«∞_®xfl HÍO„ÏHõì~°¡‰õΩ JѨÊyOK«_»O ÖÏO˜ q^è•<åʼnõΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ =Ú#û|∞^•~°∞ÃÑ· HÀÜ«∞, H˘O_»Ô~_»∞¡ u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞¡ KÕ™ê~°∞. HõÅ∞¡wÜ«∞_®xfl HÍO„ÏHõì~°¡‰õΩ JѨÊyOK«_»O =Å¡ HÍO„ÏHõì~°∞¡ yi[#∞Å ^ŒQÆæ~° qK«Hõ∆}Ï~°Ç≤Ï`«OQÍ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ =ã¨∂Å∞ KÕâß~°∞. Z^Œ∞~°∞ uiy# "å~°O^Œig∞^• ˆHã¨∞Å∞ ÃÑÏì~°∞. HÀ~°∞ìÅ∞, K«ÏìÅ QÆ∞iOz `≥eÜ«∞x Pk"åã¨∞Å∞ HÀ~°∞ì‰õΩ ÔQ·~å›[~°ÜÕ∞º"å~°∞. HÀ~°∞ì "å~Ú^•Å∞ ZѨC_À ‰õÄ_® `≥e¿ãk HÍ^Œ∞. Pk"åã¨∞Å∞ HÀ~°∞ì‰õΩ Ç¨[~°∞ HÍ#O^Œ∞# HÍO„ÏHõì~°¡‰õΩ J#∞‰õÄÅOQÍ yi[#∞Å Éèí∂=ÚÅ#∞ [ѨÙÎ KÕã¨∞H˘<Õ Ç¨Ï‰õΩ¯#∞ HõeÊã¨∂Î HÀ~°∞ìÅ∞ _ç„H© WKÕÛq. D Ѩi}Ï=∞O ~°OѨ֒x H˘O_»Ô~_»∞¡, HÀÜ«∞Å u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞H˜ HÍ~°}=∞~ÚºOk. 1879 =∂iÛ <≥ÅÖ’ KÀ_»=~°O áÈbãπ¿ãì+¨<£ g∞^Œ ^•_ç`À ~°OѨ u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ "≥Ú^ŒÅ~ÚºOk. Pk"åã¨∞Å∞ 'J_»¤fQÆÅ áÈbãπ¿ãì+¨<£— g∞^Œ ^•_ç KÕã≤ ¿ãì+¨<£#∞ `«QÆ∞ÅɡÏì~°∞.
10.
8 =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ=∂~°æO v
#=O|~ü–_çÃãO|~ü 2007 nx „ѨÉèÏ=O qâßY, Y=∞‡O lÖÏ¡ Pk"åã¨∞Å g∞^• Ѩ_çOk. Y=∞‡O lÖÏ¡ Éèí„^•K«ÅO `åÅ∂HÍ ˆ~HõѨe¡ „QÍ=∞„Ѩ[Å∞ áÈ_»∞Éèí∂q∞ÃÑ· „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO =ã¨∂Å∞ KÕã¨∞Î#fl J`«ºkèHõ Ѩ#∞flʼnõΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ L^Œºq∞OKå~°∞. Ju `«‰õΩ¯= ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’<Õ D u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ qâßY, Y=∞‡O, `«∂~°∞ÊQÀ^•=i lÖÏ¡Ö’¡ TѨO^Œ∞ ‰õΩOk. „Ѩ^è•#OQÍ ~°OѨ u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ ÔQiÖÏ¡ áÈ~å@ ѨO^ä•Ö’ H˘#™êyOk. „a˜+π „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO ‰õÄ_® JO`Õ "ÕQÆOQÍ Ñ¨Hõ¯lÖÏ¡Å #∞O_ç áÈbã¨∞Å#∞ `«~°eOz, Ô~O_»∞ HõOÃÑhÅ ¢ÃÑ·"Õò Ãã·<åºxfl, QÆx HÍi‡‰õΩÅ#∞, ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£ ã¨O™ê÷#O #∞Oz H˘O`« Ãã·<åºxfl `«~°eOz 1880 #=O|~ü <å˜H˜ u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞#∞ J}z"Õã≤Ok. ~°OѨ u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ `«~åfi`« Pk"åã¨∞Å rq`åÅ∞ H˘O`« "≥∞~°∞QÆÜ«∂º~Ú. Pk"åã¨∞Å ã¨O㨯$ux HÍáê_®eû# ÉÏ^茺`«`À áê@∞ Pk"åã¨∞Å Éèí∂q∞x Pk"å¿ã`«~°∞Å∞ HõÉÏ˚ KÕÜ«∞‰õΩO_® K«~°ºÅ∞ fã¨∞HÀ"åeû# Ѩiã≤÷uH˜ „a˜+π „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO ~åHõ`«Ñ¨ÊÖË^Œ∞. Pk"åã¨∞Å∞ x=ã≤OKÕ „áêO`åÅÖ’ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ áêÅ<å q^è•#O J=ã¨~°=∞x ‰õÄ_® „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO QÆ∞iÎOKåeû =zÛOk. JO^Œ∞Ö’ ÉèÏQÆOQÍ<Õ 'U*ˇhû „áêO`« „ѨÜ≥∂[<åÅ∞ – Éèí∂ |kb K«@ìO–1917 `≥KåÛ~°∞. yi[<Õ`«~°∞Å Éèí∂HõÉÏ˚ #∞Oz, =_ô¤ "åºáê~°∞Å #∞O_ç Pk"åã¨∞Å#∞ ~°H˜∆OK«_®xH˜ KÕã≤O^Õ D K«@ìO. =∞#ºO u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ (1922–24) ó 1920Ö’ #sûѨ@flO #∞O_ç zO`«Ñ¨e¡ =~°‰õΩ ~À_»∞¤=∂~°æO xi‡OKåÅx „a˜+π „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO x~°‚~ÚOzOk. JO^Œ∞‰õΩ yi[<Õ`«~°∞Å∞ ~À_»∞¤Ñ¨#∞Å∞ KÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ JOwHõiOK«ÖË^Œ∞. yi[#∞Å KÕ`« |Å=O`«OQÍ Ñ¨xKÕ~ÚOK«_®xH˜ „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO „Ѩ`ÕºHõOQÍ XHõ `«Ç¨Ïã‘Öò^•~°∞#∞ xÜ«∞q∞OzOk. P `«Ç¨Ïã‘Öò^•~°∞ yi[#∞Å#∞ ÖÁOQÆnã¨∞HÀ=_®xH˜ PǨ~°Ñ¨^•~å÷Å∞ JO^Œ‰õΩO_® kQƃO^èŒO KÕâß_»∞. yi[#∞Å∞ ÖÁOy~åÖË^Œ∞. „ѨuѶ¨∞@#‰õΩ ã≤^Œú=∞Ü«∂º~°∞. áÈ_»∞=º=™êÜ«∞OÃÑ· POHõ∆Å∞ qkèOz# á¶êÔ~ãπì JkèHÍ~°∞ÅÃÑ· =ºuˆ~Hõ`«`À =Ù#fl yi[#∞Å#∞ D K«~°º =∞iO`« P„QÆǨxH˜ QÆ∞iKÕã≤Ok. „a˜+π "åi ^Œ∞~å‡~°æ"≥∞ÿ# =Å㨠áêÅ#‰õΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ PÜ«Ú^è•Å∞ ѨÏìeû =zÛOk. 1922 PQÆã¨∞ì 22 # ã‘`å~å=∞~åA <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiOÖ’ 300 =∞Ok yi[#∞Å∞ zO`«Ñ¨e¡ áÈbã¨∞¿ãì+¨<£ÃÑ· ^•_çKÕã≤ PÜ«Ú^è•Å∞ ™êfinè#O KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. P =∞~°∞㨘~ÀA =ÚO^Œ∞QÍ ÃÇÏK«ÛiOz Hõ$+¨‚^Õq¿Ñ@ áÈbãπ ¿ãì+¨<£ÃÑ· ^•_ç KÕâß~°∞. 1922 ÃãÃÑìO|~ü #∞O_ç áÈbã¨∞ʼnõΩ yi[#∞ʼnõΩ =∞^茺 J<ÕHõ Ѷ¨∞~°¬}Å∞ [iQÍ~Ú. yi[#∞Å "≥∞~°∞ѨÙ^•_»∞ʼnõΩ „a˜+π „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO, áÈbã¨∞Å∞ ǨÏ_»eáÈÜ«∂~°∞. ã‘`å~å=∞~åA#∞ Ѩ˜ìOz# "åà◊¡‰õΩ ~°∞.1500 , Ѷ¨∞O@O^˘~°, =∞Å∞¡^˘~°Å#∞ Ѩ˜ì¿ãÎ ~°∞.1000 K˘Ñ¨C# |Ǩï=∞u W™êÎ=∞x „a˜+π „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO „ѨHõ˜OzOk. P u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞#∞ J}z "ÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ =∞ÅÉÏ~ü „Ѩ`ÕºHõ áÈbãπ ^ŒàÏÅ#∞, J™êûO Ô~·Ñ¶≤Öò ^ŒàÏÅ#∞, =O^ŒÖÏk=∞Ok áÈbã¨∞Å#∞ =∞#ºOÖ’H˜ kOáê~°∞. =∞#ºOÖ’x J<ÕHõ „QÍ=∂ÅÃÑ· áÈbã¨∞Å∞ q~°∞K«∞HõѨ_®¤~°∞. QÆ∂_ÕÅ#∞ `«QÆ∞ÅɡÏì~°∞. J<ÕHõ=∞Ok yi[#∞Å#∞ f„= z„`«Ç≤ÏOã¨Å∞ ÃÑÏì~°∞. ã‘`å~å=∞~åA PK«∂H© K≥ѨÊ=∞x yi[# ¢ã‘ÎÅ#∞ |Ç≤Ï~°OQÆOQÍ q=¢ã¨ÎÅ#∞ KÕã≤ "ÕkèOKå~°∞. x~°ƒO^èŒO f„=`«~°O KÕâß~°∞. J_»qÖ’ áÈbã¨∞ HͺOѨÙÅ∞ ÃÑÏì~°∞. z=~°‰õΩ 1924 "Õ∞ <≥ÅÖ’ ã‘`å~å=∞~åA#∞, E<£ <≥ÅÖ’ Ѷ¨∞O@O^˘~°, =∞Å∞¡^˘~°, =∞iH˘O^Œ~°∞ =ÚY∞ºefl HÍeÛK«Oáê~°∞. 1924 ÃãÃÑìO|~ü <å˜H˜ =∞#ºO u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ J}z"ÕÜ«∞|_çOk. *’_≥<£Ñ¶¨∂ò áÈ~å@O (1940) ó QÀO_»∞Å∞ PkÖÏÉÏ^£ lÖÏ¡Ö’ J`«ºkèHõOQÍ =Ù<åfl~°∞. „a˜+π"åà◊√¡ ~åHõ=ÚO^Œ∞ ~å¢+¨ìOÖ’ J<ÕHõ„áêO`åÅ∞ QÀO_»∞ ~åAÅ Pnè#OÖ’ =Ù<åfl~Ú. =∂}˜H±QÆ_£ ÖÏO˜ KÀ@¡ QÀO_»∞~åAÅ∞ Hõ˜ìOz# HÀ@Å∞ WѨʘH© =Ù<åfl~Ú. (HÍHõfÜ«ÚÅ ™ê=∞O`«~åAQÍ "Õ∞_®~°O Ѩ~°QÆ}ÏÅ#∞ áêeã¨∞ÎO_ç# HÀÜ«∞~åA ¿Ñ~°∞ "Õ∞_»~åA. J`«x JÅ∞¡_»∞ Ѩy_ç^ŒÌ~åA, ã¨=∞‡Hõ¯, ™ê~°Å=∞‡Å∞ HÍHõfÜ«ÚÅ`À áÈ~å_ç g~°=∞~°}O á⁄O^•~°∞. "åi ™ê‡~°HÍ~°÷O "Õ∞_®~°OÖ’ WѨʘH© *Ï`«~° [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#flk). „a˜+π áêÅ#Ö’ PkÖÏÉÏ^£, Jã≤á¶êÉÏ^£, x~°‡Öò "≥∞ÿ^•#„áêO`åÅ #∞O_ç J_»=ÙÖ’¡H˜ =zÛ ã≤÷~°Ñ¨_ç# yi[<Õ`«~°∞Å∞ „ѨÉèí∞`«fi "ÕÅOáê@Ö’¡ áêÖÁæx J<ÕHõ „QÍ=∂Å #∞O_ç H“Å∞ =ã¨∂Å∞ KÕ¿ã ǨωõΩ¯ á⁄O^•~°∞. H“Å∞Hõ@ìÖËx yi[# Éèí∂=ÚÅ#∞ ™êfinè#O KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. P q^èŒOQÍ 1940 <å˜H˜ PkÖÏÉÏ^£ lÖÏ¡Ö’x QÀO_»∞Å∞ H˘ÖÏ=ÚÅ Éèí∂=ÚÅ∞ ѨÓiÎQÍ yi[<Õ`«~°∞Å ™êfinè#=∞Ü«∂º~Ú. Éèí∂=ÚÅ∞ HÀÖ’Ê~Ú# Pk"åã¨∞Å∞ ÉÏɡ~°≠iÖ’ `˘e™êiQÍ ™êÜ«Ú^èŒOQÍ ã¨OѶ¨∞˜`«"≥∞ÿ u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ *ˇO_® ZQÆ∞~°"Õâß~°∞. P áÈ~åÏxH˜ QÀO_»∞g~°∞_»∞ H˘=Ú~°OcèO <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiO =Ç≤ÏOKå_»∞. 'áÈ_»∞— Pk"åã¨∞Å [#‡Ç¨ÏHõ¯x x#kOKå_»∞. K«∞@∞ìѨHõ¯Å „QÍ=∂Å∞ uiy Pk"åã¨∞efl K≥·`«#º=O`«O KÕâß_»∞. [Öò, [OQÆÖò, [g∞<£ x<å^ŒO`À *’_≥<£Ñ¶¨∂ò K«∞@ìѨHõ¯Å 12 „QÍ=∂Å∞ ^Œ^ŒÌiÖÏ¡~Ú. ™êO„Ѩ^•~ÚHõ PÜ«Ú^è•Å`Àáê@∞ |~å‡~°∞¡ =O˜ `«∞áê‰õΩÅ`À *’_≥<£Ñ¶¨∂ò ˆHO„^ŒOQÍ áÈ~å@O „áê~°OaèOKå~°∞. P u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞#∞ J}K«_®xH˜ x*ÏO „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO 50 =∞Ok Ãã·x‰õΩefl ѨOÑ≤Ok. H˘O_»ÃÑ· #∞O_ç ÃÑ^ŒÌÃÑ^ŒÌ ~åà◊¡#∞ ^˘i¡Oz QÀO_»∞Å∞ P Ãã·<åºxfl `«iq∞H˘Ïì~°∞. ^•O`À x*ÏO „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO „QÍ=∂ÅÃÑ· f„=x~°ƒO^è•xfl J=∞Å∞KÕã≤Ok. z=~°‰õΩ 12 „QÍ=∂Ö’¡x ™êQÆ∞Éèí∂=ÚʼnõΩ Ñ¨Ïìe™êÎ=∞x, áÈbã¨∞ ˆHã¨∞Å∞ ZuÎ"Õ™êÎ=∞x ã¨ÉòHõÖˇHõì~ü#∞ K«~°ÛʼnõΩ Ñ¨OÑ≤Ok. P K«~°ÛÖ’¡ QÀO_»∞Å∞ 12 „QÍ=∂ʼnõΩ ~å*ϺkèHÍ~°O HÍ"åÅx _ç=∂O_£ KÕâß~°∞. K«~°ÛÅ∞ qѶ¨Å=∞Ü«∂º~Ú. P `«~åfi`« x*ÏO „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO *’_≥<£Ñ¶¨∂òH˜
11.
