Enviar búsqueda
Cargar
Hindi ppt
•
Descargar como PPTX, PDF
•
0 recomendaciones
•
887 vistas
Adrija Guin
Seguir
Denunciar
Compartir
Denunciar
Compartir
1 de 23
Descargar ahora
Recomendados
117 118
117 118
INTERNATIONAL INDEXED,REFERRED,MULTILINGUAL,INTERDISCIPLINARY, MONTHLY RESEARCH JOURNAL
Nelson mandela ka jail jiwan
Nelson mandela ka jail jiwan
Ashok Verma
Samayik saraswati april september 2018
Samayik saraswati april september 2018
Samyik Samiksha
Freedom of the Press in Hindi
Freedom of the Press in Hindi
HRLNIndia
INTERNATIONAL INDEXED REFEREED RESEARCH PAPER
INTERNATIONAL INDEXED REFEREED RESEARCH PAPER
INTERNATIONAL INDEXED,REFERRED,MULTILINGUAL,INTERDISCIPLINARY, MONTHLY RESEARCH JOURNAL
Rti information
Rti information
Gautam Patel
RESEARCH ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION
RESEARCH ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION
INTERNATIONAL INDEXED,REFERRED,MULTILINGUAL,INTERDISCIPLINARY, MONTHLY RESEARCH JOURNAL
guru arjan dev ji
guru arjan dev ji
pulkit bajaj
Recomendados
117 118
117 118
INTERNATIONAL INDEXED,REFERRED,MULTILINGUAL,INTERDISCIPLINARY, MONTHLY RESEARCH JOURNAL
Nelson mandela ka jail jiwan
Nelson mandela ka jail jiwan
Ashok Verma
Samayik saraswati april september 2018
Samayik saraswati april september 2018
Samyik Samiksha
Freedom of the Press in Hindi
Freedom of the Press in Hindi
HRLNIndia
INTERNATIONAL INDEXED REFEREED RESEARCH PAPER
INTERNATIONAL INDEXED REFEREED RESEARCH PAPER
INTERNATIONAL INDEXED,REFERRED,MULTILINGUAL,INTERDISCIPLINARY, MONTHLY RESEARCH JOURNAL
Rti information
Rti information
Gautam Patel
RESEARCH ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION
RESEARCH ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION
INTERNATIONAL INDEXED,REFERRED,MULTILINGUAL,INTERDISCIPLINARY, MONTHLY RESEARCH JOURNAL
guru arjan dev ji
guru arjan dev ji
pulkit bajaj
सफलता की कहानी - 1 october 2019
सफलता की कहानी - 1 october 2019
office_office
RESEARCH ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION
RESEARCH ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION
INTERNATIONAL INDEXED,REFERRED,MULTILINGUAL,INTERDISCIPLINARY, MONTHLY RESEARCH JOURNAL
ENC Times-April 13,2017
ENC Times-April 13,2017
ENC
Bldg.Bye Laws Main Text
Bldg.Bye Laws Main Text
guest647a17
101 102
101 102
INTERNATIONAL INDEXED,REFERRED,MULTILINGUAL,INTERDISCIPLINARY, MONTHLY RESEARCH JOURNAL
106
106
INTERNATIONAL INDEXED,REFERRED,MULTILINGUAL,INTERDISCIPLINARY, MONTHLY RESEARCH JOURNAL
Swachhandatawadi sahityik drishti by Dr.Asha
Swachhandatawadi sahityik drishti by Dr.Asha
AshaRani109
Children Interest Psychology
Children Interest Psychology
Vinay Prajapati
ENC Times -August 07,2016
ENC Times -August 07,2016
ENC
ENC Times-November 05, 2016
ENC Times-November 05, 2016
ENC
ENC Times-November 22,2016
ENC Times-November 22,2016
ENC
Dil E Sind 1st March 2019
Dil E Sind 1st March 2019
Nandkumar Jethani
RESEARCH ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION
RESEARCH ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION
INTERNATIONAL INDEXED,REFERRED,MULTILINGUAL,INTERDISCIPLINARY, MONTHLY RESEARCH JOURNAL
Dil E Sind 16th April 2019.
Dil E Sind 16th April 2019.
