What is matter made of? The building blocks of all living things

Aim: What is matter made of?
Do Now: on your
paper
Notes are in cream.

Matter
Matter is any substance that has volume and
mass (takes up space & weighs something)
EVERYTHING is made of matter!

Elements= one of the 100+ pure substances
that make up everything in the universe

Examples of Elements
H = Hydrogen
C = Carbon
O = Oxygen
N = Nitrogen
S = Sulfur
Na = Sodium
Ca = Calcium
K = Potassium
I = Iodine
Cl = Chlorine
P = Phosphorus

Atom the tiniest bit of an element
The size of the atom determines which
element it is.

Molecules
• The smallest particle of a
substance- it is composed of
two or more atoms

More Examples of Molecules
Oxygen

Elements vs. Compounds
• Elements = only one type of atom
• Compound = more than one type of atom
An element:
Nitrogen
A compound:
Carbon dioxide

Compounds
Compounds : When two or more
elements combine, they form A NEW
SUBSTANCE with NEW PROPERTIES
Hydrogen Oxygen Water
This is a gas This is a gas This is a liquid
It STARTS a fire It STARTS a fire It STOPS a fire

Compounds
Carbon Oxygen Carbon dioxide
This is a soft
black solid
(Your pencil
lead)
This is a gas
You need it
to live
This is a gas
It is a
WASTE

Compounds
Carbon Oxygen Carbon monoxide
This is a soft
black solid
(Your pencil
lead)
This is a gas
You need it
to live
This is a gas
It is a DEADLY
POISON

Wrap Up!
 Turn to the chapter 4 word wall on page 137.
 Record at least two “new to you” words that we used in class today.

Aim: How do molecules combine
together to make living things?
Do Now: on your paper Notes are in cream.

Chemical Formula
• Like a math problem
• States how different atoms come
together to form a single molecule
2H + O H2O

Structural Formula
Shows the arrangement of the
atoms in a single molecule
Like the pictures we saw yesterday, but
with letters instead of circles.
H H
O

Compounds
Inorganic
Compounds
or
Organic
Compounds

Inorganic Compounds
• usually don’t contain carbon
• generally come from non-living
things
• simple molecules (only a few
atoms)

Examples of
Inorganic Compounds
H + O = H2O = Water
H + Cl = HCl = Stomach Acid
C + O = CO2 = Carbon Dioxide
Na + Cl = NaCl = Table Salt

What makes organic compounds
different?
One word:
CARBON!!

Carbon is Special!!
• Carbon is the only element that can
form rings and long chains.
• This allows it to be the “backbone” of
very complex molecules.
• WITHOUT CARBON, LIFE WOULD
NOT EXIST!!

Organic Compounds
• Come from living things
• generally complex molecules
• Contain both carbon and hydrogen
• COME IN FOUR TYPES
• 1. CARBOHYDRATES
• 2. PROTEINS
• 3. LIPIDS (FATS)
• 4. NUCLEIC ACIDS

What elements make up organic
compounds?
• The 6 main elements of living things…
• Carbon (C)
• Hydrogen (H)
• Oxygen (O)
• Nitrogen (N)
• Phosphorus (P)
• Sulfur (S)
ALWAYS PRESENT
SOMETIMES PRESENT
USUALLY PRESENT

Organic Compound #1-
Carbohydrates
Found in foods like bread, rice, potatoes, &
pasta.

Carbohydrates

• Long chains of sugars
• Made up of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of
1:2:1.
• Living things use carbohydrates as
their main source of energy.
Carbohydrates

Found in foods like meat, milk, and beans.
Proteins

• Complex, folded molecules that have
specific jobs
• Proteins are made from the
instructions in our DNA
• An important example that we will be
talking a lot more about in biology
(Living Environment) is: ENZYMES.
Proteins

Found in foods like butter, oil, & fried foods
Lipids/Fats

Lipids/Fats

• Lipids are FATS, OILS, and WAXES.
• Lipids store energy more efficiently
than carbohydrates
• The CELL MEMBRANE is also made of
lipids- we will talk a lot more about
this later.
Lipids/Fats

Lipids/Fats
Fats can be
SATURATED
Fats can be
UNSATURATED
Saturated fats are
SOLIDS like butter
Unsaturated fats are
LIQUIDS like olive oil
Saturated fats are
UNHEALTHY
Unsaturated fats are
HEALTHY
In a saturated fat,
the fatty acids are
STRAIGHT
In an unsaturated fat,
the fatty acids are
BENT

Lipids/Fats
SATURATED Fats UNSATURATED Fats

Nucleic Acids

• Two types- DNA and RNA
• DNA is the set of instructions that
make up you!!
• We will talk a LOT more about DNA
when we talk about genetics.
Nucleic Acids

Each of these compounds is
made from building blocks
Organic Compound Building Block
Carbohydrates Simple Sugars
(Monosaccharides)
Proteins Amino Acids
Lipids Fatty Acids and
Glycerol
Nucleic Acids Nucleotides

Aim: How are organic
molecules formed, and how
are they broken down again?
Do Now: Please fill in this chart. Try
to do it without looking at your notes.
Notes in blue.