9=∞Ç≤ÏàÏ=∂~°æO v #=O|~ü–_çÃãO|~ü
2007 200 =∞Ok Ãã·<åºxfl ѨOÑ≤Ok. P Ü«Ú^ŒúOÖ’ H˘=Ú~°OcèO`À áê@∞ 12 =∞Ok QÀO_»∞g~°∞Å∞ g~Àz`«OQÍ 5 ~ÀAÅ∞ áÈ~å_ç =∞~°}˜OKå~°∞. *’_≥<£Ñ¶¨∂ò áÈ~å@O `«~åfi`« ^•x „ѨÉèÏ=O #∞O_ç Pk"åã¨∞Å#∞ |Ü«∞@Ѩ_≥Ü«∞º_®xH˜ x*ÏO ã¨~å¯~ü H˘xfl ã¨O㨯~°}Å∞ KÕÜ«∞=Åã≤ =zÛOk. 1943Ö’ PkÖÏÉÏ^£ lÖÏ¡Ö’ QÀO_»∞ʼnõΩ q^•ºÑ¨^äŒHÍxfl „Ѩ"Õâ◊ÃјìOk. "≥Ú@ì"≥Ú^Œ˜™êiQÍ Pk"åã‘ q^•ºq^è•<åxH˜ <≥·*ÏO „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO NHÍ~°O K«∞˜ìOk. NH͉õΩà◊ yi[# ™êÜ«Ú^èŒ Ô~·`åOQÆ áÈ~å@O (1967–72) ó HÀÖ’Ê~Ú# Éèí∂=ÚÅHÀã¨O, J_»qÃÑ· J_»q ã¨OѨ^ŒÃÑ· ǨωõΩ¯ HÀã¨O [iy# J<ÕHõ yi[# u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@¡#∞ PÜ«∂ „ѨÉèí∞`åfiÅ∞ "ÕÖÏk=∞Ok Ãã·#ºO`À J}z"Õâß~Ú. „Hõ=∞OQÍ Pk"åã¨∞Å∞ "åà◊¡ Éèí∂=ÚÖ’¡<Õ ‰õÄbÅ∞QÍ =∂~å~°∞. Hõhã¨O ‰õÄe ‰õÄ_® ^˘~°Hõx ã≤÷uÖ’ NH͉õΩà◊ yi[# Ô~·`åOQÆO áÈ~å@ÉÏ@ Ѩ˜ìOk. Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ìÅ <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiOÖ’ D áÈ~å@O #_çzOk. NH͉õΩà◊ „áêO`«OÖ’ 1951Ö’ "≥Ú@ì"≥Ú^Œ˜™êiQÍ L=∞‡_ç Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ìáêsì lÖÏ¡Hõq∞© U~åÊ@∞KÕã≤#ѨʘH© 1959 #∞O_ç yi[#∞Å#∞ ã¨OѶ¨∞˜`«O KÕÜ«∞_»OÃÑ· ^Œ$+≤ì ÃјìOk. yi[# „QÍ=∂Ö’¡ ~å„uáê~î°âßÅÅ∞ U~åÊ@∞KÕã≤ q^Œº <ÕiÊOk. yi[# Ü«Ú=[# ã¨OѶ¨∂Å∞, yi[# =∞Ç≤ÏàÏã¨OѶ¨∂Å∞ x~å‡}O KÕã≤Ok. Ô~·`«∞Å∞, Ô~·`«∞‰õÄbÅ ã¨=∞㨺ŠѨiëê¯~åxH˜ Ô~·`«∞‰õÄb ã¨OѶ¨∞O ÃјìOk. Pk"åã¨∞Ö’¡ =¸_è»qâßfi™êÅ∞ áÈ=_®xH˜ f„= Hõ$+≤ KÕã≤Ok. ‰õÄeˆ~@∞¡ ÃÑOK«_»O`À áê@∞ áêÖË~°¡ r`åÅ∞ ÃÑiˆQq^èŒOQÍ Ô~·`«∞‰õÄbã¨OѶ¨∞O P^èŒfi~°ºOÖ’ Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ìÅ∞ L^Œº=∂Å∞ #_çáê~°∞. Ü«Ú=[# ã¨OѶ¨∂Å <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiOÖ’ J„Hõ=∞=_ô¤Å∞ ~°∂ѨÙ=∂áê~°∞. Éèí∂™êfi=ÚÅ #∞O_ç Éèí∂=ÚÅ#∞, ^è•<åºxfl ™êfinè#O KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. yi[<Õ`«~°∞Å, ëê=ÙHÍ~°¡, "åºáê~°ã¨∞ÎÅ, yi[# HÍ~Àʈ~+¨#¡ ^ÀÑ≤_ôÅ#∞ JO`«O KÕ¿ãq^èŒOQÍ yi[#ã¨OѶ¨∞O ã¨fiO`«OQÍ ã¨O`«Å∞ „áê~°OaèOzOk. áêsì <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiOÖ’ Pk"åã¨∞Å∞ ã¨=∞+≤ìQÍ ~À_»∞¡, Pã¨∞Ѩ„`«∞Å∞, áê~î°âßÅÅ∞, K≥~°∞=ÙÅ∞ U~åÊ@∞ KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. „Ѩ[Å∞ `«=∞‰õΩ `å=ÚQÍ |`«∞‰õΩ`å=∞O>Ë U ~å[º=¸ ã¨Ç≤ÏOK«^Œ∞. "≥Ú^Œ˜#∞O_ô J=∂Ü«∞Hõ yi[#∞ʼnõΩ J~°÷OQÍx ã¨=∞㨺 Wk. ''^Œ∂~°OQÍ J_»=ÙÖ’¡ =∂ JO`«@ "Õ∞O |`«∞‰õΩ`«∞O>Ë áÈbã¨∞Å∞, á¶êÔ~ãπì JkèHÍ~°∞Å∞ J_»qÖ’H˜ =zÛ =∞=∞‡efl ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ "Õkèã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. áÈ_»∞ ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ =^ŒÌO@∞<åfl~°∞. =^ŒÌOÏxH˜ gà‹¡=~°∞? "Õ∞O Ѩ٘ì ÃÑiy# J_»q =∂k H͉õΩO_® ZO^Œ∞Hõ~ÚºOk? ^ÀÑ≤_ô^•~°∞Å∞ ^˘~°Å∞QÍ, J_»qa_»¤Å"≥∞ÿ# "Õ∞O ^˘OQÆÅ∞QÍ ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ z„fHõiOK«|_®¤O? Jhfl „Ѩâ◊flÖË. J~°÷OQÍx „Ѩâ◊flÅ∞. ã¨=∂^è•#O ÖËx „Ѩâ◊flÅ∞. Pk"åã¨∞Å K≥·`«<åºxfl ã¨Ç≤ÏOK«ÖËx „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO U*ˇhûx áÈbãπHͺOÑπQÍ =∂iÛOk. 1967 JHÀì|~ü 30# yi[#ã¨OѶ¨∞O "≥ÚO_≥OYÅ∞¡Ö’ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOKÕ `åÅ∂HÍ =∞Ǩã¨Éèí‰õΩ 'QÆ∞=∞‡— „QÍ=∞O #∞O_ç `«~°e=ã¨∞Î#fl yi[# =∞Ç≤Ïà◊ÅÃÑ· ÖËq_ç „QÍ=∞O=^ŒÌ Éèí∂™êfi=∞º QÆ∂O_®Å∞ ^•_çKÕâß~°∞. ^•O`À "≥ÚO_≥OYÅ∞¡Ö’ ã¨ÉèÏã¨÷ÅO ^ŒQÆæ~°‰õΩ KÕi# Ô~O_»∞"ÕÅ =∞Ok yi[#∞Å∞ ÖËq_ç "≥·Ñ¨Ù Ѩ~°∞QÆ∞Å∞ fâß~°∞. HÍѨÙHÍz# Éèí∂™êfi=∞ºQÆ∂O_®Å∞ "Õ∞_ç^Œ ã¨`«ºO <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiOÖ’ yi[#∞ÅÃÑ· `«∞áê‰õΩÅ`À HÍÅ∞ÊÅ∞ [iáê~°∞. P HÍÅ∞ÊÖ’¡ HÀ~°#fl, =∞OQÆ#fl J<Õ W^ŒÌ~°∞ yi[#ã¨OѶ¨∞O HÍ~°ºHõ~°ÎÅ∞ =∞~°}˜OKå~°∞. P W^ŒÌi g~°∞Å =∞~°}O`À 1968 #=O|~ü 25# yi[# áÈ~å@O ™êÜ«Ú^èŒÑ¨O^ä•#∞ KÕѨ˜ì áê~°fifѨÙ~°O U*ˇhûÖ’x ÃÑ^ŒQ˘uÎeÖ’ "≥OѨÏѨ٠ã¨`«ºO <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiOÖ’ #iûOǨïÅ∞ J<Õ Éèí∂™êfiq∞ WO˜ÃÑ· ^•_ç KÕã≤Ok. P q^èŒOQÍ „áê~°OÉèí"≥∞ÿ# NH͉õΩà◊ yi[# ™êÜ«Ú^èŒ Ô~·`åOQÆ áÈ~å@OÖ’ ѨOKåk Hõ$+¨‚=¸iÎ, ã¨∞Éσ~å=Ù áê}˜„QÍÇ≤Ï, "≥OѨÏѨÙã¨`«ºO, ^èŒ~°‡Ñ¨Ùi Hõ$+¨‚=¸iÎ, áÈ`«#Ѩe¡ JáêÊ~å=Ù, KåQÆO˜ ÉèÏ㨯~ü, QÍ~°¡ =∂^èŒ=~å=Ù, `å=∂_» QÆ}Ѩu, ɡÅ∂¡i L=∂Ѩu, ѨOKåk x~°‡Å, ^Œ∞#fl JOHõ=∞‡, `≥ÅQÆÅ ã¨~°ã¨fiu`À áê@∞ 300 =∞Ok L^Œº=∞HÍ~°∞Å∞ yi[#Å∞ J=∞~°∞ÅÜ«∂º~°∞. P<å˜ NH͉õΩà◊ yi[# Ô~·`åOQÆ áÈ~å@OÖ’ J=∞~°∞Öˇ·# g~°∞Å `åºQÍŠѨÙ<å^Œ∞Å g∞^Œ <Õ_»∞ ^Õâ◊"åºÑ≤`«OQÍ J<ÕHõ „Ѩ*τѨuѶ¨∞@<å áÈ~åÏÅ∞ #_»∞ã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú. NH͉õΩà◊ áÈ~å@O ^Õâ◊"åºÑ¨ÎOQÍ yi[#∞Å ã¨=∞㨺ÅÃÑ· "å˜ Ñ¨iëê¯~åÅÃÑ· qã¨Î$`«"≥∞ÿ# K«~°Û#∞ ÖË=<≥uÎOk. P áÈ~å@Ѷ¨e`«OQÍ<Õ 1/70 K«@ìO, Éèí∂ã¨O㨯~°} QÆi+¨ª Ѩiq∞u K«@ìO – 1972, ^Õâ◊"åºÑ≤`«OQÍ U*ˇhûÖ’ =Ù#fl Jxfl ~å¢ëêìÅÖ’ S˜_çZ (ã¨=∞„QÆ yi[<åaè=$kú ã¨Oã¨÷) U~åÊ@Ü«∂º~Ú. Pk"åã¨∞Å∞–Éèí∂K«ÏìÅ∞ó yi[# Éèí∂=ÚÅ∞ J<庄HÍO`«O H͉õΩO_® LO_»ÏxH˜ PÜ«∂ „ѨÉèí∞`åfiÅ∞ J<ÕHõ K«ÏìÅ∞, ã¨=~°}Å∞, ã¨O㨯~°}Å∞ KÕâß~Ú. NH͉õΩà◊ áÈ~å@O ^Õâ◊"åºÑ≤`«OQÍNH͉õΩà◊ áÈ~å@O ^Õâ◊"åºÑ≤`«OQÍNH͉õΩà◊ áÈ~å@O ^Õâ◊"åºÑ≤`«OQÍNH͉õΩà◊ áÈ~å@O ^Õâ◊"åºÑ≤`«OQÍNH͉õΩà◊ áÈ~å@O ^Õâ◊"åºÑ≤`«OQÍ yi[#∞Å ã¨=∞㨺ÅÃÑ· "å˜ Ñ¨iëê¯~åÅÃÑ·yi[#∞Å ã¨=∞㨺ÅÃÑ· "å˜ Ñ¨iëê¯~åÅÃÑ·yi[#∞Å ã¨=∞㨺ÅÃÑ· "å˜ Ñ¨iëê¯~åÅÃÑ·yi[#∞Å ã¨=∞㨺ÅÃÑ· "å˜ Ñ¨iëê¯~åÅÃÑ·yi[#∞Å ã¨=∞㨺ÅÃÑ· "å˜ Ñ¨iëê¯~åÅÃÑ· qã¨Î$`«"≥∞ÿ# K«~°Û#∞ ÖË=<≥uÎOk. Pqã¨Î$`«"≥∞ÿ# K«~°Û#∞ ÖË=<≥uÎOk. Pqã¨Î$`«"≥∞ÿ# K«~°Û#∞ ÖË=<≥uÎOk. Pqã¨Î$`«"≥∞ÿ# K«~°Û#∞ ÖË=<≥uÎOk. Pqã¨Î$`«"≥∞ÿ# K«~°Û#∞ ÖË=<≥uÎOk. P áÈ~å@Ѷ¨e`«OQÍ<Õ 1/70 K«@ìO, Éèí∂ã¨O㨯~°}áÈ~å@Ѷ¨e`«OQÍ<Õ 1/70 K«@ìO, Éèí∂ã¨O㨯~°}áÈ~å@Ѷ¨e`«OQÍ<Õ 1/70 K«@ìO, Éèí∂ã¨O㨯~°}áÈ~å@Ѷ¨e`«OQÍ<Õ 1/70 K«@ìO, Éèí∂ã¨O㨯~°}áÈ~å@Ѷ¨e`«OQÍ<Õ 1/70 K«@ìO, Éèí∂ã¨O㨯~°} QÆi+¨ì Ѩiq∞u K«@ìO – 1972, ^Õâ◊"åºÑ≤`«OQÍQÆi+¨ì Ѩiq∞u K«@ìO – 1972, ^Õâ◊"åºÑ≤`«OQÍQÆi+¨ì Ѩiq∞u K«@ìO – 1972, ^Õâ◊"åºÑ≤`«OQÍQÆi+¨ì Ѩiq∞u K«@ìO – 1972, ^Õâ◊"åºÑ≤`«OQÍQÆi+¨ì Ѩiq∞u K«@ìO – 1972, ^Õâ◊"åºÑ≤`«OQÍ U*ˇhûÖ’ =Ù#fl Jxfl ~å¢ëêìÅÖ’ S˜_çZ (ã¨=∞„QÆU*ˇhûÖ’ =Ù#fl Jxfl ~å¢ëêìÅÖ’ S˜_çZ (ã¨=∞„QÆU*ˇhûÖ’ =Ù#fl Jxfl ~å¢ëêìÅÖ’ S˜_çZ (ã¨=∞„QÆU*ˇhûÖ’ =Ù#fl Jxfl ~å¢ëêìÅÖ’ S˜_çZ (ã¨=∞„QÆU*ˇhûÖ’ =Ù#fl Jxfl ~å¢ëêìÅÖ’ S˜_çZ (ã¨=∞„QÆ yi[<åaè=$kú ã¨Oã¨÷) U~åÊ@Ü«∂º~Ú.yi[<åaè=$kú ã¨Oã¨÷) U~åÊ@Ü«∂º~Ú.yi[<åaè=$kú ã¨Oã¨÷) U~åÊ@Ü«∂º~Ú.yi[<åaè=$kú ã¨Oã¨÷) U~åÊ@Ü«∂º~Ú.yi[<åaè=$kú ã¨Oã¨÷) U~åÊ@Ü«∂º~Ú.
12.
10 =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ=∂~°æO v
#=O|~ü–_çÃãO|~ü 2007 1874 – Ã+_»∂ºÅ∞¤ i¢ã≤ìH±ì Ü«∂H±ì 1917 – =∞„^•ã¨∞ „ÃÑã≤_≥hûÖ’ 'U*ˇhû „ÏH±û WO@Ô~ãπì ÖÏO_£ „Ï<£ûѶ¨~ü Ü«∂H±ì 1959 – ZÑ≤ Ã+_»∂ºÅ∞¤ UiÜ«∂ãπ ÖÏO_£ „Ï<£ûѶ¨~ü Ô~QÆ∞ºÖË+¨<£ Ü«∂H±ì 1970 – =<£ PѶπ Ãã"≥hì Ü«∂H±ì 2006 – Ã+_»∂ºÅ∞¤ `≥QÆÅ∞, W`«~° ™êO„Ѩ^•Ü«∞Hõ J@g x"åã¨∞Å (J@g ǨωõΩ¯Å QÆ∞iÎOѨÙ) K«@ìO PÜ«∂ „ѨÉèí∞`åfiÅ∞ KÕã≤# „ѨuK«@ìO, ã¨O㨯~°}Å "≥#∞Hõ J<ÕHõ=∞Ok Pk"åã¨∞Å ~°HõÎ`«~°Ê}O =ÙOk. Jx"å~°º Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Ö’¡<Õ „ѨÉèí∞`åfiÅ∞ K«ÏìÅ∞ KÕ™êÎ~Ú. JO^Œ∞ˆH "å˜ J=∞Å∞Ѩ@¡ „ѨÉèí∞`åfiʼnõΩ z`«Îâ◊√kú =ÙO_»@O ÖË^Œ∞. yi[#∞Å∞ ™êÜ«Ú^èŒ∞ÅÜÕ∞º Ѩiã≤÷`«∞ʼnõΩ HÍ~°}=∞~Ú# „ѨÉèí∞`åfiÖË KÕã≤# K«ÏìÅ∞ ã¨iQÍ J=∞Å∞ HÍ=Ù J<Õk =∞m¡ =∞m¡ ~°QÆ∞Å∞`«∞#fl yi[# áÈ~åÏÅ∞ ~°∞A=Ù KÕã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú. HÍh „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞º =º=ã¨÷Ö’ "åà◊√¡ `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕã≤# K«ÏìÅ#∞ J=∞Å∞Ѩ~°K«=∞x J_çˆQ"åà◊¡‰õΩ ‰õÄ_® D „ѨÉèí∞`åfiÅ∞ `«∞áêH© ^•fi~å<Õ ã¨=∂^è•#O K≥|∞`«∞<åfl~Ú. ã¨=∞㨺Å∞ ã¨$+≤ìã¨∞Î#flk „ѨÉèí∞`åfiÖË, P ã¨=∞㨺ŠѨiëê¯~åxH˜ u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ KÕã¨∞Î#fl yi[#∞efl K«OѨÙ`«∞#fln „ѨÉèí∞`åfiÖË. ã¨=∞㨺efl Ѩi+¨¯i™êÎ=∞O@∂ K«ÏìÅ∞ KÕã¨∞Î#fln „ѨÉèí∞`åfiÖË. P K«ÏìÅ∞ J=∞Å∞Ѩ~°K«Hõ áÈQÍ P K«Ïìefl LÅ¡OѶ≤∞ã¨∞Î#flk „ѨÉèí∞`åfiÖË. D „ѨÉèí∞`åfiÅ#∞ #_çÑ≤OKÕ Éèí∂™êfi=ÚÅ∞, ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•~°∞ÖË. JO^Œ∞ˆH Zxfl K«ÏìÅ∞<åfl Pk"åã¨∞Å |`«∞‰õΩÅ∞ ~ÀA~ÀAH© ^ŒÜ«∞hÜ«∞OQÍ =∂~°∞`«∞ <åfl~Ú. „ѨѨOpHõ~°} <ÕѨ^䌺OÖ’ =∞iO`« ^Œ∞~°ƒù~°=∞=Ù`«∞<åfl~Ú. Pk"åã¨∞Å∞ – q^Œº, "≥·^ŒºO ó ~å¢+¨ìOÖ’ Ã+_»∂ºÅ∞¤ `≥QÆÅ q^•º~°∞÷Å HÀã¨O „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO 505 Ǩã¨ìà◊√¡ x~°fiÇ≤Ïã¨∞ÎOk. <Õ_»∞ Ǩã¨ìà◊¡ Ѩiã≤÷u =∞s J^è•fi#flOQÍ `«Ü«∂Ô~·Ok. J<ÕHõ Ǩã¨ìà◊¡Ö’ `åQÆ∞h˜ ã¨=∞㨺 =ÙOk. =∞~°∞QÆ∞^˘_»¡ ™œHõ~°ºO ÖË^Œ∞. ÃÑiy# x`åº=ã¨~° =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ ^èŒ~°Å‰õΩ J#∞=ÙQÍ ™ê¯Å~ü+≤ÑπÅ∞ ÃÑ~°QÆ@O ÖË^Œ∞. QÆ`«OÖ’ XHõ@= `«~°QÆu #∞O_ç yi[# Ñ≤šʼnõΩ Ç¨ã¨ìÖò ™œHõ~°ºO =ÙO_Õk. WѨC_»k =¸_»= `«~°QÆuH˜ =∂~åÛ~°∞. JO^Œ∞=Å¡ „áê^äŒq∞Hõ ™ê÷~ÚÖ’<Õ "åà◊√¡ K«^Œ∞=ÙʼnõΩ ^Œ∂~°=∞=Ù`«∞<åfl~°∞. "≥·^Œº ™œHõ~°ºO ÖËHõ UÏ =O^ŒÖÏk =∞Ok yi[# q^•º~°∞÷Å∞ Ǩã¨ìà◊¡Ö’ q+¨[fi~åʼnõΩ |Å=Ù`«∞<åfl~°∞. ~å¢+¨ìOÖ’ yi[# ÉÏeHõÅ HÀã¨O 120 =ã¨u QÆ$ǨÅ∞<åfl~Ú. ÉÏeHõÅ =ã¨uQÆ$Ǩ֒¡, P„â◊=∞ áê~î°âßÅÖ’¡ yi[# q^•ºi÷#∞Å∞ J`åºKå~åʼnõΩ, Öˇ·OyHõ "ÕkèOѨÙʼnõΩ QÆ∞~°=Ù`«∞<åfl~°∞. ÉÏeHõŠǨã¨ìà◊¡Ö’ QÆ∞~°∞‰õΩÅ áê~î°âßÅÖ’¡ `«Ñ¨Êxã¨iQÍ =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ Láê^蕺ܫÚÅ∞, "åÔ~¤<£Å∞ =ÙO_®Å<Õ x|O^èŒ#Å∞ ‰õÄ_® áê˜OK«_»OÖË^Œ∞. J<ÕHõ ã¨OѶ¨∞@#Ö’¡ Láê^蕺ܫÚÅ∞, "åÔ~¤<£ÖË J`åºKå~åÅ∞ KÕã≤# ã¨O^Œ~åƒùÅ∞<åfl~Ú. Láê^蕺ܫÚÅ KÕuÖ’ J`åºKå~åxH˜ |Öˇ· yi[# q^•º~°∞÷Å∞ QÆ~°ƒù=`«∞ÅÜ«∂º~°∞. Ǩã¨ìà◊¡‰õΩ ã¨Ô~·# ~°Hõ∆} ÖË#O^Œ∞# yi[# ÉÏeHõÅ<Õ `ÕeHõÉèÏ=O`À |Ü«∞@#∞O_ç yi[<Õ`«~°∞Å∞ Ǩã¨ìÖòûÖ’ K˘~°|_ç J`åºKå~°O KÕã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. Pk"åã¨∞ʼnõΩ "≥·^ŒºO JO^ŒxѨO_Õ. WѨʘH© H˘xfl „QÍ=∂ʼnõΩ "≥·^ŒºO QÆ∞iOz `≥eÜ«∞^Œ∞. P‰õΩѨã¨~°∞, K≥@∞ìɡ~°_»¡ g∞^Œ<Õ P^è•~°Ñ¨_»∞`«∞<åfl~°∞. „ѨuÜÕ∞Ï „ѨÉèí∞`«fi ÖˇHõ¯Å „ѨHÍ~°"Õ∞ "ÕÖÏk=∞Ok Pk"åã¨∞Å∞ q+¨[fi~åʼnõΩ |Ö∫`«∞<åfl~°∞. J_»=ÙÖ’¡ HõÅ∞+≤`«"≥∞ÿ# h˜ ^•fi~å, ^À=∞Å ^•fi~å ã¨O„Hõq∞OKÕ q+¨[fi~åÖË JkèHõO. ~°H˜∆`« =∞Ozh˜ ™œHõ~°ºO ÖËHõáÈ=_»O, áÈ+¨HÍǨ~° ֒ѨO =Å¡ J<ÕHõ "åº^èŒ∞ʼnõΩ QÆ∞~“`«∞<åfl~°∞. „Ѩ^è•#OQÍ ~°HõÎÇ‘Ï#`« QÆÅ"åà◊√¡ ~ÀQÆx~À^èŒHõâ◊H˜Î ÖËx"åà◊√¡ JkèHõOQÍ =∞~°}˜ã¨∂Î =ÙOÏ~°∞. Pk"åã¨∞Å∞ x`«ºO "åO`«∞Å∞, qˆ~K«<åÅ∞, HõÅ~å, =∞ÖËiÜ«∂, >ˇÿá¶ê~Ú_£, _≥OQ∑ ÖÏO˜ q+¨[fi~åÅ ÉÏi#Ѩ_»∞`«∞OÏ~°∞. áœ+≤ìHÍǨ~°O ÖËHõ, "≥·^ŒºO JO^Œ∞ÉÏ@∞Ö’ ÖËHõ QÆ~°ƒù=`«∞Å∞ „Ѩã¨= "Õ^Œ#`À =∞~°}˜ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. |ÅÇ‘Ï#OQÍ Ñ¨Ù˜ì# yi[# Ñ≤Å¡Å∞ ѨÙi’¡<Õ K«xáÈ`«∞<åfl~°∞. Pk"åã¨∞Å∞–„ѨѨOpHõ~°}ó „ѨѨOpHõ~°} <ÕѨ^䌺OÖ’ |Ǩïà◊*Ïu HõOÃÑhÅ∞ ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊OÖ’x Yx[ ã¨OѨ^Œ#∞ H˘Å¡Q˘@∞ì‰õΩ áÈ=_®xH˜ ÉèÏ~°`« „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO #∞O_ç Öˇ·Ãã<£ûÅ∞ á⁄O^Œ∞`«∞<åfl~Ú. áêi„âßq∞Hõ Jaè=$kú ¿Ñ~°∞`À QÆ#∞Å `«=fiHÍʼnõΩ "ÕÖÏk ZHõ~åÅ Éèí∂q∞x „Ѩ[Å#∞O_ç „Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fiO ™êfinè#O KÕã¨∞H˘x áêi„âßq∞Hõ "Õ`«ÎʼnõΩ KÒHõQÍ J=Ú‡`«∞Ok. HÀÏ¡k ~°∂áêÜ«∞Å qÅ∞= KÕ¿ã W#∞=Ú, ÉÏÔHûÂò xˆH∆áêÅ∞ =∞#^Õâ◊ J_»=ÙÖ’¡ ѨÙ+¨¯ÅOQÍ ÅaèOK«_»O =Å¡ ã¨fi^Õj, q^Õj ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•~°∞Å∞, |Ǩïà◊*Ïu ã¨Oã¨÷Å ^Œ$+≤ì J_»=ÙÅg∞^Œ Ѩ_çOk. „ѨѨOK«ÉϺO‰õΩ P^ÕâßÅ "Õ∞~°‰õΩ <Õ_»∞ J_»=ÙÅ∞ ™ê„=∂[º"å^Œ ^ÕâßÅ J_®¤QÍ =∂~å~Ú. Éèí∂¿ãHõ~°} K«@ìO „ѨHÍ~°O ¢ÃÑ·"Õò =º‰õΩÎÅ Éèí∂=ÚÅ#∞, „Ѩ*Ïã¨OˆH∆=∞O, Jaè=$kú Ѩ#∞ʼnõΩ „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO ™êfinè#O KÕã¨∞HÀ=K«Ûx K≥|∞`«∞<åfl~°∞. HÍh D J„QƉõΩÅ Éèí∂™êfi=∞º áêÅHõ=~åæÅ∞ Pk"åã‘Å ã¨=∞㨺Å#∞, ÉÏ^èŒÅ#∞ Ѩ˜ìOK«∞HÀ=_»OÖË^Œ∞. K«@ì„ѨHÍ~°O Éèí∂q∞ÃÑ· ǨωõΩ¯ =Ù#fl"åiˆH P "Õ∞~°‰õΩ <å=∞=∂„`«Ñ¨Ù Ѩiëê¯~°O ^Œ‰õΩ¯`«∞Ok. Éèí∂=ÚÅ∞ ÖËx Pk"åã¨∞ʼnõΩ ze¡QÆ=fi ‰õÄ_® ^ŒHõ¯_»O ÖË^Œ∞. Pk"åã¨∞Å Éèí∂=ÚÅ∞ J<庄HÍO`«=∞Ü«∂ºÜ«∞#_®xH˜ 1879 #∞O_ç <Õ˜=~°‰õΩ [iy#, [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#fl yi[# ™êÜ«Ú^èŒ áÈ~åÏÖË x^Œ~°≈#O. Éèí∂q∞ÖËx Pk"åã¨∞ʼnõΩ #+¨ìѨiǨ~°O ã¨=∞¿ãº ÖË^Œ∞. áÈ_»∞ =º=™êÜ«∞O KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ Pk"åã¨∞ÅÃÑ· J_»qx #~°∞‰õΩ`«∞<åfl~°x ˆHã¨∞Å∞ Ãјì# á¶êÔ~ã¨∞ì JkèHÍ~°∞Å∞,
13.
11=∞Ç≤ÏàÏ=∂~°æO v #=O|~ü–_çÃãO|~ü
2007 áÈbã¨∞Å∞, „ѨÉèí∞`åfiÅ∞ <Õ_»∞ "ÕÖÏk ZHõ~åÅ J_»qx ^ŒQÆæ~°∞O_ç ^èŒfiOã¨O KÕã≤ |Ǩïà◊*Ïu HõOÃÑhʼnõΩ JѨÊyã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. J_»qx ~°H˜∆OK«∞HÀ"åÅx P~å@Ѩ_»∞`«∞#fl Pk"åã¨∞Å QÆ∞O_≥ÅÃÑ· `«∞áê‰õΩÅ#∞ QÆ∞iÃјì J_»=ÙÅ#∞ <åâ◊#O KÕã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. Xi™êûÖ’x HõoOQÆ#QÆ~üÖ’ ã‘ìÖòáê¡Oò x~å‡}Ïxfl =ºuˆ~H˜Oz# yi[#∞ÅÃÑ· HÍÅ∞ÊÅ∞ [iÑ≤ 17 =∞Okx áÈbã¨∞Å∞ ǨÏ`«ºKÕâß~°∞. Kè«fÎãπQÆ_è£Ö’ ™êÖÏfiA_»∞O ¿Ñ~°∞`À yi[#∞ÅÃÑ·|_ç #~°"Õ∞^èŒO ã¨$+≤ìã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. J_»=ÙÅ q^èŒfiOã¨OÖ’ ~å¢+¨ì„ѨÉèí∞`«fiO ó "≥·Ü«∞ãπ ~å[âıY~°Ô~_ç¤ „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO qâßY U*ˇhûÖ’ ÉÏÔH·ûò `«=fiHÍÅ HÀã¨O 2005Ö’ lO^•Öò HõOÃÑhH˜ J#∞=∞uxzÛOk. lO^•Öò HõOÃÑh „`«=fiHÍÅ∞ „áê~°Oaè¿ãÎ J#O`«yi, J~°‰õΩ =∞O_»ÖÏÅÖ’ 8"ÕÅ ÃÇÏHÍì~°¡ „áêO`«OÖ’x Pk"åã‘ „QÍ=∂Å∞ MÏm KÕÜ«∞=Åã≤ =ÙO@∞Ok. ^•xH˜`À_»∞ ~°ãπ JÖò Mˇ·=∂ ã¨Oã¨÷ #sûѨ@flO =^ŒÌ U~åÊ@∞ KÕÜ«∞É’`«∞#fl =∞~À JÅ∂ºq∞xÜ«∞O Ѩi„â◊=∞‰õΩ ÉÏÔHûÂò "≥eH˜f`«‰õΩ =∞iH˘O`« J_»qx ˆHÏ~ÚOKå~°∞. nO`À J~°‰õΩ #∞O_ç zO`«Ñ¨e¡=~°‰õΩ ÉÏÔHûÂò `«=fiHÍʼnõΩ U~åÊ@∞¡ [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞<åfl~Ú. `«=fiHÍÅ∞ „áê~°OÉèí"≥∞ÿ`Õ „QÍ=∂ÅÃÑ· ^Œ∞=Ú‡ "åºÑ≤Oz ѨO@Å∞ <åâ◊#=∞ÜÕ∞º „Ѩ=∂^Œ=ÚOk. "å`å=~°}, Ѩ~åº=~°} HÍÅ∞+¨ºO`Àáê@∞ Éèí∂QÆ~°ƒù[ÖÏÅ∞ WOH˜áÈ`åÜ«∞x Pk"åã¨∞Å∞ PO^Àà◊# K≥O^Œ∞`«∞<åfl~°∞. =∞~À"≥·Ñ¨Ù [ÅÜ«∞[˝O ¿Ñ~°∞`À áÈÅ=~°O, ѨÙezO`«Å ÖÏO˜ ÉèÏs h˜áê~°∞^ŒÅ „áê*ˇ‰õΩìÅ =Å¡ "ÕÖÏk yi[# QÆ∂_ÕÅ∞ h@ =Úxy ÅHõ∆ÖÏk=∞Ok x~å„â◊Ü«ÚÅ=Ù`«∞<åfl~°∞. U*ˇhû „áêO`«OÖ’x [Å=#~°∞ÅÃÑ· Pk"åã‘Å ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=∞ºO ¿Ñ~°∞`À „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO z#fl`«~°Ç¨ [Åq^Œ∞º`ü „áê*ˇ‰õΩìÅ x~å‡}ÏxH˜ „Ѩ}ÏoHõ ã≤^ŒúO KÕã≤Ok. ~å¢+¨ì"åºÑ≤`«OQÍ 70 Ѩ=~üáê¡OòÅ x~å‡}O ¢ÃÑ·"Õò =º‰õΩÎʼnõΩ JѨÊyOKÕ „Ѩܫ∞`åflÅ∞ [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞<åfl~Ú. g˜=Å¡ =KÕÛ P^•Ü«∞O yi[# ã¨OˆH∆=∞O HÀã¨O Y~°∞ÛKÕ™êÎ=∞x HÍO„ÔQãπ „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO JO@∞Ok. =∞~À"≥·Ñ¨Ù J~°‰õΩ, áêÑ≤H˘O_»Å∞ ÖÏO˜ „áêO`åÅ`À áê@∞ QÀ^•=i Ѩs"åǨÏHõ „áêO`«OÖ’x J<ÕHõ „Ѩ^ÕâßÅ#∞ Ѩ~åº@Hõ ˆHO„^•Å∞QÍ =∂~°∞ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO KÕѨ_»∞`«∞#fl D Ô~O_»∞ HÍ~°º„Hõ=∂Å ^•fi~å Pk"åã¨∞Å ã¨O㨯$u, ã¨O„Ѩ^•Ü«∂Å∞, PKå~° =º=Ǩ~åÅ∞ JO`«iOKÕ „Ѩ=∂^Œ=ÚOk. qz„`«"Õ∞=∞O>Ë Pk"åã¨∞ʼnõΩ „áê}ã¨OHõ@OQÍ =Ù#fl „Ѩu Ѩ^äŒHõO Pk"åã¨∞Å Jaè=$kú HÀã¨"Õ∞ J=∞Å∞ [~°∞ѨÙ`«∞#fl@∞¡ „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO qã¨Î$`« „ѨKå~°O KÕã¨∞ÎOk. =ºuˆ~H˜Oz# Pk"åã¨∞ʼnõΩ =∂„`«O ™êÜ«Ú^èŒOQÍ<Õ ã¨=∂^è•#O K≥|∞`«∞Ok. P ÉÏ^茺`« „ˆQǨÏ∫O_£ûH˜ JѨÊyOzOk. „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO „ˆQǨÏ∫O_£û g∞^Œ<Õ P^è•~°Ñ¨_»∞`«∞Ok. ~å¢+¨ì"åºÑ≤`«OQÍ ã¨OK«Å#O ˆ~ÔHuÎOz# 11 =∞Ok yi[# =∞Ç≤Ïà◊ÅÃÑ· „ˆQǨÏ∫O_£û =¸HõÅ∞ J`åºKå~°O [iÑ≤# ã¨OѶ¨∞@#Ö’ ǨϟO=∞O„u, _çlÑ≤ =ÚYº=∞O„u ã¨ÊOkOz# f~°∞#∞ K«∂¿ãÎ „ѨÉèí∞`«fi Éèíq+¨º`ü |Ǩïà◊*Ïu ã¨Oã¨÷Å Pi÷Hõ ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞O`À #_»∞ã¨∞Î#fl ™êÜ«Ú^èŒ |ÅQÍÅ KÕuÖ’ =ÙO^Œ<Õk ã¨Ê+¨ì=∞ø`«∞Ok. #Å¡=∞Å J_»=ÙÖ’¡ rqOKÕ ã¨∞=∂~°∞ 50 "ÕÅ=∞Ok K≥OK«∞Å#∞ J_»q#∞O_ç MÏm KÕ~ÚOKÕ „Ѩܫ∞`«flOÖ’ „ѨÉèí∞`«fi=ÚOk. J_»=ÙÅ#∞ MÏm Kտ㠄Ѩu ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏxH˜ 10 ÅHõ∆Å ~°∂áêÜ«∞Å Pi÷Hõ ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞O`À áê@∞ Ô~O_»∞#fl~° ZHõ~åÅ∞ =∂QÍ}˜ QÍh, S^Œ∞ ZHõ~åÅ "≥∞@ì QÍh WzÛ "≥∞ÿ^•# „áêO`åÅÖ’ Ô~O_»∞áÈ~°¬<£Å WÅ∞¡ Hõ˜ìOz W™êÎ=∞x K≥|∞`«∞<åfl~°∞. K≥OK«∞ÃÑO@Å `«~°eOѨ٠HÍ~°º„Hõ=∞O =∞ǨÏ|∂Éò#QÆ~ü lÖÏ¡#∞O_ç WѨʘˆH „áê~°OaèOKå~°∞. ÃÑOÖ’¡x ÃÑ^ŒÌÅ∞ nxfl ѨÓiÎQÍ =ºuˆ~H˜ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. QÆ`«OÖ’ Nâ‹·ÅO „áê*ˇH±ì Hõ>Ëì@ѨC_»∞ P „áêO`« J_»=ÙÖ’¡x 300 K≥OK«∞ ÃÑO@efl =∞ǨÏ|∂Éò#QÆ~ü lÖÏ¡ H˘ÖϡѨÓ~ü‰õΩ `«~°eOz# „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO `«~åfi`« Ѩ˜ìOK«∞HÀÖË^Œx QÆ∞~°∞ÎKÕã¨∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl~°∞. ~å¢+¨ì"åºÑ≤`«OQÍ QÆ#∞Å ^•fi~å, [ÅÜ«∞*Ï˝Å ^•fi~å x"å™êÅ∞ HÀÖ’Ê`«∞#fl „Ѩ[Å∞ <åºÜ«∞"≥∞ÿ# ѨÙ#~å"åã¨O HÀã¨O L^Œºq∞ã¨∞ÎO>Ë J}z"Õã¨∞Î#fl ~å¢+¨ì„ѨÉèí∞`«fiO #Å¡=∞Å K≥OK«∞ʼnõΩ Hõà◊√¡ q∞~°∞q∞@∞¡ Q˘e¿Ñ á꺈Hr (J=∞Å∞ =∂@ J@∞Oz`Õ) „ѨHõ˜ã¨∞ÎOk. iÜ«∞Åì~üQÍ =º=ǨÏiã¨∞Î#fl =ÚYº=∞O„uH˜ =∞OzÉË~°O `«yeOk HÍÉ’Å∞ Jx „Ѩ[Å∞ J#∞H˘O@∞<åfl~°∞. „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO =∂„`«O =KÕÛ ã¨O=`«û~°O 'J=∞‡HÍxH˜ #Å¡=∞Å— Jx É’~°∞¤ ÃÑ>Ëì „Ñ¨Ü«∞`åflÅ∞ =Ú=∞‡~°O KÕã¨∞ÎOk. =ÚyOѨ٠ó D Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Ö’¡ J_»=ÙÅ#∞ ~°H˜∆OK«∞HÀ"åeû# ÉÏ^茺`«, D ^Õâ◊O #∞O_ç q^Õj áêi„âßq∞Hõ "Õ`«ÎÅ#∞ `«iq∞"ÕÜ«∂eû# `«Hõ∆} Hõ~°Î=ºO Pk"åã¨∞Å rq`« ÅHõ∆º=∞~ÚºOk. JO^Œ∞ˆH Pk"åã¨∞Å∞ ™êÜ«Ú^èŒ∞Öˇ· áÈ~åÏxfl f„=`«~°O KÕã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. JO`Õ ã‘iÜ«∞ãπQÍ ~å¢+¨ì„ѨÉèí∞`«fiO yi[# ɡÏeÜ«∞<£ U~åÊ@∞KÕã≤ "åiHõO’¡ "åi"ÕÅ∞ á⁄_çÑ≤OKÕ q^èŒOQÍ yi[#QÆ∂_ÕÅ g∞^Œ‰õΩ Lã≤Q˘ÅÊ _®xH˜ ã≤^ŒúOQÍ =ÙOk. K«i„`« ѨÙ#~å=$`«O J=Ù`«∞Ok. P~°∞ºÅHÍÅO <å˜ ‰õΩ˜Å Z`«∞ÎQÆ_»Å#∞ <Õ˜ áêÅHõѨH∆ÍÅ∞ J=ÅOaèã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú. P Z`«∞ÎQÆ_» Å#∞ z`«∞Î KÕã¨∂Î J=∞~°∞Å `åºQÍÅ ã¨∂ÊùiÎ`À L"≥fi`«∞Î# Zyã≤ Ѩ_»∞`«∞#fl yi[# áÈ~åÏÅ∞ `«Ñ¨ÊHõ q[Ü«∞O ™êkè™êÎ~Ú. JOu=∞OQÍ „Ѩ[Å∞ J*ËÜ«ÚÅ#flk K«i„`« =∞#=ÚO^Œ∞Oz# ã¨`«ºO. "åà◊√¡ KÕ¿ã áÈ~åÏʼnõΩ KÕÜ«¸`«x^•ÌO. ™ê„=∂[º"å^Œ∞Å ^Œ∞~å„Hõ=∞} #∞O_ç =∞#^Õâßxfl HÍáê_Õ „Ѩܫ∞`«flOÖ’ =Ù#fl Pk"åã¨∞Å áÈ~å@OÖ’ ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=ÚÅ=∞=Ù^•O. X
14.