Nandkumar Jethani
103 104
103 104
INTERNATIONAL INDEXED,REFERRED,MULTILINGUAL,INTERDISCIPLINARY, MONTHLY RESEARCH JOURNAL
Shrimad Bhagwad Geeta
Shrimad Bhagwad Geeta
Garima Rakheja
Madhya pradesh MP Election Congress Manifesto
Madhya pradesh MP Election Congress Manifesto
Kamal Nath
ENC Times-October 29, 2016
ENC Times-October 29, 2016
ENC
ENC Times-August 19,2016
ENC Times-August 19,2016
ENC
Dil E Sindh 1st Aug 2018
Dil E Sindh 1st Aug 2018
Nandkumar Jethani
Combustible Dust IWF 2012
Combustible Dust IWF 2012
Air Handling Systems
Autoforum v2 1.2
Autoforum v2 1.2
afv2
Más contenido relacionado
La actualidad más candente
सफलता की कहानी - 1 october 2019
सफलता की कहानी - 1 october 2019
office_office
RESEARCH ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION
RESEARCH ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION
INTERNATIONAL INDEXED,REFERRED,MULTILINGUAL,INTERDISCIPLINARY, MONTHLY RESEARCH JOURNAL
ENC Times-April 13,2017
ENC Times-April 13,2017
ENC
Bldg.Bye Laws Main Text
Bldg.Bye Laws Main Text
guest647a17
101 102
101 102
INTERNATIONAL INDEXED,REFERRED,MULTILINGUAL,INTERDISCIPLINARY, MONTHLY RESEARCH JOURNAL
106
106
INTERNATIONAL INDEXED,REFERRED,MULTILINGUAL,INTERDISCIPLINARY, MONTHLY RESEARCH JOURNAL
Swachhandatawadi sahityik drishti by Dr.Asha
Swachhandatawadi sahityik drishti by Dr.Asha
AshaRani109
Children Interest Psychology
Children Interest Psychology
Vinay Prajapati
ENC Times -August 07,2016
ENC Times -August 07,2016
ENC
ENC Times-November 05, 2016
ENC Times-November 05, 2016
ENC
ENC Times-November 22,2016
ENC Times-November 22,2016
ENC
Dil E Sind 1st March 2019
Dil E Sind 1st March 2019
Nandkumar Jethani
RESEARCH ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION
RESEARCH ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION
INTERNATIONAL INDEXED,REFERRED,MULTILINGUAL,INTERDISCIPLINARY, MONTHLY RESEARCH JOURNAL
Dil E Sind 16th April 2019.
Dil E Sind 16th April 2019.
Nandkumar Jethani
103 104
103 104
INTERNATIONAL INDEXED,REFERRED,MULTILINGUAL,INTERDISCIPLINARY, MONTHLY RESEARCH JOURNAL
Shrimad Bhagwad Geeta
Shrimad Bhagwad Geeta
Garima Rakheja
Madhya pradesh MP Election Congress Manifesto
Madhya pradesh MP Election Congress Manifesto
Kamal Nath
ENC Times-October 29, 2016
ENC Times-October 29, 2016
ENC
ENC Times-August 19,2016
ENC Times-August 19,2016
ENC
Dil E Sindh 1st Aug 2018
Dil E Sindh 1st Aug 2018
Nandkumar Jethani
La actualidad más candente
(20)
सफलता की कहानी - 1 october 2019
सफलता की कहानी - 1 october 2019
RESEARCH ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION
RESEARCH ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION
ENC Times-April 13,2017
ENC Times-April 13,2017
Bldg.Bye Laws Main Text
Bldg.Bye Laws Main Text
101 102
101 102
106
106
Swachhandatawadi sahityik drishti by Dr.Asha
Swachhandatawadi sahityik drishti by Dr.Asha
Children Interest Psychology
Children Interest Psychology
ENC Times -August 07,2016
ENC Times -August 07,2016
ENC Times-November 05, 2016
ENC Times-November 05, 2016
ENC Times-November 22,2016
ENC Times-November 22,2016
Dil E Sind 1st March 2019
Dil E Sind 1st March 2019
RESEARCH ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION
RESEARCH ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION
Dil E Sind 16th April 2019.
Dil E Sind 16th April 2019.