Some Vocabulary
• Monomer: Any of the subunits
that make up organic molecules.
• Polymer: Any of the four
organic molecules we’ve talked
about.
• Peptide Bond: The bond that
connects amino acids in a
protein.

Dehydration
synthesis:
• De = un, to remove
• Hydra = water
• Synthesis = to make

Dehydration Synthesis
• Is a chemical reaction in which
water is removed from two
molecules to join them together by
a chemical bond.
• Two subunits (monomers) combine
to become an organic molecule
(polymer).
• WATER (H2O) is the BYPRODUCT.

Dehydration Synthesis of Carbs

Dehydration Synthesis of Proteins

Hydrolysis:
• Hydro = water
• Lysis = to split apart

Hydrolysis
• Is a chemical reaction in which a
larger molecule is split apart into
two smaller molecules by the
addition of water.
• A complex molecule (polymer)
becomes two simple molecules
(monomers)
• WHAT DO YOU NOTICE ABOUT
HYDROLYSIS AND
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS?

Let’s Watch it Happen!!
• http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehyd
rat/dehydrat.html
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b7TdWLN

Aim: Can we treat an acid burn
in the same way we treat a
regular burn?
Do Now: On your paper.
Notes are in yellow.

Motivation: Acid Throwing
Acid throwing is when
someone throws strong
acid at another person
in order to blind or
disfigure them.
Today, it is your job to
help Chantou. A man
burned her with acid in
2009 when she refused
to marry him.
Can we treat her burn in
the same way we would
treat a standard burn?
http://video.nytimes.com/video/2008/11/29/

What do we need to know
to treat Chantou?
We need to know:
1. What molecule is our skin made of?
2. What happens to that type of
molecule in high heat?
3. What happens to that type of
molecule in low pH (acid)?

What Molecule is our Skin
Made of?
Living things are made of organic
molecules, which are big and
complex. There are four types of
organic molecules:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids (Fats)
3. Nucleic acids (like DNA)
4. Proteins

Question One: What Molecule is
our Skin Made of?
Which of the four types of molecules
do you think our skin is made of?
Why?

What is special about protein
molecules?
Protein molecules are long chains of amino
acids.
They are folded into very precise shapes in
order to do specific jobs.
Some proteins, like those in our skin, provide
structure.
Some proteins, called enzymes, make
chemical reactions faster.

Question Two: What happens
proteins in high heat?
• Any protein can be denatured.
• Denature: to unfold. Proteins stop working
if they are denatured.
• http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072943696/student_view0/chapter2/animation__protein_denaturation.html

High heat can denature a protein.
• EGG WHITES are made from a protein called albumin.
• When albumin is folded, it is clear liquid.
• What does albumin look like when it is denatured? (In
other words, cooked?)
• http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/proteinstructure.html

Egg whites that have been denatured
A person with a burn has denatured the
proteins in their skin, exactly like the
albumin in this egg.

Question Three: What happens
proteins in low pH (acid)?
• To answer this, we are going to do an
experiment.
• What will happen to albumin (egg white) if we
put it in an acid?

Conclusion: Helping Chantou
What happens to the
proteins in your skin
when you burn them?
Does acid injure
your skin in the same
way that heat does?
Can we treat
Chantou’s injury like
a standard burn?

Aim: What is an enzyme?
Do Now: on your paper.
Notes are yellow.

Enzymes
• Enzymes are proteins that act as
biological catalysts.
• Catalyst – A substance that speeds
up the rate of a chemical reaction

In a Chemical Reaction,
Reactants  Products
• Reactants – the
starting substances
• Products – the
substances formed
during the reaction.

Activation Energy
• The minimum
energy needed
for a chemical
reaction to
happen.

• Look at the graph:
• Initial state = the
reactants
• Final state = the
products
• The red line is the
reaction with an
enzyme
• The other line is
without enzymes
• What does this
mean?

• Substrate: the
reactants that bind to
the enzyme
• Active site: the part of
an enzyme that the
reactants bind to.

Facts about enzymes
• Enzymes can be reused
• Reactions are reversible
• The substrate must fit into the
active site EXACTLY!
• Enzymes are specific for certain
substrates
• Temperature and pH determine
how well enzymes work

• Any proteins, including enzymes,
can be denatured.
• Denature: to unfold. Enzymes
won’t work if they are denatured.

• Since the enzyme may
unhook from the substrate,
it may be reused many
times.
Since the enzyme may unhook from the substrate,
it may be reused many times.

Why do we need enzymes?
• Enzymes Animation• Enzymes Animation
• http://programs.northlandcollege.edu/biology/B

Factors Affecting Enzyme Action
• 1. Temperature.
• Enzymes work
slowly at cold
temperatures
• Enzymes denature at high temperatures
• Work best at the optimum temperature-
98.6 degrees for us-
• This is why our body needs to maintain
homeostasis.

• 2. pH (acidity).
• Enzymes denature
at low pH (acids)
• Enzymes work
slowly at high pH (bases)
• Work best at the neutral pH- 7 – equal to
water
• This is why our body needs to maintain
homeostasis.

• 3. Substrate
Concentration
• The more substrate,
the faster the
reaction
• Maximum reaction rate
reached when ALL of the
enzymes are being used
at once!

What is matter made of? The building blocks of all living things

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