12 =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ=∂~°æO v
#=O|~ü–_çÃãO|~ü 2007 (QÆ`« ã¨OzHõ `«~°∞"å~Ú....) q^ÕâßÅÖ’ =Ù#fl ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ ‰õÄ_® *ÏfÜ«∞"å^Œ HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅÖ’ x=∞QÆ∞flÅ∞ HÍ=_»O „áê~°OaèOKå~°∞. "åiÖ’ "≥Ú^Œ˜"å~°∂, JO^ŒiHõO>Ë =ÚO^Œ∞O_ç ÉèÏ~°`« ã¨fi`«O„`« `˘e *ˇO_®#∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOz, ZQÆ∞~°"Õã≤# "åiÖ’ "Õ∞_»"£∞ HÍ=∂ XHõ~°∞. "Õ∞_»"£∞ aèÔH·r ~°∞ã¨∞ÎO HÍ=∂ 1907, JQÆã¨∞ì 2= `Õn# ÔOO_»= JO`«~å˚fÜ«∞ ™È+¨eã¨∞ì HÍO„ÔQãπ HÀã¨O ã¨ìòQÍ~üìÖ’ ã¨=∂"Õâ◊"≥∞ÿ# ^•^•Ñ¨Ù "Õ~Ú=∞Ok qq^èŒ ^ÕâßʼnõΩ K≥Ok# „Ѩux^èŒ∞Å =ÚO^Œ∞ „a˜+π "åà◊§ ^Œ∞~å‡~åæÅ QÆ∞iOp, ÉèÏ~°`«^ÕâßxH˜ ã¨fi`«O„`«O J=ã¨~åxfl QÆ∞iOp XHõ Q˘Ñ¨Ê LѨ<庙êxfl WKåÛHõ "Õ∞_»"£∞ aèÔH·r HÍ=∂ P‰õΩѨK«Û, HÍëêÜ«∞, Z~°∞Ѩ٠~°OQÆ∞Å∞#fl „u=~°‚ Ѩ`åHÍxfl Pq+¨¯iOzOk. ''D *ˇO_® ÉèÏ~°`« ã¨fi`«O„`åxk—— Jx „ѨHõ@# KÕã≤Ok. ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊Ѩ٠"≥Ú^Œ˜ *ÏfÜ«∞ *ˇO_®#∞ q^Õj QÆ_»¤ÃÑ· Pq+¨¯iOz, ÉèÏ~°`« ^Õâ◊ ^Œ∞ã≤÷uÃÑ·H©, ã¨=∞㨺ÅÃÑ·H© „ѨѨOK« ^Œ$+≤ìx =∞o§OK«_»OÖ’ q[Ü«∞O ™êkèOz P"≥∞ K«i„`« ã¨$+≤ìOzOk. P"≥∞ K«~°º „ѨѨOK«=∞O`«Ï Q˘Ñ¨Ê „ѨÉèÏ"åxfl "Õã≤Ok. P"≥∞ P HÍÅOÖ’ J`«ºO`« K«∞~°∞ÔH·# qѨ¡=HÍi}˜, 'qѨ¡"åxH˜ `«e¡— J<Õ a~°∞^Œ∞#∞ ã¨OáêkOK«∞‰õΩOk. "≥Ú^Œ@ P"≥∞ ~°ëêº #~Àkfl‰õΩ¯Å #∞Oz ã¨∂ÊùiÎx á⁄OkOk. =¸_»= *Ï~ü JÖˇQÍ˚O_»~üÃÑ· ǨÏ`åºÜ«∞`«flO KÕã≤#O^Œ∞‰õΩ LifÜ«∞|_ç# ™Èá¶êº ÃÑ~˘"£ã¨¯Ü«∂ P"≥∞‰õΩ P^Œ~°≈O. P `«~åfi`« P"≥∞ qѨ¡"À^Œº=∂ÅÖ’ „Ѩ[Å áê„`«#∞ J^茺ܫ∞#O KÕã≤Ok. 1917 ~°ëêº qѨ¡"åxfl ã¨OѨÓ~°‚OQÍ qâ◊fiã≤OzOk. J`«ºO`« ã¨O„Ѩ^•Ü«∞"å^Œ ÉèÏ"åÅ∞ Hõey=ÙO_ç, „Ѩ*Ï rq`«OÃÑ· U=∂„`«O Pã¨H˜ÎÖËx, „a˜+π áêÅ# '^ŒÜ«∂QÆ∞}O—ÃÑ· #=∞‡HÍxfl Hõey=ÙO_Õ Éèí~°Î#∞ ã¨Ç≤ÏOK«ÖËx P"≥∞ „Hõ=∞OQÍ J`«x#∞O_ç ^Œ∂~°"≥∞ÿOk. H˘kÌ ã¨O=`«û~åÅÖ’<Õ "å~°∞ q_çáÈÜ«∂~°∞. 1902Ö’ f„=OQÍ [|∞ƒÑ¨_ç# P"≥∞ zH˜`«û HÀã¨O q^ÕâßʼnõΩ "≥o§Ok. JÖÏ "≥Ú^ŒÖˇ·# P"≥∞ „Ѩ"å㨠rq`«O 35 ã¨O=`«û~åÅ∞ H˘#™êyOk. "≥·^Œº zH˜`«û á⁄Ok# J#O`«~°O S~Àáê ^ÕâßÅ#∞ XHõ ã¨O=`«û~°O áê@∞ ã¨O^Œi≈Oz# P"≥∞ ÅO_»<£Ö’ ã≤÷~°Ñ¨_çOk. PHõ¯_» ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊ Pâ◊Ü«∞O QÆ∞iOz ÃÇ·Ï_£ áê~ü¯Ö’ J`«ºO`« Pã¨H˜Î`À qO@∞#fl „Ѩ[ʼnõΩ LѨ<庙êeã¨∂Î P"≥∞ „ѨKå~° =∞Ǩϟ^Œº=∂xfl KÕѨ˜ìOk. i=Å∂º+¨#s áêsìx WOQÆ¡O_£Ö’ âߺ"£∞r ™ê÷Ñ≤Oz#ѨʘH© "Õ∞_»"£∞ HÍ=∂, ™ê=~°¯~üÅ∞ ^•xfl xi‡OKå~°∞. Js˚Å∞ ÃÑ>Ëì HÍO„ÔQãπ q^è•#O =Å# ZÖÏO˜ ѨÙ~ÀQÆf =ÙO_»^Œx „QÆÇ≤ÏOz# P"≥∞ q∞e>ˇOò Ѩ^Œú`«∞Å"≥·Ñ¨Ù‰õΩ =∞o§Ok. ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊ ã¨fi`«O„`«O HÀã¨O P"≥∞ ÅO_»<£, áêiãπ, *ˇh"åÅ #∞O_ç x~°O`«~åÜ«∞ „ѨKå~åxfl ™êyOzOk. 1905, AÖˇ· 1# ÅO_»<£Ö’ WO_çÜ«∂ ǨÏ∫ãπ#∞ `≥~°z#ѨÙ_»∞ ^•xH˜ P"≥∞ Ǩ[~°~ÚOk. Wk WOQÆ¡O_£Ö’ ÉèÏ~°`« qѨ¡"À^Œº=∂xH˜ ÃÇÏ_£HÍfi~°ì~üQÍ `«Ü«∂~°~ÚOk. WO_çÜ«∂ |Ü«∞@ =ÙO_ç J`«ºO`« ÉèíÜ«∂xfl HõeyOz# ÉèÏ~°`« ã¨Oã¨÷ÅÖ’ XHõ˜QÍ `«Ü«∂~°~ÚOk. "å~°∞ "å~åxHÀ™êi ã¨=∂"ÕâßÅ∞ "Õ¿ã"å~°∞, LѨ<庙êÅ∞ WKÕÛ"å~°∞, „Ѩu~ÀE K«~°ÛÅ∞ KÕ¿ã"å~°∞. ~åÜ«∞_»O, "ÕÖÏk qѨ¡= Hõ~°Ñ¨„`åÅ#∞, |∞H±Öˇ@¡#∞ =Ú„kOK«_»O, "å˜x áêºH± KÕã≤ áÈãπì KÕÜ«∞_»O =O˜q Ѩ#∞Ö’¡ XHõ ÉèÏQÆO. HõxÃÑ@ì‰õΩO_® =ÙO_»@O HÀã¨O =O^ŒÖÏk "Õˆ~fi~°∞ J„_≥ãπʼnõΩ Ñ¨O¿Ñ"å~°∞. P `«~åfi`« P"≥∞ PÜ«Ú^è•Å#∞ ã¨OáêkOK«_»OÖ’, "å˜x ѨOÑ≤OK«_»OÖ’ ‰õÄ_® ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞O KÕã≤Ok. D PÜ«Ú^è•Å#∂, ¿ÑÅ∞_»∞ Ѩ^•~å÷ Å#∂ LѨÜ≥∂yOKÕ tHõ∆}x=fi_»OÖ’ ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞Ѩ_Õk. ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊OÖ’ qѨ¡"À^Œº=∂xfl xi‡OK«_»O HÀã¨O P"≥∞ `«# ã¨fiO`« ^èŒ<åhfl, â◊H˜Îh Ü«∞^äÕK«ÛùQÍ Y~°∞ÛÃјìOk. Ü«¸~°Ñπ‰õΩ K≥Ok# J<ÕHõ =∞Ok qѨ¡=HÍ~°∞Å∞ P"≥∞#∞ Hõeã≤ ã¨∂ÊùiÎxá⁄O^Õ"å~°∞. ™ê=~°¯~ü ~åã≤# 'ÉèÏ~°`« ã¨fi`«O„`« `˘e ã¨O„QÍ=∞O—#∞ PKå~°º ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞O`À "Õ∞_»"£∞ HÍ=∂ „ÃѶOKü ÉèÏ+¨Ö’H˜ J#∞=kOzOk. "å~°∞ „ѨѨOK«"åºÑ¨ÎOQÍ qѨ¡=Hõ~°"≥∞ÿ# „ÃÑãπ #∞Oz ™ê#∞Éèí∂uh, ã¨Ç¨Ü«∂hfl HÀ~å~°∞. JO^Œ∞=Å¡ "Õ∞_»O HÍ=∂ â◊H˜Î=O`«"≥∞ÿ# ~å[H©Ü«∞ "庙êÅ#∞ ~å¿ãk. Jq „ѨѨOK« =∞O`«Ï ѨOÑ≤}© J~Ú [~°‡<£, „ÃѶOKü, WÏeÜ«∞<£, ~°+¨º<£ ÉèÏ+¨Ö’¡H˜ J#∞"å^Œ=∞Ü«∂º~Ú. YO_®`«~°, ~°ëêº qѨ¡"åÅ`À "Õ∞_»"£∞ HÍ=∂‰õΩ#fl ã¨O|O^è•Å =Å# qѨ¡= Ѩ^Œú`«∞ŠѨ@¡ P"≥∞ ^Œ$_è» qâßfiã¨O ÃÑiyáÈ~ÚOk. PÜ«Ú^è•Å#∞ѨÜ≥∂yOK«_»O, ÉÏO|∞Å#∞ `«Ü«∂~°∞KÕÜ«∞_»OÖ’ Ü«Ú= qѨ¡=HÍ~°∞ʼnõΩ P"≥∞ "åã¨Î= tHõ∆}#∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOzOk. ɡi¡<£Ö’ =ÙO_Õ ~°+¨º<£ "≥·^Œº q^•ºi÷x q∞ãπ J<åº ÉÏO|∞ `«Ü«∂sx QÆ∞iOz ~°+¨º<£ ÉèÏ+¨Ö’ L#fl ѨÙã¨ÎHÍxfl WOw¡+πÖ’H˜ J#∞"å^ŒO KÕã≤zÛ "åiH˜ ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞Ѩ_çOk. WOQÆ¡O_£Ö’ qѨ¡=HÍ~°∞ÅÃÑ· LK«∞Û ayã¨∞ÎO_»@O`À P"≥∞ áêiãπ "≥o§ JHõ¯_» ã≤÷~°Ñ¨_çOk. JѨʘ#∞O_ô WOQÆ¡O_£‰õΩ `«# ã¨O^Œ~°≈##∞ H˘#™êyã¨∂Î<Õ áêiãπÖ’ *ÏfÜ«∞"å^Œ HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêʼnõΩ q^ÕâßÅÖ’x =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ *ÏfÜ«∞"å^Œ∞Å∞ -q.QÍiæ K«i`«„Ö’ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊ 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
15.
