1. Conclusions

2. Important
• Make sure you say what your argument was.
I.e. restate your main point on the topic
• Make reference to the most important ideas
outlined and discussed in the essay.
• NEVER introduce a new idea or topic.

3. Should individuals or governments be
responsible for reducing fossil fuels
• Intro: In this essay it will be argued that
individuals must take responsibility for fossil
fuel reduction if the world is to see a real
change in its use.

4. Conclusion
• In brief, what were your main points?
• What side of the argument did you argue for?
• Do you have any suggestions for what we should do in the future?
• This essay has shown individuals can make big reductions in their
fossil fuel use by making in-expensive alterations to their homes
and that because there are so many individuals these small
changes add up to make a larger change that is much greater than
one government can do. While governments no doubt have a role
to play this essay demonstrates that it is the individual who has to
take the main responsibility. Future campaigns should therefore
focus on changing individuals’ habits.

5. Essay question
• In a global business environment a key focus of human
resource management in multinational companies is
the issue of culture shock. Discuss this issue and then
summarise and evaluate ways in which human
resource managers can deal with it.
Thesis statement
• This essay will discuss key issues associated with
expatriate staff and culture shock and summarise
effective ways of dealing with it

6. Answer
4) To sum up, there is no doubt that moving senior-level staff and their
families abroad can create a range of problems associated with the
new language and culture.
2) Individuals will cope with such moves in different ways ranging from
minor discomfort to intense psychological stress.
1) Research has shown that if strategy training and help are given
before employees depart from their home country, they are less
likely to suffer from severe culture shock.
5) Companies that put in place strategies that help employees deal
with these problems fine that staff settle into their new lives more
easily.
6) As a result, there is less disruption to business.
3) In conclusion, while employee culture shock is a potential threat to
multinational companies, effective human resource training can
significantly minimise that risk and result in well-adjusted and
productive staff.

7. Study
• Which linking expression introduces the
conclusion?
• Which linking expression introduces the final
sentence?

8. Read the following introductions and essay
outlines. Then write a conclusion for each one.
Should men get paternity leave
from work?
• Women have had the right to maternity leave
in the UK for many years. In recent years there
has been a call from men that they too should
have paid leave from work when their child is
born. This could have a huge impact on the
economy. This essay will argue that the cost to
the economy is worth the price.
• Small businesses will not be able to afford it.
• Other less rich countries provide paternity
leave and they have many small businesses.
• Women are better at looking after children
than men.
• Children need both parents. If men spent more
time with their children they would become
better carers.
Is the cost of a university
education too high?
• The cost of going to university has increased
significantly in recent years. It can now cost
students tens of thousands of pounds to get
a degree. This essay will argue that this is too
high a price tag.
• People with degrees earn more money than
those without so they should pay for their
extra education.
• Some students may earn more money in the
future, but not all students do.
• Anyone can go to university and the
government can’t afford to pay for everyone.
• Because the cost is so high, only the rich can
now afford university. If you are clever and
poor you can’t attend.

9. What goes into a conclusion
Answer these questions
• In brief, what were your main points?
• What side of the argument did you argue for?
• Do you have any suggestions for what we
should?

10. Your turn
• In brief, what were your main points?
• What side of the argument did you argue for?
• Do you have any suggestions for what we should
do in the future?
Essay titles
• It is worth the expense and risk to make a
manned flight to Mars?
• The future status of English as a global language
is assured. Discuss.