103 104
103 104
Shrimad Bhagwad Geeta
Shrimad Bhagwad Geeta
Madhya pradesh MP Election Congress Manifesto
Madhya pradesh MP Election Congress Manifesto
ENC Times-October 29, 2016
ENC Times-October 29, 2016
ENC Times-August 19,2016
ENC Times-August 19,2016
Dil E Sindh 1st Aug 2018
Dil E Sindh 1st Aug 2018
Destacado
Combustible Dust IWF 2012
Combustible Dust IWF 2012
Air Handling Systems
Autoforum v2 1.2
Autoforum v2 1.2
afv2
Gaetano Donizetti
Gaetano Donizetti
Alfredo Vazquez del Mercado
Harta intelek 1
Harta intelek 1
adnan62
The Presentation Come-Back Kid
The Presentation Come-Back Kid
Ethos3
Lightning Talk #9: How UX and Data Storytelling Can Shape Policy by Mika Aldaba
Lightning Talk #9: How UX and Data Storytelling Can Shape Policy by Mika Aldaba
ux singapore
Succession “Losers”: What Happens to Executives Passed Over for the CEO Job?
Succession “Losers”: What Happens to Executives Passed Over for the CEO Job?
Stanford GSB Corporate Governance Research Initiative
The Buyer's Journey - by Chris Lema
The Buyer's Journey - by Chris Lema
Chris Lema
Destacado
(8)
Combustible Dust IWF 2012
Combustible Dust IWF 2012
Autoforum v2 1.2
Autoforum v2 1.2
Gaetano Donizetti
Gaetano Donizetti
Harta intelek 1
Harta intelek 1
The Presentation Come-Back Kid
The Presentation Come-Back Kid
Lightning Talk #9: How UX and Data Storytelling Can Shape Policy by Mika Aldaba
Lightning Talk #9: How UX and Data Storytelling Can Shape Policy by Mika Aldaba
Succession “Losers”: What Happens to Executives Passed Over for the CEO Job?
Succession “Losers”: What Happens to Executives Passed Over for the CEO Job?
The Buyer's Journey - by Chris Lema
The Buyer's Journey - by Chris Lema
Hindi ppt
1.
d{kk v/;kfidk la/;k tSu -vn`tk xqbZu izuksrh
f‘kUMs
2.
1. lwpuk 2. fgUnh
lkfgR; dk bfrgkl 3. dky vuqlkj izfl/k jpudkjksa ds uke
3.
4.
fgUnh lkfgR; dk
bf fgUnh ,d ,slh Hkk‛kk gS] tks Hkkjr esa fg ugha cfYd fons’kksa esa Hkh cksyh tkrh gSal blus rjg-rjg ds Hkk‛kkvksa dk :i fyvk gS] vyx-vyx le; esa] tSls- oSfnd] lAl~d``r] izd`r] viHkza’k vkSj vc fgUnhl dbZ dfo;ksa -ys[kdks us vius fopkj O;Dr fd;s gSal dbZ nwljs Hkk‛kkvksa ls ‘kCn fy, x, gSAAl Hkk‚kk ds fodkl&Øe esa viHkza’k ls fganh dh vksj vkrs gq, Hkkjr ds vyx&vyx le;ksa ij vyx&vyx Hkk‛kk&’kSfYk;ka tUehAAl fgUnh buesa ls lcls vf/kd fodflr Fkh] vr% mldks Hkk‚kk dh ekU;rk feyhl vU; Hkk‛kk ‘kSfy;kA cksfy;ka
5.
fganh lkfgR; dk
vkjaHk vkBoha ‘krkCnh ls ekuk tkrk gSA l ;g og le; gS tc lezkV g‛kZ dh e`R;q ds ckn ns’k esa vusd NksVs NksVs ’kklu dsanz LFkkfir gks x, Fks tks ijLij la?k‛kZjr jgk djrs FksA fons’kh eqlyekuksa ls Hkh budh VDdj gksrh jgrh FkhA fganh lhfgR; ds fodkl dks vkykspd lqfo/kk ds fy, iaakaWp ,sfrgkfld pj.kksa esa foHkkftr dj ns[krs gSa] tks dzeokj fuEufyf[kr & • vkfnsdky (1400 bZloh ls igys)& fgUnh lkfgR; ds vkfndky dks vkyksd 1400 bloh ls iwoZ dk dky ekurs gSa tc fgUnh dk mnHko gks gh jgk FkkA fgUnh dh fodkl&;k=k fnYyh] dUukSt vkSj vtesj {ks=ksa esa gqbZ ekuh tkrh gSA i`Fohjkt pkSgku dk ml oDr fnYyh esa ‘kklu FkkA • HkfDr dky (1375&1600)& ;g dky lexzr% HkfDr Hkkouk ls vksrizksr dky gSA bl dky ds pkj izeq[k dkO;&/kkjk,aW gS& KkuJ;h] izsekJ;h] d`‛.kkJ;h vksj jkekJ;hA bu pkj HkfDr ‘kk[kkvks ds pkj izeq[k dfo tks viuh&viuh /kkjk dk izfrfuf/kRo gSa& dchj nkl] efyd eksgYyn tk;lh]
6.
