1. Management of Immune-
related adverse events and
kinetic of response with
Targeted Therapy
Ahmed Allam A.H. Mohammed.
Ass. Lecturer, Clinical oncology and Nuclear med. Depart. Assiut
University Hospitals

2. Targeted Therapy ?*
 normal cells, the pathways that control cell growth, death, and differentiation are regulated by
In
communication within the cell, called signal transduction, and by signals that pass from one cell to
another.
 cancer cell, these regulatory mechanisms are bypassed, so the cells avoid cell death and demonstrate
In
uncontrolled growth and impaired differentiation.
Growing tumors associated with neovascularization and evading the immune system

Targeted therapy refers to a growing class of agents that target molecular pathways that are known to be

altered in cancer cells and micor-enviroment.
Chabner BA, Barnes J, Neal J, et al. Targeted therapies: tyrosine kinase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and cytokines. In: Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollmann BC, eds. Goodman &
Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 12th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2011:1731-1753.

3. Click to edit Master text styles
Second level
 Third level
 Fourth level
 Fifth level
Unlike chemotherapy, which often destroys both normal and cancer cells,
targeted therapy selectively inhibits the pathways cancer cells rely on to grow
and survive and may kill or arrest the growth of cancerous cells while sparing
most normal cells.

4. Main Categories of Targeted Therapy
1- Small Molecules:
 Selective hormonal receptor modulator: Tamoxfien.
 Tyrosine Kinase inhibitors: Imatinib mesylate,
Erlotinib.
 Apoptosis-induced proteasome inhibitor:
Bortezomib.
 PARP inhibitors: Olaparib, Iniparib.

5. Main Categories of Targeted Therapy
( cont’d).
2- Monoclonal antibodies
I-according to type of mAb
• Murine mAb: (suffix-momab) highly immunogenic Example:
Ibritumomab.
• Chimeric mAb: (suffix-ximab) murine variable region fused onto constant
human constant region → 65% human. Example: Rituximab.
• Humanized mAb: (suffix-zumab) murine hypervariable fused into human
antibody→95% human. Example: Bevacizuman.
• Human mAb: (suffix-mumab) transfer the human Ig genes into murine
genome, then the mouse is vacinated against the desire antigen→full
human in vitro Ab. Example: Panitumumab.

6. Main Categories of Targeted Therapy
( cont’d).
2- Monoclonal antibodies (cont’d)
II- according to the target
• Target tumor (suffix-tu**mab) Example Cetuximab.
• Target cardiovascular system (suffix-ci**mab) Example:
Bevacizuman.
• Target immune system (suffix-li**mab) Example Ipilimumab,
Termelimumab

7. Ipilimumab* and Tremelimumab
Both are anti CTLA-4 antibodies.
CTLA-4 is one of two homologous proteins present within T-
cells that are exported to the cell surface after immune cell
activation and counterbalance each other in the stimulation
and inhibition of T cell proliferation and activation.
CTLA-4, which has a much greater binding affinity for the B7
surface molecules found on the antigen-presenting cell (APC)
than CD28, effectively induces T cell anergy and inhibits cell
proliferation and secretion of IL-2.
In contrast, its counterpart, CD28, is a costimulator of T cell
proliferation and the production of IL-2
*Ipilimumab: controversies in its development, utility and autoimmune adverse events. Weber J, Cancer Immunol Immunother (2009) 58:823–830 DOI
10.1007/s00262-008-0653-8

8. Ipilimumab and Tremelimumab (cont’d)
Click to edit Master text styles
Second level
 Third level
 Fourth level
 Fifth level
*Management of Immune-Related Adverse Events and Kinetics of Response With Ipilimumab, Jeffrey S. Weber, Katharina C. Ka¨hler, and Axel
Hauschild VOLUME JULY 20 2012

9. Ipilimumab (Yervoy™)
Click to edit Master text styles
Second level
 Third level
 Fourth level
 Fifth level

10. Ipilimumab (Yervoy™)
A total of 676 patients with unresectable stage III or IV
melanoma, were randomly assigned, in a 3:1:1 ratio, to
receive ipilimumab plus gp100 (403 patients),
ipilimumab alone (137), or gp100 alone (136).
Ipilimumab, at a dose of 3 mg per kilogram of body
weight, was administered with or without gp100 every 3
weeks for up to four treatments (induction). Eligible
patients could receive reinduction therapy. The primary
end point was overall survival.*
*Improved Survival with Ipilimumab in Patients with Metastatic Melanoma. F. Stephen Hodi, M.D.,et al., n engl j med 363;8 august 19,
2010.

11. Ipilimumab (Yervoy) cont’d
• Overall survival rate at 1 year was 46% (95% CI: 37.0, 54.1) in the Ipilimumab arm vs
25% (95% CI: 18.1, 32.9) in the gp100 arm.*
• Overall survival rate at 2 years was 24% (95% CI: 16.0, 31.5) in the Ipilimumab arm
vs 14% (95% CI: 8.0, 20.0) in the gp100 arm.*
• Median overall survival in the Ipilimumab + gp100 arm was 10 months (95% CI: 8.5,
11.5), 6 months (95% CI: 5.5, 8.7) in the gp100 arm, and 10 months (95% CI: 8.0, 13.8)
in the Ipilimumab arm.*
Click to edit Master text styles
Second level
 Third level
 Fourth level
 Fifth level
*Improved Survival with Ipilimumab in Patients with Metastatic Melanoma. F. Stephen Hodi, M.D.,et al., n engl j med 363;8 august 19, 2010.

12. Ipilimumab (Yervoy) cont’d
Associated with unique side effects of the
drug called ‘‘immune-related adverse
events’’ irAEs.
Unique kinetic of response.

13. Immune-related Adverse Events “irAEs”
Early in ipilimumab’s development, it became clear that it induced dose-related, immune-
related, or inflammatory side effects.*
 The most common systems affected were the skin, gut, liver, and pituitary. *
Immunohistochemistry of affected skin and gut revealed infiltration by CD4 and CD8 T- cells,
and highly activated effector cells correlated with side effect intensity.*
Elevated inflammatory cytokines in the sera, as well as rapid resolution of some irAE
symptoms with use of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibody infliximab, suggested that
cytokine release by activated T cells was associated with irAEs*
Drug-related overall adverse events were observed in 84.6% of patients, of which immune-
related adverse events of any grade accounted for 72.3%.**
*Hodi FS, Mihm MC, Soiffer RJ, et al. Biologic activity of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 antibody blockade in previously vaccinated metastatic melanoma and
ovarian carcinoma patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100:4712-4717.
**Lebbe´ C, ODay S, Chiarion Sileni V, et al. Analysis of the onset and resolution of immune-related adverse events during treatment with ipilimumab in patients with
metastatic melanoma. Presented at Perspectives in Melanoma XII, The Hague, Netherlands, October 2-4, 2008.

14. Immune-related Adverse Events “irAEs”
(cont’d)
Dermatologic Toxicity:
A diffuse, erythematous maculopapular rash that can be intensely pruritic was observed
in 47% to 68% of patients, starting an average of 3 to 4 weeks after ipilimumab.*
In 4% of patients, it was severe.*
Rare cases of toxic epidermal necrolysis, as well as Stevens-Johnson syndrome, both in
less than 1% of patients, have been reported with ipilimumab, and several patients with
those conditions have died *
Microscopic examination shows a perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate that extends deep
into the dermis in most cases.**
Immunohistochemical staining showed that CD4-positive and Melan-A-specific CD8-
positive T cells were in close proximity to apoptotic melanocytes, suggesting that an
immune response was directed against melanocytes, This is consistent with a reported
11% rate of vitiligo with ipilimumab.**
*Weber J. Ipilimumab: Controversies in its development, utility, and autoimmune adverse events. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2009;58:823-830.
**Hodi FS, Mihm MC, Soiffer RJ, et al. Biologic activity of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 antibody blockade in previously vaccinated metastatic melanoma and
ovarian carcinoma patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100:4712-4717.

15. Dermatologic Toxicity (cont’d):*
Topical glucocorticosteroids (e.g., betamethasone 0.1% cream) or urea-
containing creams in combination with oral antipruritics (e.g.,
diphenhydramine HCl or hydroxyzine HCl) are recommended for G1-2.
For G 3 dermatologic irAEs, one should hold a dose and treat with a 3 to
4-week tapering course of oral steroids, starting at 1 mg/kg prednisone
or dexamethasone 4 mg four times orally daily.
Ipilimumab can be held for moderate to severe skin toxicity but should
be permanently discontinued for severe, life-threatening skin toxicity
and steroids initiated at 1 to 2 mg/kg prednisone orally or its equivalent
tapering over not less than 30 days.
*Management of Immune-Related Adverse Events and Kinetics of Response With Ipilimumab, Jeffrey S. Weber, Katharina C. Ka¨hler, and Axel Hauschild VOLUME JULY 20
2012

