Factors and forces influencing on curriculum development

1. Factors and forcesFactors and forces
influencing on curriculuminfluencing on curriculum
developmentdevelopment

2. Contents….Contents….
 Definition of curriculumDefinition of curriculum
 History of curriculumHistory of curriculum
 Old concept vs. modern curriculumOld concept vs. modern curriculum
 What is curriculum developmentWhat is curriculum development
 Curriculum Vs. SyllabusCurriculum Vs. Syllabus
 FactorsFactors

3. Definition of curriculumDefinition of curriculum
Kerr defines curriculum as, 'All the learningKerr defines curriculum as, 'All the learning
which is planned and guided by the school,which is planned and guided by the school,
whether it is carried on in groups orwhether it is carried on in groups or
individually, inside or outside the school.individually, inside or outside the school.
(quoted in Kelly 1983: 10; see also, Kelly(quoted in Kelly 1983: 10; see also, Kelly
1999).1999).

4. History of curriculumHistory of curriculum
The idea of curriculum is hardly new - butThe idea of curriculum is hardly new - but
the way we understand and theorize it hasthe way we understand and theorize it has
altered over the years - and there remainsaltered over the years - and there remains
considerable dispute as to meaning. It hasconsiderable dispute as to meaning. It has
its origins in the running .It was, literally, aits origins in the running .It was, literally, a
course.course.

5. Which are oldWhich are old
curriculum…curriculum…
 Subject CenteredSubject Centered
curriculumcurriculum
 Broad field curriculumBroad field curriculum
 Conservative coreConservative core
curriculumcurriculum
Which are modernWhich are modern
curriculumcurriculum
 The child centeredThe child centered
curriculumcurriculum
 Activity and experienceActivity and experience
centered curriculumcentered curriculum
 Community centeredCommunity centered
curriculumcurriculum
 Progressive curriculumProgressive curriculum
 Problem-orientedProblem-oriented
curriculumcurriculum

6. Islamic concept of curriculumIslamic concept of curriculum
 According to Islam, basic values areAccording to Islam, basic values are
permanent. So will be the educationalpermanent. So will be the educational
objectives. In traditionalism, sources ofobjectives. In traditionalism, sources of
values are traditions of their forefathers,values are traditions of their forefathers,
While is Islam, pleasure of ALLAH is theWhile is Islam, pleasure of ALLAH is the
source of Value.source of Value.
 According to Islam only the propheticAccording to Islam only the prophetic
knowledge is absolutely reliable. So contentknowledge is absolutely reliable. So content
will essentially consist of thewill essentially consist of the knowledge ,knowledge ,

7. Islamic concept of curriculumIslamic concept of curriculum
contained in the Quran andcontained in the Quran and
Sunnah.Knowledge gained through otherSunnah.Knowledge gained through other
sources will also be tested on this criteriasources will also be tested on this criteria
(Quran & Sunnah) and may conditionally(Quran & Sunnah) and may conditionally
made a part of curriculum.made a part of curriculum.

8. What is curriculum developmentWhat is curriculum development
Curriculum Development can be defined asCurriculum Development can be defined as
the systematic planning of what is taughtthe systematic planning of what is taught
and learned in schools as reflected inand learned in schools as reflected in
courses of study and school programscourses of study and school programs

9. SYLLABUS VS CURRICULUMSYLLABUS VS CURRICULUM
CurriculumCurriculum
Curriculum is a focus of study, consisting ofCurriculum is a focus of study, consisting of
various courses all designed to reach avarious courses all designed to reach a
particular qualification.particular qualification.
SyllabusSyllabus
A syllabus is simply an outline and time lineA syllabus is simply an outline and time line
of a particular course. It will typically give aof a particular course. It will typically give a
brief overview of the course.brief overview of the course.

10. Factors That Affect the CurriculumFactors That Affect the Curriculum
Design ProcessDesign Process
 PoliticalPolitical
 SocialSocial
 EconomicEconomic
 TechnologicalTechnological
 EnvironmentalEnvironmental
 Child PsychologyChild Psychology

11. Curriculum development is influencedCurriculum development is influenced
by several factors.by several factors.
Several factors affect all curriculum developmentSeveral factors affect all curriculum development
in meeting the needs of 21st century learners inin meeting the needs of 21st century learners in
both organized academic settings andboth organized academic settings and
corporation learning centers. Factors affectingcorporation learning centers. Factors affecting
curriculum development include governmentcurriculum development include government
rules, which in turn brings other factors into therules, which in turn brings other factors into the
process. Valid curriculum development requiresprocess. Valid curriculum development requires
awareness of the diversity of the targetawareness of the diversity of the target
community socially, financially andcommunity socially, financially and
psychologically.psychologically.

12. Social factorSocial factor
Society has its own expectations about theSociety has its own expectations about the
aims and objectives that should beaims and objectives that should be
considered when designing the curriculum.considered when designing the curriculum.
It also has a perception of what the productIt also has a perception of what the product
of the school system should look like. It isof the school system should look like. It is
therefore necessary for curriculumtherefore necessary for curriculum
designers to take in to account thesedesigners to take in to account these
societal considerations.societal considerations.

13. Example……..Example……..
Subjects which has gender education andSubjects which has gender education and
political economy have proved difficult topolitical economy have proved difficult to
include in the curriculum because of theinclude in the curriculum because of the
resistance from some religious groups.resistance from some religious groups.