jhfr dky (1600&1850)&
bl dky dks jhfrdky dgk x;k D;ksafd bl dky esa vf.kdka’k dfo;ksa us J`axkj o.kZu] vyadkj iz;ksx] Nan c/nrk vkfn ds ca/ks jkLrs dh gh dfork dhA gkykafd ?kukuan] Bkdqj] xksfcan flga tSls jhfr&eqDr dfo;ksa us viuh jpuk ds fo‛k; dks vyx j[kkA ds’ko] fcgkjh] Hkw‛k.k] ?kukuan vkfn bl dky ds izeq[k jpukdkj jgsA • vk/kqfud dky (1850 bZLoh ds i{pkr)& bl dky esa x| rFkk i| nksuks esa vyx&vyx fopkj /kkjkvksa dk fodkl gqvkA tgakW dkO; esa bls Nk;koknh ;qx] izxrhoknh ;qx] iz;ksxoknh ;qx vksj ;FkkFkZoknh ;qx] bu pkj ukeksa ls tkuk x;k gSA x| esa bldks] Hkkjrsanq ;qx] fOnosnh ;qx] jkepan ‘kqDy o izsepan ;qx rFkk v|ru ;qx dk ude fn;k x;kA
7.
dky vuqlkj izfl/k jpudkjksa
ds uke ftl ftl dky esa jpukdkjksa dh jpuk izfl/k gqbZZ] mu jpukdkjkssa ds uke ifj;kstuk dk;Z ds bl vaD‛k esa n‛kZ;k x;k gS&
8.
vehj [++kqljks e/; ,f‛k;k dh
ykpd tkfr ds rqdZ lSQqg~nhu ds iq= vehj [k+qljks dk tUe lu~(652 fg) esa ,Vk mRrj izns‛k ds ifV;kuh uked dLcs es gqvk FkA [+kqljks dh ekWa cyou FkhA mUkds firk ds nsgkUr ds ckn] mUgksus dfork fy[kuk izkjEHk ‚kq: fd;k vius fd‛kksjkoLFkk esaA 20 dh mez esa ,d dfo ds :I ls ns[ks tkus yxsA [k+qljks esa O;igkfjd cqf/n dh deh ugha FkhA [k+qljks us viuk lkjk thou i`Fohjkt pkSgku ds jkT;J; esa ges‛kk dfo] fZo|kifr fo|kifr Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dh HkfDr ijaijk ds izeq[k LraHkksa es ls ,d vkSj eSfFkyh ds loksZijh dfo ds :Ik esa tkus tkrs gSaA bUgsa oS’.ko vkSj ‚kSo HkfDr ds lsrq ds :Ik esa Hkh Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA bUgksaus mRrjh&fcgkj esa yksdHkk’kk dh tupsruk dks thfor djus dk egrh iz;kl fd;k gSA fefFkylapy ds nsSfud thouksa esaa xk, tkusokys xhrksa esa vkt Hkh fo|kirh dh fJaxkj vksSj jl esaa ixh jpuk;sa cjdjkj gsSA bu esa ls nks tuks dk ifjp;&
9.
HkfDr dky ds
izfl/k jpukdkj&
10.