13=∞Ç≤ÏàÏ=∂~°æO v #=O|~ü–_çÃãO|~ü
2007 ˆHO„^ŒaO^Œ∞"≥·Ok. 1909, ÃãÃÑìO|~üÖ’ "Õ∞_»"£∞ HÍ=∂, ǨÏ~°^ŒÜ«∂àòÅ∞ '=O^Õ =∂`«~°O—#∞ „áê~°OaèOKå~°∞. Kè«’áê^蕺ܫ∞ ã¨Oáê^ŒHõ`«fiOÖ’x '`«ÖÏfi~ü—#∞ ‰õÄ_® P"≥∞ =$kú KÕã≤Ok. "å~°∞ `«=∞ HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêŠѨikèx qã¨ÎiOz áêiãπÖ’<Õ H͉õΩO_® ɡi¡<£, #∂ºÜ«∂~ü¯, ’HÀºÅÖ’ ‰õÄ_® `«=∞ ˆHO„^•Å#∞ <≥ÅH˘ÖÏÊ~°∞. <åã≤H± lÖÏ¡ HõÖˇHõì~°∂, "Õ∞l„¿ãì@∂ J~Ú# *ÏHõû<£#∞ HÍeÛK«OÑ≤#ѨÙ_»∞ ѨÓiÎ ÉÏ^茺`«#∞ `«# Éèí∞*ÏÅg∞kÔH`«∞ΉõΩO@∂ "Õ∞_»"£∞ HÍ=∂ áêiãπÖ’x „a˜+π ~åÜ«∞ÉÏ~° HÍ~åºÅÜ«∞OÖ’ XHõ _çHõ¡ˆ~+¨<£ÃÑ· ã¨O`«HõO KÕã≤Ok. 1908 #=O|~üÖ’ WO_çÜ«∂ ǨÏ∫ãπ =^ŒÌ P"≥∞ „Ѩã¨OyOzOk. P"≥∞ „Ѩã¨OQÍxfl Hõ~°Ñ¨„`«OQÍ =Ú„kOz, P `«~åfi`« "å˜x ÃÑ^ŒÌ ã¨OYºÖ’ ÉèÏ~°`«^ÕâßxH˜ ѨOÑ≤OKå~°∞. P Hõ~°Ñ¨„`«O qѨ¡"À^Œº=∞ ã¨∂„`åÅ "≥Ú`åÎxH˜ XHõ „Ѩ}ÏoHõ J~ÚOk. 1910, ÃãÃÑìO|~ü 21# [iy# DlÑπì *ÏfÜ«∞ =∞Ǩã¨ÉèíÖ’ P"≥∞ 'DlÑπì JO`«~å˚fÜ«∞ K«@ì|^Œú ™ê÷#OÃÑ· TiˆH T^Œ~°Q˘˜ì „ѨÜ≥∂[#O Uq∞˜? q^Õj P„Hõ=∞}‰õΩ ÉÏO|∞Å∂, i"åÅfiˆ~¡ ã¨Ô~·# ã¨=∂^è•#O— Jx ÉÏǨ@OQÍ „ѨHõ˜OzOk. q^Õj áêʼnõΩÅ#∞ ‰õÄÅ^ÀÜ«∞_®xH˜ Ç≤ÏOã¨<Õ LѨÜ≥∂yOKåÅx HÍ=∂ ZѨC_»∂ K≥¿ÑÊk. P Pâ◊Ü«∞O HÀã¨"Õ∞ P"≥∞ `«# rq`åxfl JOH˜`«O KÕã≤Ok. J^Õ ã¨=∂"Õâ◊OÖ’ P"≥∞ '<ÕxHõ¯_» DlÑπì [<åÉèÏÖ’x ã¨QÆÉèÏQÍxfl =∂„`«"Õ∞ K«∂ã¨∞Î<åfl#∞. q∞ye# ã¨QÆÉèÏQÆO ZHõ¯_»∞O^À <Õ#_»Q˘KåÛ?— Jx "åºMϺxOzOk. =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ ‰õÄ_® *ÏfÜ«∞ L^Œº=∂ÅÖ’ K«∞~°∞QÍæ áêÖÁæ<åÅx P"≥∞ HÀ~°∞‰õΩOk. =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ L^Œº=∂ÅÖ’ P"≥∞ ZѨC_»∂ KåÖÏ K«∞~°∞QÍæ =ÙO_Õk. 1906Ö’ P"≥∞ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å JO`«~å˚fÜ«∞ H“xûÖò ã¨=∂"ÕâßxH˜ Ǩ[Ô~· ÉèÏ~°`«^ÕâßxH˜ <åºÜ«∞O [~°QÍÅx XHõ JÉèíº~°÷# KÕã≤Ok. „Ѩ*Ï ã¨O|O^èŒ q+¨Ü«∂ÅÖ’ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ `«=∞ <åºÜ«∞"≥∞ÿ# áê„`«#∞ áÈ+≤OKåÅx P"≥∞ ã¨OѨÓ~°‚OQÍ #q∞‡Ok. 1910, =∂~üÛÖ’ ™ê=~°¯~ü JÔ~ã¨ìÜ«∂ºHõ P"≥∞ `«# â◊‰õΩÎÅxflO˜h J`«xfl q_»∞^ŒÅ KÕ~ÚOK«_»O"≥·¿Ñ ˆHO„nHõiOzOk. 1909Ö’<Õ P"≥∞ ÉèÏ~°`« ~å[H©Ü«∞ PHÍOHõ∆Å#∞ QÆ∞iOz [~°‡#¡‰õΩ qâ◊^ŒO KÕ~ÚOK«_»O HÀã¨O XHõ LѨ<åºã¨ Ü«∂„`« KÕѨ˜ìOk. '=O^Õ=∂`«~°O—, '`«ÖÏfi~ü—Å∞ Ô~O_çO˜ÃÑ·<å ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊OÖ’ x¿+^èŒO qkèOz<å, qѨ¡=HÍ~°∞Å∞ "å˜x „ѨѨOK«"åºÑ¨ÎOQÍ =Ù#fl ã¨fi^ÕjÜ«ÚÅO^ŒiH© ѨOÑ≤}© KÕ¿ã"å~°∞. qѨ¡=HÍ~°∞Å x^èŒ∞Å#∂, JH“O@¡#∂ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOKÕ Hõ~°Î=ºO P"≥∞^Õ. 1910Ö’ áêiãπÖ’ '*ÏfÜ«∞ xkè— U~åÊ@∞ KÕâß~°∞. HÍ=∂, Kè«’áê^蕺Üü∞Å∞ ^•xH˜ HÀâßkèHÍ~°∞Å∞QÍ =Ù<åfl~°∞. ''P"≥∞ QÆ`«OÖ’ KÕã≤# `«Ñ≤Ê^•Å QÆ∞iOp, ~å[H©Ü«∂Ö’¡ P"≥∞ WHõ ÉèÏQÆO HÍÉ’^Œ<Õ Ç¨g∞ (Qͺ~°O©)—— QÆ∞iOp „a˜+π "åiH˜ ~å`«Ñ¨Ó~°fiHõ Hõ∆=∂Ѩ} W=fi_®xH˜ P"≥∞ ã≤^ŒúѨ_»ÖË^Œ∞. JO^Œ∞=Å# P"≥∞#∞ ÉèÏ~°`«^ÕâßxH˜ uiy ~åx=fiÖË^Œ∞. 35 ã¨OIIÅ ã¨∞n~°… „Ѩ"åã¨O `«~åfi`« P"≥∞ WO˜g∞^Œ ɡOQÆÃÑ@∞ì‰õΩOk. =Ü«∞ã¨∂, J<å~ÀQͺÅ=Å# |~°∞=Ù `«yæáÈ~ÚOk. |ÅÇ‘Ï#OQÍ =ÙO_ç, =Ü«∞ã¨∞=∞o§, xÅ|_»ÖËx, #_»=ÖËx, ~åÜ«∞ÖËx ã≤÷uÖ’ =Ù#fl P"≥∞#∞ 'ZÖÏO˜ ã¨ÉèíÅ∂ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«^Œh, LѨ<庙êÅ∞ KÕÜ«∞^Œh— ~å`«Ñ¨Ó~°fiHõOQÍ Ç¨g∞x"åfiÅx „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO _ç=∂O_£ KÕã≤Ok – "åiÖ’ P"≥∞ ~°yeOz# ÉèíÜ≥∂`åÊ`åxH˜k XHõ x"åo! ZO`À #K«ÛK≥Ñ≤Ê#g∞^Œ@ J~Ú+¨ìOQÍ<Õ, J==∂#O`À xO_ç# Hõhfl˜`À P"≥∞ Ǩg∞ Ѩ„`«OÃÑ· ã¨O`«HõO KÕã≤ ÉèÏ~°`«^ÕâßxH˜ uiy=zÛOk. ÉÁOÉÏ~ÚÖ’ kwkQÆQÍ<Õ P"≥∞#∞ áês≈ [#~°Öò Pã¨∞Ѩ„uH˜ ǨïÏǨï˜# `«~°eOKåeû=zÛOk. Zxq∞k <≥ÅÅáê@∞ JHõ¯_Õ =Ù#fl P"≥∞ 1936, JQÆã¨∞ì 16# – Q“~°"åÅ∂, ã¨O`åáêÅ∂ Ug∞ ÖˉõΩO_®<Õ xâ◊≈|ÌOQÍ x„+¨¯q∞OzOk. P"≥∞‰õΩ QÆ∞iÎOѨÙ, KåÖÏ PÅ㨺OQÍ, 1960Ö’ P"≥∞ â◊`«[Ü«∞Ou ã¨O=`«û~°OÖ’ =zÛOk. 1905Ö’ ɡOQÍÖò qѨ¡=HÍ~°∞efl ã¨=∞i÷Oz# „ѨÉèÏ=u (P `«~åfiuHÍÅOÖ’ g∞~å˚) J"≥∞iHÍÖ’x 'ÉèÏ~°`«, S~°¡O_£ ^ÕâßÅ ™êfi`«O„`«ºO—(„Ѷ‘_»"£∞ Ѷ¨~ü WO_çÜ«∂ JO_£ S~°¡O_£) J<Õ „QÆ∂ѨÙ`À ѨxKÕã≤Ok. ã¨~°àÏ ˆ~ =∞#=~åÖˇ·# ˆ~}∞HÍ ˆ~ WOQÆ¡O_£Ö’ „a˜+π ™ê„=∂[º"å^Œ =ºuˆ~Hõ bQ∑`À Hõeã≤ ѨxKÕã≤Ok. [~°‡hÖ’x Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ìÅ∞, qѨ¡=HÍ~°∞Å`À ‰õÄ_® „ѨÉèÏ=uH˜ ã¨O|O^è•Å∞<åfl~Ú. ã≤fi@˚~°¡O_£‰õΩ K≥Ok# "Õ∞^è•q "≥∞b¡ ëÈeOQÆ~ü PO„^茄Ѩ^ÕâòÖ’ ã¨fi`«O„`À^Œº=∞OÖ’ K«∞~°∞QÍæ ѨxKÕã≤Ok. 1942, ÃãÃÑìO|~ü 15# HÍO„ÔQãπ‰õΩ K≥Ok# 11 =∞Ok "≥∞b¡ ëÈeOQÆ~ü <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiOÖ’ q[Ü«∞"å_»Ö’x <åºÜ«∞"å^Œ∞Å WO_»¡‰õΩ "≥o§ H˜fiò WO_çÜ«∂ L^Œº=∞OÖ’ ÉèÏQÆOQÍ `«=∞ „áêH©ìãπ#∞ xeÑ≤"ÕÜ«∂eûOkQÍ "åiH˜ q[˝Ñ≤Î KÕâß~°∞. 1942, JHÀì|~ü Ô~O_»∞# q[Ü«∞"å_»Ö’ HÍO„ÔQãπ *ˇO_®#∞ ZQÆ∞~°"Õã≤, Hõ~°Ñ¨„`åÅ∞ ѨOz, x<å^•ezÛ, XHõ ã¨Éèí#∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«_®xH˜ „Ѩܫ∞uflOz# "≥∞b¡ JÔ~ã¨ì~ÚOk. ~“O_£>Ë|∞Öòã¨=∂"ÕâßÅ∞ "≥Ú^Œ˜ ~“O_£ >Ë|∞Öò ã¨=∂"Õâßxfl HÍO„ÔQãπ |Ç≤Ï+¨¯iOzOk. J~Ú`Õ „áê~°OÉèí i[ˆ~fi+¨<£`À =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ ѨÙ~°∞+¨µÅ`À ã¨=∂#=∞=Ù`å~°<Õ „áêuѨkHõ`À =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å F@∞ǨωõΩ¯HÀã¨O ÖÏc KÕÜ«∞_®xÔH· ÉËQÆO ëê #"å*ò, Hõ=∞ÖÏ ã¨∞|ƒ~åÜ«∞<£Å∞ nxH˜ Ǩ[~°Ü«∂º~°∞. *ÏfÜ«∞"å^Œ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ D "å^Œ##∞ =ºuˆ~H˜Oz, "å~°∞ áêÖÁæ#_®xfl =ºuˆ~H˜ã¨∂Î „Ѩ^Œ~°≈#Å∞ [iáê~°∞. HÍh, H˘xfl "å~åÅ `«~åfi`« QÍOnè Wifi<£`À XHõ XѨÊO^ŒOÃÑ· ã¨O`«HõO KÕÜ«∞QÍ<Õ *ÏfÜ«∞"å^Œ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ `«=∞ ÉÏ}©x =∂~°∞Û‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. D XѨÊO^ŒO HÍO„ÔQãπ‰õΩ K≥Ok#
16.