16. Immune-related Adverse Events “irAEs”
(cont’d)
Diarrhea/Colitis
GI and hepatic adverse events began to occur within 6 to 7 weeks
Diarrhea occurs in up to 44% of patients receiving Ipilimumab at dose of
10 mg/kg.*
Severe diarrhea (grade 3 or 4; at least six diarrheal bowel movements
above baseline in 24 hours) was reported in approximately 18% of
patients.*
Diarrhea can also be associated with signs and symptoms of colitis,
which can lead to obstruction and bowel perforation, potentially
requiring colostomy. The rate of bowel perforation is less than 1%.*
IrAE-related colitis involves the descending colon more often than the
sigmoid colon, ascending colon, or rectum.**
*Robert C, Thomas L, Bondarenko I, et al: Ipilimumab plus dacarbazine for previously untreated metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med 364:2517-
2525, 2011
** Wolchok JD, Neyns B, Linette G, et al: Ipilimumab monotherapy in patients with pretreated advanced melanoma: A randomised, double-
blind, multicentre, phase 2, dose-ranging study. Lancet Oncol 11:155-164, 2010

17. Diarrhea/Colitis (con’d):*
Low-grade diarrhea (grade 1, an increase of 2 over baseline in 24
hours) should be treated symptomatically using loperamide, oral
hydration, and electrolyte substitution.
With persistent or higher-grade diarrhea, bacterial or parasitic
infection, viral gastroenteritis, or the first manifestation of an IBD
must be ruled out by examination for stool leukocytes, stool cultures,
and a Clostridium difficile titer.
Grade 2 diarrhea can be treated with the addition of oral
diphenoxylate hydrochloride and atropine sulfate four times daily.
Endoscopy is recommended to confirm or rule out colitis with
persistent grade 2 diarrhea or grades 1 to 2 diarrhea with bleeding.
*Management of Immune-Related Adverse Events and Kinetics of Response With Ipilimumab, Jeffrey S. Weber, Katharina C. Ka¨hler, and Axel Hauschild VOLUME JULY 20
2012

18. Diarrhea/Colitis (con’d):*
 For grade 3 or 4 diarrhea (7 or more increase over baseline in 24 hours),
treatment with ipilimumab should be permanently discontinued and
intravenous steroids and replenishment of fluid and electrolytes
intravenously should be instituted.
 Intravenous methylprednisolone 125 mg should be given. Oral
dexamethasone 4 mg every four hours or prednisone 1 to 2 mg/kg/daily can
be given thereafter, followed by a taper and discontinuation over the next 6
weeks.
 If intravenous steroids followed by high-dose oral steroids does not decrease
symptoms within 48 to 72 hours,treatment with infliximab at 5 mg/kg every
2 weeks is an alternative.
 Once relief of symptoms is achieved, which can be very rapid and dramatic,
it should be discontinued and a prolonged steroid taper over 45 to 60 days
should be instituted.
*Management of Immune-Related Adverse Events and Kinetics of Response With Ipilimumab, Jeffrey S. Weber, Katharina C. Ka¨hler, and Axel Hauschild VOLUME JULY 20
2012

19. Click to edit Master text styles
Second level
 Third level
 Fourth level
 Fifth level
71-year-old woman receiving ipilimumab for treatment of metastatic melanoma.
Axial CT image of pelvis shows mural thickening of sigmoid colon with adjacent fat
stranding and mesenteric hypervascularity. Colonic biopsy revealed moderate-to-
severe active inflammation, consistent with ipilimumab-induced colitis.
Radiologic Aspects of Immune- Related Tumor Response Criteria and Patterns of Immune-Related Adverse Events in Patients Undergoing Ipilimumab Therapy, AJR 2011; 197:W241–
W246

20. Immune-related Adverse Events “irAEs”
(cont’d)
Hepatotoxicity:
Immune-related hepatotoxicity was observed in 3% to 9% of
patients receiving anti-CTLA-4 antibodies.*’**
It usually presents as an asymptomatic increase of transaminases
and bilirubin, although some patients also have fevers and malaise.
Liver biopsies have shown a diffuse T-cell infiltrate consistent with
immune-related hepatitis.
This must be differentiated from progressive metastases in the liver,
as well as other etiologies such as viral hepatitis or another drug-
specific toxic reactions.
*Hodi FS, O’Day SJ, McDermott DF, et al: Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med 363:711-723, 2010
** Robert C, Thomas L, Bondarenko I, et al: Ipilimumab plus dacarbazine for previously untreated metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med 364:2517-2525,
2011

21. Hepatotoxicity (cont’d):*
One should perform a standard workup to rule out viral hepatitis, disease
progression, and other drug-related causes for abnormal liver functions.
The current algorithm for the management of a hepatotoxicity irAE
contains the recommendation that for grades 3 to 5 toxicity, one should
use high-dose intravenous glucocorticosteroids for 24 to 48 hours,
followed by an oral steroid taper with dexamethasone in a dosage of 4 mg
every 4 hours or prednisone at 1 to 2 mg/kg tapered over not less than 30
days.
If serum transaminase levels do not decrease 48 hours after initiation of
systemic steroids, consideration should be given to the use of oral
mycophenolate mofetil 500 mg every 12 hours
Infliximab—because of its potential for hepatotoxicity—should be
avoided in this setting.
*Management of Immune-Related Adverse Events and Kinetics of Response With Ipilimumab, Jeffrey S. Weber, Katharina C. Ka¨hler, and Axel
Hauschild VOLUME JULY 20 2012

22. Click to edit Master text styles
Second level
 Third level
 Fourth level
 Fifth level
59-year-old man with metastatic melanoma undergoing treatment with
ipilimumab. A, Baseline CT image obtained before treatment shows normal
appearance of liver. B, Repeat CT image obtained 8 weeks after commencing
treatment because of elevated liver function test levels shows diffusely decreased
attenuation of hepatic parenchyma and new periportal edema (arrow). Liver
biopsy showed severe active hepatitis consistent with drug-induced cause.
Radiologic Aspects of Immune- Related Tumor Response Criteria and Patterns of Immune-Related Adverse Events in Patients Undergoing Ipilimumab Therapy, AJR 2011; 197:W241–
W246

23. Immune-related Adverse Events “irAEs”
(cont’d)
Hypophysitis :*
Immune-related hypophysitis occurs in 1% to 6% of patients
treated with 3 or 10 mg/kg ipilimumab.
Headache, nausea, vertigo, behavior change, visual
disturbances such as diplopia, and weakness occur at an
average of 6 weeks after initiation of therapy.
The most important differential diagnosis is the new
occurrence of brain metastases. Magnetic resonance imaging
scans with gadolinium and selective cuts of the pituitary can
show enlargement or heterogeneity and confirm the diagnosis
* Blansfield JA, Beck KE, Tran K, et al: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 blockage can induce autoimmune hypophysitis in patients with
metastatic melanoma and renal cancer. J Immunother 28:593-598, 2005

24. Hypophysitis (cont’d):*
Before treatment, a blood sample should be taken to
determine pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and gonadal
status (serum morning cortisol, adrenocorticotropic
hormone [ACTH], free triiodothyronine [T3], free
thyroxine [T4], thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH]
and,in addition, testosterone in males and follicle
stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and
prolactin in females).
Typically, low levels of thyroid, adrenal, and gonadal
hormones are found, but they may all be reduced,
only one axis may be decreased, or one may be spared.
*Management of Immune-Related Adverse Events and Kinetics of Response With Ipilimumab, Jeffrey S. Weber, Katharina C. Ka¨hler, and Axel
Hauschild VOLUME JULY 20 2012

25. Hypophysitis (cont’d): *
For symptomatic pan-hypopituitarism and for any grade 3 to 4
endocrinopathy, the ipilimumab dose should be held,
 initial dose of methylprednisolone 1 to 2 mg/kg intravenously should
An
be given. This should be followed by prednisone 1 to 2 mg/kg, orally once
per day with gradual tapering over 4 weeks and replacement of
appropriate hormones as the steroid dose is tapered. Usually, after a few
days, symptoms improve, and a reduction of the swelling and
heterogeneity of the pituitary gland can be observed radiologically.
Consultation with an endocrinologist is appropriate for further
management.
*Management of Immune-Related Adverse Events and Kinetics of Response With Ipilimumab, Jeffrey S. Weber, Katharina C. Ka¨hler, and Axel
Hauschild , JCO, VOLUME JULY 20 2012

26. Click to edit Master text styles
Second level
 Third level
 Fourth level
 Fifth level
Pituitary enlargement. (A) Magnetic resonance imaging scan of the brain with
pituitary cuts performed pretreatment on June 30, 2004; (B) same cut after
development of hypopituitarism with an enlarged and inhomogeneous
pituitary on December 3, 2004.
* Blansfield JA, Beck KE, Tran K, et al: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 blockage can induce autoimmune hypophysitis in patients with
metastatic melanoma and renal cancer. J Immunother 28:593-598, 2005