dchj nkl dchj nkl
dk tUe ygrjk ds ikl lu~ 1398 esa gqvkA dchj ,d dfo ds lkFk&lkFk lekt lq/kkjd Hkh FksA dfcj th fy[kuk&i<+uk ugha tkurs Fks ij muds f‚k’; mudh ckrksa dks fy[krs FksA Hkkjr esa /kZe] Hkk’kk ;k laLd`fr fdlh dh Hkh ppkZ fcuk dchj dh ppkZ ds v/kwjh gh jgsxhA mudk tqykgk ifjokj esa ikyu iks’k.k gqvkA os jkekuan ds f‛k’; FksA dch k dksbZ Hkh lEiznk; vkSj :f<+;ksa dh ijokg fd;s dcuk [kjh ckr dgrs FksA dchj us fgUnw&eqlyeku lHkh lektksa dh :f<+okfnrkvksa dk [kqydj fojks/k fd;kA dchj ds mins‛kks dks muds f‛k’; Onkjk fyihc/kA dk‛kh Rqkylhnkl xksLokeh rqylhnkl(1497&1326) ,d egku dfo FksA mudk tUe jktoiqj xk¡o] mRrj izns’k esa gqvk FkkA vius thiudky esa rqykhnkl th us 12 xzUFk fy[ks vkSj mUgsa laLd`r foOnku gksus ds lkFk gh fgUnh Jkk’kk dk izfl/n vkSj loZJs’Bdfo;ksa esa ,d ekuk tkrk gSA rqylhnkl th dks egf’kZ okYehfd dk vorkj Hkh ekuk tkrk gSA muds firk dk uke viRekjke nqcs Fkk tks ,d izfrf’Br lj;wikjh.k czkã.k FksA muds ekrk dk uke gqlyh FkkA vius 126 o’kZ ds nh?kZ thou esa rqylhnkl us dkydzekuqlkj fuEufyf[kr xzUFkksa dh jpuk,¡ dha& jkekKkizUJ] tkudh&eaxy] jkepfjrekul] lrlbZ] xhrkoyh] fou;&if=dk] d`’.k&xhrkoyh] nksgkoyh vkSSj dforkoyh vkfnA jkepfjrekul rqylhnkl th dk lokZf/kd yksdfiz; xzUFk jgh gSA rqylhnkl th tc dk‛kh ds fo[;kr~ ?kkV vlhZ?kkV ij jgus yxs rks ,d jkr bu esa ls nks tuks dk ifjp;&
11.
jhfr dky ds
izfl/k jpukdkj&
12.
fcgkjh ds‛ko bu esa
ls nks tuks dk ifjp;& Ekgkdfo fcgkjhyky dk tUe 1595 ds yxHkx Xikfy;j esa gqvkA os tkfr ds ekFkqj pkScs FksA muds firk dk uke ds‛kojk; FkkA mudk cpiu cqansy [kaM esa dVk vkSj ;qokoLFkk llqjky eFkqjk esa O;rhr gqbZA fcgkjh dk uke egRiw.kZ gSA fo’k; ds vuqlkj fcgkjh dh ‚kSyh rhu izdkj dh gS& Ek/kq;Z iw.kZ O;atuk iz/kku‛kSyh& Ja`xkj ds nkgksa esaA Izklknxq.k ls ;qDr ljl ‚kSyh& HkfDr rFkk uhfr ds nksgksa esaA peRdkj iw.kZ ‚kSyh& n‛kZu] T;ksfr’k] xf.kr vkfn fo’k;d nksgksa esaA fdlh dfo dk ;‛k mlds Onkjk jfpr xzaFkks ds ifjek.k ij ugha] xq/k ij fuHkZj gksrk gSA fcgkjh ds lkFk Hkh vkpk;Z ds‛konkl dk tUe 1546 bZLoh esa gqvk FkkA os luk<; czkã.k FksA muds firk dk uke ia ds‛khukFk FkkA vksjNk ds jktnjckj esa esa muds ifjokj dk cM+k eku FkkA ds‛konkl Lo;a vksjNk ujs‛k egkjkt jkeflag ds HkkbZ banzthr ds njckjh dfo] ea=h vkSj xq: FksAds‛konkl laLd`r ds mOnzV foOnu FksA muds dqy esa Hkh laLd`r dk gh izpkj FkkAukSdk&pkdj Hkh laLd`r cksyrs FksA ds‛ko us vius dkO; dk ek/;e cztHkk’kk dks cuk;k] ijarq cztHkk’kk dk tks <yk gqvk :i lwj vkfn v’V Nki ds dfo;ksa esa feyrk gS og ds‛ko dh dfork esa ughaA ds‛ko laLd`r ds izdkaM iafMr Fks] vr: mudh Hkk’kk laLd`r ls vR;f/kd izHkkfor gSA dgha&dgha rks muds
13.
c vk/kqfud dky ds
izfl/k jpukdkj&
14.