14 =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ=∂~°æO v
#=O|~ü–_çÃãO|~ü 2007 âßã¨<ÀÅ¡OѶ¨∞# L^Œº=∞ Mˇ·nÅ q_»∞^ŒÅ#∞ `«Ñ¨Ê =∞ˆ~g∞ ™êkèOK«ÖË^Œ∞. ÉèíQÆ`üã≤OQ∑, J`«x ã¨Ç¨ÏK«~°∞ÅH˘~°‰õΩ Hõ∆=∂aèHõ∆ ™êkèOKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ Z@∞=O˜ „Ѩܫ∞`«fl=¸ KÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ QÍOnè x~åHõiOK«_»O `«=∞x ZO`« JѶ¨∂`å(ëêH±)xH˜ QÆ∞iKÕã≤O^À P `«~åfi`« Å*Ï˚=Ou =O˜ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ q=iOKå~°∞. Ô~O_»= ~“O_£ >Ë|∞Öò ã¨=∂"ÕâßxH˜ ÉËQÆO ëê#"å*ò, ã¨~Àlh<åÜ«Ú_»∂ Ǩ[Ô~· "≥∞"≥∂~åO_®xfl ã¨=∞iÊOKå~°∞. =∞Ç≤Ïà◊ʼnõΩ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ HÍh, xÜ«∂=∞HÍxfl=fi_»O (<åq∞<Õ+¨<£) ÖË^• HÀ–PÑπì KÕã¨∞HÀ=_»O – =∞Ç≤Ïà◊ʼnõΩ ~å~ÚfÅx"åfiÅ<Õ D Jxfl ã¨∂K«#Å#∂ ã¨=∂"Õâ◊O u~°ã¨¯iOzOk. |∂~°∞˚"å =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ ã¨OѶ¨∂Å Pq~åƒù=O "≥Ú^Œ˜ „ѨѨOK« Ü«Ú^ŒúO `«~åfi`« *ÏfÜ«∞ =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ ã¨OѶ¨∂Å∞ U~°Ê_®¤~Ú. ÉèÏ~°`« =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ ã¨OѶ¨∞O (_»|∞¡ºSZ), ÉèÏ~°`« =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å *ÏfÜ«∞ =∞O_»e (Z<£ã≤ _»|∞¡ºS), JdÅÉèÏ~°`« =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ =∞Ǩã¨Éèí (ZS_»|∞¡ºã≤) – 1917 #∞Oz 1927 =∞^茺֒ D =¸_»∞ „Ѩ^è•# ã¨OѶ¨∂Å∂ Pq~°ƒùqOKå~Ú. ÉèÏ~°`«=∞Ç≤ÏàÏã¨OѶ¨∞O(_»|∞¡ºSZ) S~°¡O_£‰õΩ K≥Ok# „ã‘Î"ån, k=º*Ï˝# ã¨=∂[ ã¨Éèí∞º~åÅ∂, ã¨Ow`«HÍi}© J~Ú# =∂~°æÔ~ò Hõl<£û 1915Ö’ ÉèÏ~°`«^ÕâßxH˜ =zÛOk. k=º*Ï˝# ã¨=∂*ÏxH˜ K≥Ok# H˘O`«=∞Ok =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å#∞ P"≥∞ Hõeã≤Ok. XHõ =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ ã¨OѶ¨∂xfl U~åÊ@∞ KÕÜ«∞_»O QÆ∞iOz S~°¡O_£ˆH K≥Ok# „ã‘Î"åk _À~°f l#~å[^•ã¨`À =∂Ï¡_çOk. `«q∞à◊ =∞^•~ü ã¨OѶ¨∞O (`«q∞à◊ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å ã¨OѶ¨∞O)‰õΩ K≥Ok# J<ÕHõ =∞Ok ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ „ã‘Î q^Œº#∞, „Ѩ`ÕºH˜Oz POQÆ¡ ÉèÏëê É’^èŒ#, =$uÎ q^•º („HÍѶπìû) É’^èŒ#Å#∞ „áÈ`«ûÇ≤ÏOK«_»O HÀã¨O XHõ *ÏfÜ«∞ =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ ã¨OѶ¨∂xfl U~åÊ@∞KÕÜ«∞_»OÖ’ „a˜+π =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å`À Hõeâß~°∞. © áêsìÅ∂, ÉϺ_ç‡O@<£, >ˇxflãπ P@Å#∞ ™êÊ#û~ü KÕÜ«∞_»O HÀã¨O =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ i„H˜ÜÕ∞+¨<£ Hõ¡Éò#∞ U~åÊ@∞ KÕÜ«∂Åx "å~°∞ x~°‚~ÚOKå~°∞. Hõl<£û, l#~å[^•ã¨Å∞ q^Œº#∂, Hõà◊Å#∂, P@Å#∂ q∞o`«O KÕ¿ã XHõ H˘`«Î ã¨Oã¨÷#∞ „ѨuáêkOKå~°∞. P q^èŒOQÍ 1917, "Õ∞ 8# _»|∞¡ºSZ =∞„^•ãπÖ’ U~°Ê_çOk. JhcÃãOò `˘e J^茺‰õ∆Ω~åeQÍ, =∂~°æˆ~ò Hõl<£û, _À~°f l#~å[^•ã¨, =∂Åf Ѩ@fi~°÷<£, J=Ú‡ ™êfiq∞<å^äŒ<£, ^•^•ÉèíÜü∞, JO|∞[=∂‡àòÅ∞ Q“~°= HÍ~°º^Œ~°∞≈Å∞QÍ =Ù<åfl~°∞. ã¨OѶ¨∞ ã¨O㨯~°}ÃÑ· D ã¨OѶ¨∂x‰õΩ#fl PÖ’K«#Å∞ 1926–1930 ã¨O=`«û~åÅÖ’ =∞„^•ãπ „ÃÑã≤_≥hû âßã¨#ã¨ÉèíÖ’ =Ú`«∞ÎÅH©∆‡ Ô~_ç¤ HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅÖ’ xiÌ+¨ìOQÍ "≥Å¡_»ÜÕ∞ºq. âßã¨#=∞O_»à◊§ ^•fi~å ã¨O㨯~°}ÅHÀã¨O ѨxKÕÜ«∞_»"Õ∞ ã¨OѶ¨∞O ~å[H©Ü«∞ q^è•#=∞x „áê~°OÉèíOÖ’<Õ Jk ã¨Ê+¨ìOQÍ „ѨHõ˜OzOk. D q^è•#O =Å# „a˜+π "åi`À ™œÇ¨„~°Ì ã¨O|O^è•Å#∞ H˘#™êyOK«=Åã≤# J=ã¨~°O "åiH˜ U~°Ê_çOk. "åã¨Î"åxH˜ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ `«=∞ ™ê=∂lHõ Jâ◊HõÎ`«Å#∞O_ç ѨÓiÎQÍ q=Ú‰õΩÎÅÜÕ∞º=~°‰õÄ „a˜+π „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO H˘#™êQÆQÆÅ^Œ<Õ Pâ◊#∞ =Ú`«∞ÎÅH˜∆‡ =ºHõÎO KÕã≤Ok. 1927HõÖÏ¡ ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊OÖ’x Jxfl „Ѩ^è•# #QÆ~åÅ #∞O_ô, =∞„^•ãπ „ÃÑã≤_≥hûÖ’x z#fl Ѩ@ì}ÏÅ #∞O_ô _»|∞¡ºSZ "≥Ú`«ÎO 3,800 =∞Ok ã¨Éèí∞ºÅ#∞ Hõey=ÙO_Õk. 17 âßYÅ#∂, 21 ˆHO„^•Å#∂ `≥~°=_»OÖ’ Jk q[Ü«∞O ™êkèOzOk. „Ѩu âßMÏ <åÅ∞QÆ∞ „Ѩ^è•# JOâßÅÖ’ – =∞`«O, q^Œº, ~å[H©Ü«∂Å∞, ^•`«$`«fiO – `«=∞ Ѩxx ~°∂á⁄OkOK«∞HÀ"åe. q^Œº Ju =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ#k. JHõ∆~å㨺`«, ‰õΩ@∞¡, „Ѩ^äŒ=∞ zH˜`«ûÅÖ’ =Ü≥∂[#∞ʼnõΩ `«~°QÆ`«∞Å#∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«_»O HÀã¨O âßYÅxflO˜H© „áÈ`åûǨÏO ÅaèOKÕk. Jk „áê~°OÉèíO #∞O_ô ~å[H©Ü«∞OQÍ K«∞~°∞QÍæ ѨxKÕã≤Ok. =∞Ç≤Ïà◊ʼnõΩ F@∞ǨωõΩ¯#∞ JÉèíºi÷ã¨∂Î 1917Ö’ „ѨÉèí∞`«fi HÍ~°º^Œi≈ "≥∂O>ˇQ∑x HõÅ=_®xH˜ "å~°∞ F „Ѩuxkè=~åæxfl ѨOáê~°∞. ¿Ñ^Œ „Ѩ[ʼnõΩ PǨ~å#flOkOK«_»O, q`«O`«∞=ÙʼnõΩ P„â◊Ü«∂Å#∞ U~åÊ@∞KÕÜ«∞_»O, qѨ`«∞Î ÉÏkè`«∞ʼnõΩ Ñ¨Ù#~å"å™ê#flOkOK«_»O "åi ^•`«$`«fi HÍ~°º„Hõ=∂ÅÖ’ H˘xfl. '„ã‘Î ^èŒ~°‡— J<Õ XHõ POQÆ¡ =∂ã¨Ñ¨„uHõ#∞ "å~°∞ #_ç¿Ñ"å~°∞. D Ѩ„uHõÖ’ Ç≤ÏOn, `«q∞à◊ ÉèÏ+¨Ö’¡ "庙êÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® LO_Õq. XHõ ã¨Oã¨÷QÍ _»|∞¡ºSZ ã¨O„Ѩ^•Ü«∞"å^Œ Jaè„áêÜ«∂xH˜ „áêux^茺O =Ç≤ÏOz<å, "åi Ѩ„uHõ =∂„`«O qaè#fl =ºH©ÎHõ~°}ʼnõΩ, `«~°K«∞QÍ qѨ¡"å`«‡Hõ ^Œ$HõÊù^ä•xH˜ "ÕkHõQÍ Ñ¨xKÕã≤Ok. ã¨∂~°`üÖ’ HÍ#∞ɡ<£ ã≤. "≥∞ǨÏ`å 30 =∞Ok ã¨Éèí∞ºÅ`À _»|∞¡ºSZx U~åÊ@∞ KÕã≤Ok. =$uÎ q^•º `«~°QÆ`«∞Å#∞ „áê~°OaèOKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ ã¨iáÈÜÕ∞O`« _»|∞ƒx "å~°∞ [=∞ KÕâß~°∞. P `«~åfi`« "å~°∞ POQÆ¡ ÉèÏ+¨, „_®~ÚOQ∑ HÍ¡ã¨∞Å#∞ „áê~°OaèOKå~°∞. "å~°∞ "å~°Ñ¨Ù ã¨=∂"ÕâßÅ∞ [~°∞ѨىõΩ<Õ"å~°∞. JO^Œ∞Ö’ =Ü≥∂[#∞Öˇ·# =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÅ∞ K«kq, K«~°ÛÅ∞ KÕ¿ã"å~°∞. J<ÕHõ q^è•Å∞QÍ _»|∞¡ºSZ 19= â◊`å|ÌѨ٠z=i, 20= â◊`å|ÌѨ٠`˘e ã¨O㨯~°ÎÅ Ãã·^•úOuHõ "å~°ã¨∞~åÅ∞. áœ~å}˜Hõ áê„`«Öˇ·# ™êq„u, ^Œ=∞Ü«∞Ou, ã‘`«Å#∞ "å~°∞ `«=∞ HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅ ã¨∂ÊùiÎH˜ =¸ÖÏ^è•~°OQÍ K«∂¿ã"å~°∞. ÉÏeHõʼnõΩ JOkOKÕ q^Œº "åix <Õ~°Ê~°∞Öˇ·# QÆ$ǨÏÜ«∞[=∂#∞Å∞QÍ, `≥e"≥·# `«Å∞¡Å∞QÍ, =∞Oz áœ~°∞Å∞QÍ KÕÜ«∂Åx "å~°∞ PÖ’zOKÕ"å~°∞. Jk ã¨Ç¨Ï[OQÍ<Õ ÉÏÅ∞~°‰õÄ, ÉÏeHõʼnõÄ JOkOKÕ q^Œº aè#flOQÍ =ÙO_ÕÖÏ KÕã¨∞ÎOk. 'ÉÏeHõÅ∞ QÆ$ǨÏâß„ã¨ÎOÖ’ _çѨ¡=∂ á⁄O^•e. K«i„`«, Éèí∂QÀà◊ âß„™êÎÅ =Å# LѨÜ≥∂QÆ"Õ∞q∞˜?— – K«iÛOz# „Ѩâ◊flÅÖ’ Wq H˘xfl. 1929, _çÃãO|~üÖ’ [iy# XHõ _»|∞¡ºSZ =∞Ǩã¨ÉèíÖ’ ''„ã‘ÎѨÙ~°∞+¨µÅ‰õΩ XˆH <≥·uHõ „Ѩ=∂}O, q_çáÈ=_®xH˜ ã¨=∂# ǨωõΩ¯Å∞, ã¨=∂# q_®‰õΩÅ K«Ïìxfl qxÜ≥∂QÆOÖ’H˜ `Õ=_®——xfl _ç=∂O_£ KÕã¨∂Î f~å‡#O KÕâß~°∞. WO^Œ∞‰õΩ "å~°∞ ã¨=∂[OÖ’x qq^èŒ ÃãHõ∆#¡ #∞O_ç QƘì =ºuˆ~Hõ`«#∞ Z^Œ∞~˘¯<åfl~°∞. JO^Œ∞=Å#
Descargar ahora