27. Click to edit Master text styles
Second level
 Third level
 Fourth level
 Fifth level
Kinetics of appearance of Immune-Related Adverse Events*
*Management of Immune-Related Adverse Events and Kinetics of Response With Ipilimumab, Jeffrey S. Weber, Katharina C. Ka¨hler, and Axel
Hauschild , JCO, VOLUME JULY 20 2012

28. Immune-related Adverse Events “irAEs”
(cont’d)
Pancreatitis: *
Immune-related pancreatitis has been reported in less than 1.5% of
patients receiving anti-CTLA-4 antibodies. This generally
manifested as an asymptomatic increase of amylase and lipase,
although some patients also had accompanying fevers and malaise.
 Nausea and vomiting were rare, although abdominal pain was
frequent, often low grade, and out proportion to the degree of
increase in the results of blood tests.
An oral steroid taper with prednisone or dexamethasone was
indicated, but often this had minimal immediate effects on the
biochemical abnormalities that resolve slowly.
*Management of Immune-Related Adverse Events and Kinetics of Response With Ipilimumab, Jeffrey S. Weber, Katharina C. Ka¨hler, and Axel
Hauschild , JCO, VOLUME JULY 20 2012

29. Immune-related Adverse Events “irAEs”
(cont’d)
Neuropathies:*
Transient peripheral neuropathies, both sensory and motor, have been reported in less
than 1% of patients. In some cases, they were minor and simply resolved spontaneously.
One can hold a dose of ipilimumab in patients with persistent grade 2 neuropathy that is
not interfering with daily activities. Persisting and worsening neuropathies should be
treated with an oral steroid taper with prednisone or dexamethasone of 3 to 4 weeks.
For severe (grade 3 and 4) neuropathies, ipilimumab should be permanently discontinued,
and one should initiate systemic corticosteroids at a dose of prednisone or equivalent 1 to 2
mg/kg once per day, including tapering over at least 30 days
*Management of Immune-Related Adverse Events and Kinetics of Response With Ipilimumab, Jeffrey S. Weber, Katharina C. Ka¨hler, and Axel
Hauschild , JCO, VOLUME JULY 20 2012

30. Unique Kinetic of Response.
The first response criteria for solid tumors were developed approximately 30 years ago by the
World Health Organization (WHO).*
More recently, these criteria have been superseded by the Response Evaluation Criteria in
Solid Tumors (RECIST) published in 2000**, and updated in 2009 (RECIST 1.1)***.
Using the latter criteria, early increases in tumor size or the appearance of new lesions is
classified as “progressive disease,” a term now synonymous with treatment failure***.
Frequency of tumour re-evaluation while on treatment should be protocol specific and
adapted to the type and schedule of treatment. However, in the context of phase II studies
where the beneficial effect of therapy is not known, follow-up every 6–8 weeks***.
*Reporting results of cancer treatment. Miller AB, Hoogstraten B, Staquet M, Winkler A.. Cancer 1981; 47:207–214
**New guidelines to evaluate the response to treatment in solid tumors: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, National Cancer Institute of
the United States, National Cancer Institute of Canada. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92: 205–216
***New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: Revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1), EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CANCER 4 5 ( 2 0 0 9 ) 2 2 8 –2 4 7

31. Unique Kinetic of Response (con’d)
 Hamid et al.* undertook a review and analysis of five studies on 269 patients
with stage III or IV melanoma to determine the kinetics and duration of
response with ipilimumab.
 An objective response was observed in 41 patients (15%). Some patients had a
late onset CR or PR occurring, at 10–106 weeks and 5–62 weeks after treatment
initiation, respectively.
 In 28 patients, onset of response occurred after more than 12 weeks of
treatment, and in 4 patients, PD preceded a response without additional
therapy. In some patients, PD was followed by SD, and ultimately, PR.
 The duration of response has been considerable as well, with the overall
response duration ranging from 6 to 187 weeks.
 Late-onset response was not associated with dose, regimen or concomitant
therapy.
*Hamid O, Urba WJ, Yellin M et al (2007) Kinetics of response to ipilimumab (MDX-010) in patients with stage III/IV melanoma. J Clin Oncol suppl 25: abstr 8525