bu esa ls
nks tuks dk ifjp;&izrki ukjk;.k feJ izrkiukjk;.k feJ dk tUe flracj 1894 esa gqvkA A lektlq/kkj dks n`f’V esa j[kdj mUgksus lSdMksa ys[k fy[ks gAsA ckyd`’.k HkV~V dh rjg og vk/kqfud fgUnh fuca/kks dks ijaijk iq’V dj fgUnh lkfgR;k ds lHkh vaxks dh iw.kZrk ds fy;s jpukjr jgsA ,d lQy O;X;dkj vkSj gkL;iw.kZ x|&i| jpukdj ds :i esa fganh lkfgR;k esa mudk fof‛k’V Lfkku gSA Hkkjr nqnZ‛kk] xkS ladV] dfy&izokg] gBh gehj vkfn feJ th ds ukVd gSaA laxhr ‚kdqaryk ykouk ds <+x ij xkus ;kX; [kMh+ cksyh esa i|&c/n ukVd gSA [kM+h cksyh ds :i esa izpfyr tuHkk’kk dk iz;ksx feJ th us vius lkfgR; esa fd;kA Hkk’kk dh lq/kkdj fOnosnh egkegksik./;k; if.Mr lq/kkdj fOnosnh(1860&1922) Hkkjr ds vk/kqfud dky ds egku xf.krK ,oa möV T;ksfrfoZn Fks ftudk tUe o:uk unh ds rV ij dk‛kh ds lehi [ktqjh xzke esa gqvkA vki fgUnh lkfgR;dkj ,oa ukxjh ds izcy i{k/kj Hkh FksA buds firk dk uke d`ikyqnRr fOnosnh vkSj ekrk dk uke tkph FkkA lq/kkdj th us xf.kr dk xgu v/;;u fd;k vkSj fHkUu&fHkUu xazFkksa ij viuk ^‛kks/k* izLrqr fd;kA xf.kr ds ikJ~pkR; xzaFkksa ds Hkh v/;;u bUgksaus vaxzsth vkSj Qaszp Hkk’kkvaksa dks i<+dj fd;kA
15.
r fOnosnh ;qx ds
izfl/k jpukdkj&
16.
v;ks/;kflag mik/;k; ^gfjvkS/k*
(viSzy] 1865&16 ekpZ] 1947) fganh ds ,d lqizfl) lkfgR;dkj gSA budk tUe mRrj izns‛k ds vkt+ex<+ ftys ds futkekckn uked Lfku esa gqvkA muds firk ds uke iafMr HkksykukFk mik/;k; HkkA mUgksaus fl[k /keZ viuk dj viuk uke Hkksyk flag j[k fy;k Fkk] oSls muds iwoZt luk<~; czkã.k FksA mudh dqN jpuk,¡& fiz; izokl] oSnsgh ouokl] Ikkfjtkr] jl&dy‛ks] BsB fganh ds BkB] v/k f[kyk Qwy] :fDe.kh ifj.k; fiz; izokl gfjvkS/k th dk lcls izfl) vkSj egRoiw.kZ xzaFk gSA gfjvkS/k th us cztHkk’kk vkSj [kMh+ cksyh nksuksa esa gh dfork dh gS] fdarq mudh cf/kdka‛k jpuk,¡ [kM+h cksyh esa gh gSaA gfjvkS/k dh Hkk’kk izkS<+] izkaty vkSj vkd’kZd gSA dgha&dgha mlesa mnZw&Qkjlh ds Hkh ‚kCn vk x, gSaA uohu vkSj vizpfyr ‚kCnksa dk iz;ksx Hkh gqvk gSA laLd`r ds rRle ‚kCnksa dk rks bu esa ls nks tuks dk ifjp;&eSfFkyh‛kj. k xqIr jk’Vªdfo eSfFkyh‛kj.k xqIr (1885&1964) fgUnh ds egRRoiw.kZ dfo gSAJh ia egkohj izlkn fOnosnh th dh izsj.kk ls vkius [kM+h cksyh dks viuh jpukvksa dk ek/;e cuk;k vkSj viuh dfork ds Onkjk [kMh+ cksyh dks ,d dkO;& Hkk’kk ds :i esa fufeZr djus esa vFkd iz;kl fd;k vkSj bl rjg cztHkk’kk tSlh le`) dkO;&Hkk’kk dks NksMdj le; vkSj lanHkksZa ds vuqdwy gksus ds dkj.k u;s dfo;ksa us bls gh viuh dkO;&vfHkO;fDr dk ek/;e cuk;kA fgUnh dfork ds bfrgkl esa xqIr th ds ;g lcls cM+k ;ksxnku gSA xqIr th dchj nkl ds HkDr FksA muds firk lsB jkepj.k dudus vkSj ekrk dkSf‛kY;k ckbZ FksA izeq[k d`fr;k¡ egkdkO;& lkdsr v;ks/;kflag mik/;k; ^gf
17.
