glossary e.i finished

3. Zone of Proximal Development
(ZPD)
The Zone of Proximal Development, often abbreviated
as ZPD, is the difference between what a learner can do
without help and what he or she can do with help.
The distance between the actual developmental level as
determined by independent problem solving and the
level of potential development as determined through
problem solving under adult guidance, or in collaboration
with more capable peers.

4. Total Physical Response (TPR)
• Total Physical Response is an approach to
teaching a second / foreign language, based on
listening linked to physical activities which are
designed to reinforce comprehension.

5. Target Language and Mother
Tongue
• The target language: is the language that learners are
studying, and also the individual items of language that
they want tolerant , or the teacher wants them tolerant.
• Mother tongue
1. One's native language.
2. A parent language.

6. Approach
• Approach is a set of principles about teaching
including views on method, syllabus, and a philosophy
of language and learning. Approaches have theoretical
backing with practical applications.

7. Acquisition vs Learning
• "Acquisition requires meaningful interaction in the target language - natural communication - in
which speakers are concerned not with the form of their utterances but with the messages they
are conveying and understanding." Stephen Krashen.
ACQUISITION LEARNING
Artificial Natural
Technical Personal
Priority on the written language Priority on the spoken language
Theory (language analysis) Practice (language in use)
Deductive teaching Inductive coaching
Preset syllabus Improvised activities
Activities about the language Activities in the language
Focus on form Focus on communication
Produces knowledge Produces an ability

8. Silent Period
• Silent Period is a period of time during which
students feel unable to communicate orally in
the foreign language.

9. Critical Period
Critical Period is the hypothesis that if
somebody does not acquire a first language
before a certain time (around puberty), they
will lose the ability to acquire language.There
are two versions of this hypothesis:The
strong version states that language
acquisition will be impossible after this point
has been reached.The weak version states
that acquisition will be difficult after this
period has been reached.

10. LAD
The Language Acquisition Device, or LAD, is part
of Chomsky's acquisition hypothesis. The LAD is a
system of principles that children are born with
that helps them learn language, and accounts for
the order in which children learn structures, and
the mistakes they make as they learn.
Second language learning theory proposes that
acquisition is possible in second and subsequent
languages, and that learning programs have to
create the conditions for it.

11. EFL. English as a Foreign Language
•English as a Foreign Language is usually
learned in environments where the language of
the community and the school is not English.

12. Phonics
Phonics is a method for teaching, reading
and writing of the English language by
developing learners' phonemic awareness.
(the ability to hear, identify, and manipulate phonemes).

13. ESL. English as a Second Language
• English as a Second Language also refers to
specialized approaches to language teaching,
designed for those whose primary language is
not English.

14. Multiple Intelligences Theory
The theory of multiple intelligences is a
theory of intelligence that differentiates it into
specific (primarily sensory), rather than
seeing intelligence as dominated by a single
general ability.

15. Digital Literacy
Digital Literacy is the person’s ability to
perform tasks effectively in a digital
environment. Literacy includes the ability to
read and interpret media, to reproduce data
and images through digital manipulation, and
to evaluate and apply new knowledge gained
from digital environments.