32. Unique Kinetic of Response (con’d)
Immune-related response criteria were proposed by a
collaborative group of approximately 200 oncologists,
immunotherapists, and regulatory experts who
convened in 2004 and 2005 to devise these criteria on
the basis of clinical observations*.
These criteria were validated using a series of large
multinational studies including 487 patients treated
with ipilimumab*.
*Wolchok JD, Hoos A, O’Day S, et al. Guidelines for the evaluation of immune therapy activity in solid tumors: immune-related response criteria.
Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:7412–7420

33. Patterns of Tumor Response to Ipilimumab*:
Response to treatment with ipilimumab can be complete (immune-
related complete response) or partial (immune-related partial
response).
Four distinct patterns of tumor response to ipilimumab have been
described :
1. type A, reduction in size of baseline lesions with no new lesions;
2. type B, stable disease with no significant change in the sizeof the
baseline lesions that may or may not be followed by a slow, steady
decline in tumor size;
3. type C, initial increase in tumor burden followed by response; and
4. type D, reduction in total tumor burden in spite of the appearance of
new lesions.
*Wolchok JD, Hoos A, O’Day S, et al. Guidelines for the evaluation of immune therapy activity in solid tumors: immune-related response criteria.
Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:7412–7420

34. Patterns of Tumor Response to Ipilimumab:
Click to edit Master text styles
Second level
 Third level
 Fourth level
 Fifth level

35. Click to edit Master text styles
Second level
 Third level
 Fourth level
 Fifth level
Type A response to ipilimumab therapy in 55-year-old man with metastatic
melanoma to right thigh and lung. A and B, Baseline CT images obtained before
treatment show large mass in anterior compartment of right thigh (arrow, A) and right
lower lobe pulmonary nodule (arrow, B). C and D, CT images obtained 12 weeks
after commencing treatment with ipilimumab show significant reduction in size of
right thigh mass (arrow, C) and interval resolution of right lung nodule.
Radiologic Aspects of Immune- Related Tumor Response Criteria and Patterns of Immune-Related Adverse Events in Patients Undergoing Ipilimumab Therapy, AJR 2011; 197:W241–
W246

36. Click to edit Master text styles
Second level
 Third level
 Fourth level
 Fifth level
Type B response to ipilimumab therapy in 71-year-old woman with metastatic
melanoma to lung. A, Baseline CT image obtained before treatment shows
lobulated nodule (arrow) in right middle lobe. B, Repeat CT image obtained 12
weeks after commencing ipilimumab therapy shows no significant change in size of
nodule (arrow), indicating stable disease
Radiologic Aspects of Immune- Related Tumor Response Criteria and Patterns of Immune-Related Adverse Events in Patients Undergoing Ipilimumab Therapy, AJR 2011; 197:W241–
W246

37. Click to edit Master text styles
Second level
 Third level
 Fourth level
 Fifth level
Type C response to ipilimumab therapy in 56-year-old woman with metastatic
melanoma to both lower extremities. A, Lower extremity coronal reformatted CT
image shows multiple bilateral masses in medial compartments of both thighs (arrow
and arrowhead). B, Repeat CT image obtained 12 weeks after commencing
ipilimumab therapy shows interval enlargement of masses (arrow and arrowhead). C,
Repeat CT image at 24 weeks shows significant response. Arrow and arrowhead
point to areas where masses shown in A and B were.
Radiologic Aspects of Immune- Related Tumor Response Criteria and Patterns of Immune-Related Adverse Events in Patients Undergoing Ipilimumab Therapy, AJR 2011; 197:W241–
W246

38. Click to edit Master text styles
Second level
 Third level
 Fourth level
 Fifth level
Type D response to ipilimumab therapy in 56-year-old woman with metastatic
melanoma. A and B, CT images obtained at baseline (A) and 12 weeks after
commencing ipilimumab therapy (B) show new subcutaneous nodule in
left gluteal region (arrow, B), considered suspicious for new melanoma deposit;
other new subcutaneous nodules were also seen. C, Repeat CT image obtained
at 24 weeks shows complete resolution of nodule. Other target lesions in
same patient also showed response to treatment.
Radiologic Aspects of Immune- Related Tumor Response Criteria and Patterns of Immune-Related Adverse Events in Patients Undergoing Ipilimumab Therapy, AJR 2011; 197:W241–
W246

39. Click to edit Master text styles
Second level
 Third level
 Fourth level
 Fifth level

40. Science and Charity
one of the major works from Picasso’s early years. At just 15, Picasso felt mature enough to take on
large ambitious compositions as the culmination of his academic studies in Barcelona School of Fine
Arts that were led by his father Jose Ruiz Picasso, who was the model for the doctor in this painting.