Nk;kokn ;qx ds
izfl/k jpukdkj
18.
Ekgknsoh oZeklw;Zdkar f=ikBh fujkyk l;ZdkUr f=ikBh
^fujkyk* ( 21 Qjojh 1899&15 vDrwcj 1961 ) fgUnh dfork ds Nk;koknh ;qx ds pkj izeq[k LrHkksa esa ls ,d ekus tkrs gSaA fgUnh lkfgR; ds lokZf/kd pfpZr lkfgR;dkjksa esa ls ,d lw;ZdkUr f=ikBh ^fujkyk* dk tUe caxky dh fj;klr efg’kkny (ftyk esfnuhiqj) esa ek?k ‚kqDy ,dkn‛kh laor 1955 rnuqlkj 21 Qjojh lu 1899 esa gqvk FkkA muds firk if.Mr jkek=lgk; frokjh mUuko ds jgus okys Fks vkSj efg’kkny esa flikgh dh ukSdjh djrs FksA os ewy :I ls mRrj izns‛k ds mUuko ftys dk x<+dksyk uked xko ds fuoklh FksA fujkyk dh f‛k{kk gkbZ Ldwy rd gqbZA ckn esa fgUnh] laLd`r vkSj ckaXyk dk Lora= v/;;u fd;kA firk dh NksVh&lh ukSdjh dh vlqfo/kkvksa vkSj eku&vieku dk ifjp; fujkyk dks vkjEHk esa gh izkIr gqvkA dkO;laxzg& vukfedk] ifjey] xhfrdk] fOnrh; vukfedk] rqylhnkl] dqdqjeqRrk] vf.kek] csyk] u;s iRrs] vpZuk] vkjk/kuk] xhr dqat] lk/; dkdyh] vijkA miU;kl& vIljk] vydk] izHkkorh] fu:iek] dqYyh HkkV] fcYyslqj cdfjgkA dghuh laxzg& fyyh] prqjh pekj] lqdqy dh choh] l[kh] bu esa ls nks tuks dk ifjp;& egknsoh oekZ (26 ekpZ] 1907&11flracj] 1987) fgUnh dh lokZf/kd izfrHkkou dof;f=;ksa esa ls gSaA vk/kqfud fgUnh dh lcls l‛kDr dof;f=;ksa esa ls ,d gksus ds dkj.k mUgsa vk/kqfud ehjk ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA dfo fujkyk us mUgsa “fgUnh us fo‛kky efUnj dh ljLorh” Hkh dgk gSA egknsoh us Lora=rk ds igys dk Hkkjr Hkh ns[kk vkSj mlds ckn dk HkhA os mu dfo;ksaesa ls ,d gSa ftUgksaus O;kid lekt esa dke djrs gq, Hkkjr ds Hkhrj fo|eku gkgkdkj] :nu dks ns[kk] ij[kk vkSj d:.k gksdj vU/kdkj dks nwj djus okyh n`f’V nsus dh dksf‛k‛k dhA u dsoymudk dkO; cfYd muds lektlq/kkjds dk;Z vkSj efgykvksa ds izfr psruk Hkkouk Hkh bl n`f’V ls izHkkfor jgsA egknsoh th dh f‛k{kk bankSj esa fe‛ku Ldwy ls izkjEHk gqbZ lkFk gh laLd`r] vaxzsth] laxhr rFkk fp=dyk dh fZ‛k{kk v/;kidksa Onkjk ?kj ij gh nh tkrh jghA mudh dqN d`fr;k¡ bl izdkj gSa& 1- uhgkj (1930) 2- jf‛e (1932) 3- uhjtk ( 1934 ) 4- lka/;xhr (1936) 5- nhif‛k[kk (1942) 6- lRii.kkZ (vuwfnr&1952) 7- izHke vk;ke (1974) 8-
19.