14. PoliticalPolitical
 Politics affect curriculum development inPolitics affect curriculum development in
numerous ways.numerous ways.
 How politics influences curriculum design andHow politics influences curriculum design and
development starts with funding. Both privatedevelopment starts with funding. Both private
and public educational institutions rely onand public educational institutions rely on
funding for hiring personnel, building andfunding for hiring personnel, building and
maintaining facilities and equipment. All aspectsmaintaining facilities and equipment. All aspects
of curriculum depend on local, state and nationalof curriculum depend on local, state and national
political standards.political standards.

15. ExampleExample
 Politics affects curriculum developmentPolitics affects curriculum development
from defining goals, interpreting curricularfrom defining goals, interpreting curricular
materials to approving examinationmaterials to approving examination
systems,systems,

16. EconomicEconomic
 Economics influences curriculum development.Economics influences curriculum development.
 Curriculum developed for in house training inCurriculum developed for in house training in
corporations focuses on educating employeescorporations focuses on educating employees
for promotions that bring better returns in profits.for promotions that bring better returns in profits.
Nations financing education expect an economicNations financing education expect an economic
return from educated students contributing to thereturn from educated students contributing to the
country's economy with global competitioncountry's economy with global competition
abilities in technical fieldsabilities in technical fields

17. Example :(economic)Example :(economic)
 Nations financing education expect anNations financing education expect an
economic return from educated studentseconomic return from educated students
contributing to the country's economy withcontributing to the country's economy with
global competition abilities in technicalglobal competition abilities in technical
fieldsfields

18. TechnologicalTechnological
 Technology driven curriculum development isTechnology driven curriculum development is
the norm of the 21st century.the norm of the 21st century.
 The computer technology of the 21st centuryThe computer technology of the 21st century
influences curriculum development at every levelinfluences curriculum development at every level
of learning. Learning centers and classroomsof learning. Learning centers and classrooms
increasingly provide computers as requisiteincreasingly provide computers as requisite
interaction for studies among students.interaction for studies among students.
Technological multimedia use influencesTechnological multimedia use influences
educational goals and learning experienceseducational goals and learning experiences
among students.among students.

19. TechnologicalTechnological
Example: 1Example: 1
 Undergraduate and graduate degrees inUndergraduate and graduate degrees in
computer technology increases incomputer technology increases in
popularity.popularity.

20. TechnologicalTechnological
Example 2:Example 2:
 DiversityDiversity
 Curriculum development affect from diversityCurriculum development affect from diversity
opens learning opportunities.opens learning opportunities.
 Social diversity including religion, culture andSocial diversity including religion, culture and
social groupings affects curriculum developmentsocial groupings affects curriculum development
because these characteristics influence thebecause these characteristics influence the
types of topics and methods for teachingtypes of topics and methods for teaching
information. Developing relevant curriculuminformation. Developing relevant curriculum
takes into account society's expectations,takes into account society's expectations,
accommodating group traditions and promotingaccommodating group traditions and promoting
equality.equality.

21. EnvironmentEnvironment
 Environment issues affect curriculumEnvironment issues affect curriculum
development.development.
 World awareness and action towardWorld awareness and action toward
reversing and ending pollution continuesreversing and ending pollution continues
affecting curriculum development. Typicalaffecting curriculum development. Typical
elementary classrooms teach recyclingelementary classrooms teach recycling
and healthy environmental practices.and healthy environmental practices.

22. EnvironmentEnvironment
Example:Example:
 Higher education in the sciences offerHigher education in the sciences offer
environmentally-focused degrees.e.genvironmentally-focused degrees.e.g
 Environmental degree ,bio-technology etc.Environmental degree ,bio-technology etc.

23. Child psychologyChild psychology
Many students with a masters or PhD degree inMany students with a masters or PhD degree in
developmental psychology work in educational settings asdevelopmental psychology work in educational settings as
school psychologists, which makes sense whenschool psychologists, which makes sense when
considering the emphasis placed on the formative years.considering the emphasis placed on the formative years.
However, there are several developmental psychologyHowever, there are several developmental psychology
concentrations available on which students can focus:concentrations available on which students can focus:
Developmental Studies for EducatorsDevelopmental Studies for Educators
AgingAging
Infancy, Childhood or AdolescenceInfancy, Childhood or Adolescence
Lifespan DevelopmentLifespan Development
Biological Bases of DevelopmentBiological Bases of Development

24. Child psychologyChild psychology
Example:Example:
 The developmental psychology curriculumThe developmental psychology curriculum
examines the changes in personality, cognitiveexamines the changes in personality, cognitive
ability and behavior throughout the lifespan.ability and behavior throughout the lifespan.
Therefore, in addition to preparing themselvesTherefore, in addition to preparing themselves
for a rewarding career, students enrolled infor a rewarding career, students enrolled in
developmental psychology curricula will alsodevelopmental psychology curricula will also
learn and understand more about themselves aslearn and understand more about themselves as
they study the scientific conclusions made bythey study the scientific conclusions made by
experts in the fieldexperts in the field

25. No question plz………..No question plz………..

26. ReferencesReferences
 . (quoted in Kelly 1983: 10; see also, Kelly. (quoted in Kelly 1983: 10; see also, Kelly
1999)1999)
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