mRrj&Nk;kokn ds izfl/k
jpukd
20.
f‚koeaxy flag ^lqeu* f‛koeaxy flag
^lqeu* ( 1916&2002) fganh ds ‚kh’kZ dfo;ksa esa FksA mudk tUe mRrj izns‚k ds mUuko ftys esa gqvkA izkjfEHkd f‛k{kk Hkh ogha gqbZA mUgsa lu~ 1999 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us lkfgR; ,oa f‛k{kk ds {ks= esa i Hkw’k.k ls lEekfur fd;k FkkA ^lqeu* th us Nk= ls gh dkO; jpuk izkjEHk dj fn Fkh vkSj os yksdfiz; gks pys FksA iw¡thifr ‚kks’k.k ds iafr muds eu esa rhoz vkdks‛k gSA muesa jk’Vªh;rk vkSj ns‛kizse dk Loj Hkh feyrk gSA izzeq[k d`fr;k¡& dkO;& fgYyksy] thou ds xku] izy;&l`tu] foÜpkl c<+rk gh x;k] ij v¡k[ksa ugha Hkjha] foa/; fgeky;] feV~Vh dh ckjkr vkfnA ukxktqZu bu esa ls nks tuks dk ifjp;&
21.
k y Izk;ksxokn&u;h dfork ds
izfl/k
22.
fxfjtkdqekj ekFkqj fxfjtk dqekj ekFkqj
(22 vxLr 1919&10 tuojh 1994) dk tUe Xokfy;j ftys ds v‛kksd uxj dLcs esa gqvkA os ,d dfo] ukVddkj vkSj leykspd ds :I esa tkus tkrs gSaA muds firk nsohpj.k ekFkqj Ldqy v/;kid Fks rFkk lkfgR; ,oa laxhr ds ‚kkSdhu FksA os dforkHkh fy[kk djrs FksA flrkj ctkus esa izoh.k FksAekrk y{ehnsoh ekyok dh jgus okyh Fkh vkSj f‛kf{kr FkhaA fxfjtkdqekj dh izkjfEHkd f‛kf{kk ?kj ij gh gqbZA Lfkkuh; dkWyst ls b.VjehfM,V fd;kA 1938 esa mUgksaus ch-,- fd;k] 1941 esa mUgksaus y[kuÅ fo‛ofo|ky; ls ,e-,- fd;k rFkk odkyr dh ijh{kk Fkh ikl dhA fxfjtkdqekj dh dkO;kRed ‚kq:vkr 1934 esa cztHkk’kk ds ijEijkxr dfoRr&loS;k ys[ku ls gqbZA os fonkzsg dkO; ijEijk ds jpukdkj ek[kuyky prqosZnh] ckyd`’.k ‚kekZ ujs‛k esgrk ujs‛k esgrk dk tUe lu~ 1922 esa e/;izns‛k ds ekyok {ks= ds ‚kktkiqj dLcs esa gqvkA cukjl fo‛ofo|ky; ls vkius ,e-,- fd;kAvkius vky bf.M;k jsfM;ks bykgkckn esa dk;ZØe vf/kdkjh ds :i esa dk;Z fd;kA ujs‛k esgrk dh Hkk’kk laLd`rfu’B [kM+hcksyh gSA mUgksaus lh/ks] ljy fcEcksa dk iz;ksx Hkh fd;k gSA ujs‛k esgrk nwljs lRid ds izeq[k dfo ds :I esa izfl) gSaA lu~ 2000 esa esgrk th dk fu/ku gks x;kA ujs‛k esgrk dks muds lkfgfR;d lsokvksa ds fy, 1992 esa KkyihB iqjLdkj ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA KkuihB iqjLdkj ls lEekfur fgUnh ds ;‛kLoh dfo ujs‛k esgrk mu ‚kh’kZLFk us[kdksa esa gSa tks Hkkjrh;rk dh viuh xgjh n`f’V ds fy, tkus tkrs gSaA ujs‛k esgrk us vk/kqfud dfork dks u;h O;atuk ds lkFk u;k vk;ke Hkh fn;kA mudh dqN d`fr;k¡& vj.;k] mRrj dFkk] ,d lefiZr efgyk] fdruk vdsyk vkdk‛k] pSR;k] bu esa ls nks tuks dk ifjp;&
Descargar ahora